Tensor time domain electromagnetic resistivity measurements at Ngatamariki geothermal field, New Zealand

Experimental measurements in the Ngatamariki geothermal field, North Island, New Zealand were made to test the applicability of the time domain electromagnetic method for detailed investigation of the resistivity structure within a geothermal field. Low-frequency square wave signals were transmitted through three grounded bipole current sources sited about 8 km from the measurement lines. Despite high levels of electrical noise, transient electric field vectors could be determined reliably for times between 0.02 and 3.3 s after each step in the source current. Instantaneous apparent resistivity tensors were then calculated. Apparent resistivity pseudosections along the two measurement lines show smooth variations of resistivity from site to site. Over most of the field the images consistently show a three-layer resistivity structure with a conductive middle layer (3–10 Ωm) representing the conductive upper part of the thermal reservoir. A deep-seated region of low resistivity in the northwest of the field may indicate a conductive structure at about 1 km associated with a deeper diorite intrusion. Measurements sited closer than about 100 m to drillholes appear to have been disturbed by metallic casing in the holes. A change in resistivity structure in the east of the field may indicate a major geological or hydrothermal boundary.     

电性源地-井瞬变电磁全域视电阻率定义

地-井瞬变电磁(TEM)方法是在地表发射,探头沿钻孔(井)测量瞬变响应的一种井中物探方法.由于接收探头沿钻孔深人地下,因此能够获得更加可靠的地下目标体信息,尤其当存在低阻覆盖层、浅部矿化等地质干扰,或者勘查深部规模不大之良导矿体时,地-井TEM方法的优势更加明显.相对于磁性源系统,电性源系统发射功率大,辐射面积广,更适合地形复杂地区之深部找矿.本文的目的是研究电性源地-井TEM的近似解释方法,首先给出了层状介质电偶极子在地下的TEM响应,进而通过电偶极子叠加的方式获得了电性源条件下的TEM响应.利用感应磁场与均匀半空间电阻率的单调关系通过反函数定理进行了全域视电阻率定义.理论模型的视电阻率计算结果显示,不同深度测点的视电阻率曲线首支不同,而尾支基本一致.这说明了全域视电阻率是测点周围有限范围内介质的综合反映,所以不同深度测点的视电阻率曲线首支所反映的范围是不同的.绘制了不同时间道视电阻率剖面曲线,以期显示地下电性分布规律.计算结果表明全域视电阻率定义能够基本可靠地反映地下信息,从而为该技术在矿区深部找矿的应用提供有力支持.     

Resolution of airborne VLF data

The interpretation of airborne VLF data represents an important aspect of geophysical mapping of the upper few hundred meters of the Earth's crust, especially in areas with crystalline rocks. We have examined the ability of the single frequency VLF method to provide quantitative subsurface resistivity information using two generic models and standard airborne parameters with a flight altitude of 70 m and a frequency of 16 kHz. The models are long thin conductor (10 m thick, 10 Ω m resistivity and 1 km long) and a wider buried conductive dike (100 Ω m resistivity and 500 m wide). Using standard regularized inversion it turned out that for both models the conductivity of the conductors are underestimated and the vertical resolution is rather poor. The lateral positions of the minimum of the resistivity distributions coincide well with the true positions of the shallow conductors. For deeper conductors the position of the minimum resistivity moves from the edges of the conductor into the conductor. The depth to the minimum of the resistivity anomalies correlates well with the true depth to the top of the conductors although the latter is always smaller than the former.Interpretation of field airborne data collected at 70 m flight height resolved both small scale and large scale near surface conductors (conductance ∼1 S). Deeper conductors show up in the VLF data as very long wavelength anomalies that are particularly powerful in delineating the lateral boundaries of the conductors. Many of the VLF anomalies in the Stockholm area are dominated by these deep conductor responses with some near surface conductors superimposed. The deep conductors often follow topographic lows coinciding with metasediments. We interpret the frequent absence of near surface responses at 70 m flight height as a result of weak coupling between the primary VLF wave and the small scale (in all three dimensions) near-surface conductors.Radio magnetotelluric (RMT) ground measurements were carried out along a short profile coinciding with part of an airborne profile. Using data at 9 frequencies (14–250 kHz) small scale conductors in the upper few tens of meters, not identified from the airborne data, could be well resolved. Large scale deeper conductors could be identified by both methods at nearly the same positions.     

Geoelectrical structure of the central zone of Piton de la Fournaise volcano (Réunion)

 A study of the geoelectrical structure of the central part of Piton de la Fournaise volcano (Réunion, Indian Ocean) was made using direct current electrical (DC) and transient electromagnetic soundings (TEM). Piton de la Fournaise is a highly active oceanic basaltic shield and has been active for more than half a million years. Joint interpretation of the DC and TEM data allows us to obtain reliable 1D models of the resistivity distribution. The depth of investigation is of the order of 1.5 km but varies with the resistivity pattern encountered at each sounding. Two-dimensional resistivity cross sections were constructed by interpolation between the soundings of the 1D interpreted models. Conductors with resistivities less than 100 ohm-m are present at depth beneath all of the soundings and are located high in the volcanic edifice at elevations between 2000 and 1200 m. The deepest conductor has a resistivity less than 20 ohm-m for soundings located inside the Enclos and less than 60–100 ohm-m for soundings outside the Enclos. From the resistivity distributions, two zones are distinguished: (a) the central zone of the Enclos; and (b) the outer zone beyond the Enclos. Beneath the highly active summit area, the conductor rises to within a few hundred meters of the surface. This bulge coincides with a 2000-mV self-potential anomaly. Low-resistivity zones are inferred to show the presence of a hydrothermal system where alteration by steam and hot water has lowered the resistivity of the rocks. Farther from the summit, but inside the Enclos, the depth to the conductive layers increases to approximately 1 km and is inferred to be a deepening of the hydrothermally altered zone. Outside of the Enclos, the nature of the deep, conductive layers is not established. The observed resistivities suggest the presence of hydrated minerals, which could be found in landslide breccias, in hydrothermally altered zones, or in thick pyroclastic layers. Such formations often create perched water tables. The known occurrence of large eastward-moving landslides in the evolution of Piton de la Fournaise strongly suggests that large volumes of breccias should exist in the interior of the volcano; however, extensive breccia deposits are not observed at the bottom of the deep valleys that incise the volcano to elevations lower than those determined for the top of the conductors. The presence of the center of Piton de la Fournaise beneath the Plaine des Sables area during earlier volcanic stages (ca. 0.5 to 0.150 Ma) may have resulted in broad hydrothermal alteration of this zone. However, this interpretation cannot account for the low resistivities in peripheral zones. It is not presently possible to discriminate between these general interpretations. In addition, the nature of the deep conductors may be different in each zone. Whatever the geologic nature of these conductive layers, their presence indicates a major change of lithology at depth, unexpected for a shield volcano such as Piton de la Fournaise. Received: 3 November 1999 / Accepted: 15 September 1999     

Conductivity anomalies: lower crust or asthenosphere?

The indication from surface measurements of a zone of relatively high conductivity (resistivity<200 ohm-m) at depths between 20 and 50 km has become so general over the Earth that regions without this zone can be considered anomalous. However, the depths indicated often span the lower crust and the uppermost mantle, so that before any effect can be definitely attributed to one or the other, the depth resolution in the electromagnetic measurements must be carefully considered. This paper applies the eigenvector decomposition of generalized linear inverse theory to soundings by Schlumberger resistivity, by magnetotellurics, by man-made electromagnetic fields formed by controlled current flow in grounded electric transmission lines, and by natural magnetic field variation studies to improve the bounds on depth, thickness and conductivity of a conductive layer. It is shown that many of the methods are capable of giving the depth to the top of a conductor with remarkable accuracy. Joint inversion of two or more of them offers an advantage in the separation of thickness and conductivity of both conductive and resistive layers. Natural geomagnetic field transfer functions, while accurately mapping the position of the edge of a conductor, do not provide the resolution of the other techniques, largely because the frequencies that can be practically measured at present are much too low.     

Controlled source electrical methods for deep exploration

Application of controlled source electrical methods (CSEM) is impeded by natural field, electrification, geological, cultural, and topographic noise. Lateral resolution of parameters of adjacent steeply dipping bodies and vertical resolution of parameters of adjacent beds in a flatly dipping sequence are concerns with any CSEM method. Current channeling into a localized good conductor from a surrounding, overlying, or underlying conductor poses problems for the interpreter. A summary of the results of several recent experiments with CSEM techniques illustrates that with care and difficulty they can be used to depths on the order of 20 km. If measurements are made on a relatively uniform resistive surface, as can be found in glaciated Precambrian terranes, then either a grounded bipole or a loop source is acceptable. Most of the recent CSEM experiments were made over resistive Precambrian rocks and all were directed toward detecting a conductive layer near 20 km depth. For exploration beyond this depth, however, the MT/AMT method would seem to be preferred. The rationale behind this conclusion is largely contained in consideration of the ratio of signal to natural field noise. Where thick irregular surficial overburden of low resistivity occurs, two- and three-dimensional modeling is necessary to stripp off the effects of the shallow layers. This may not be possible for CSEM and then MT/AMT becomes the only alternative.     

RESISTIVITY ANALYSIS FOR MODELS OF A SPHERE IN A HALF-SPACE WITH BURIED CURRENT SOURCES*

Boundary-value problems in steady-state current flow were solved numerically in bispherical coordinates for a sphere of arbitrary conductivity in a half-space. Solutions for the potential on the surface of the half-space were examined for the cases where both current sources were on the surface, one source on the surface and the second between the surface and the sphere, and one source on the surface and the other in the sphere. Results show a great similarity with the layered case when the buried electrode is placed between the surface and the conducting region. Such a buried electrode configuration makes it possible to obtain an accurate measurement of the depth to the conductor in both cases. A model with the current electrode placed in a conductive sphere is compared with a three-layered model with the source in a conductive intermediate layer, and results indicate that the lateral extent of a finite anomalous zone can be estimated using these limiting curves. The validity of these theoretical calculations for buried spheres was confirmed experimentally by tests conducted on an analog model.     

THE CROSS-HOLE MAGNETOMETRIC RESISTIVITY (MMR) RESPONSE OF A DISC CONDUCTOR*

The cross-hole variant of the magnetometric resistivity (MMR) method requires two bore holes in the vicinity of a conductive target. In the first, two fixed current electrodes are located, one above the other. They are linked to a low frequency current source by cables, the whole system forming a vertical current bipole. In the second, a sensitive coil measures the axial magnetic field as a function of depth. For a uniform earth, if both holes are vertical, the measured component vanishes by symmetry. However, the presence of a local conductor channels the current and causes an anomalous magnetic component which is interpreted to indicate the position, shape and relative conductance of the target. Mineral deposits are often lamellar in form. The conductive disc is the simplest bounded lamella for which MMR responses may be computed. It is excited by a single current source on its axis. The second source and the surface of the earth are assumed to be far away, a valid assumption for down-hole measurements. The numerical method introduces a new integral equation describing the interaction of current dipoles located in the plane of the disc. The equation is solved analytically for a disc of infinite radius, a layer, and the result is compared with a corresponding known boundary value solution. The computed radial current in the disc and the magnetic field generated by it are described in terms of a current channelling number. The magnitude of the computed field is of the order of one nanoTesla for a typical mining problem.     

Step-on versus step-off signals in time-domain controlled source electromagnetic methods using a grounded electric dipole

The time-domain controlled source electromagnetic method is a geophysical prospecting tool applied to image the subsurface resistivity distribution on land and in the marine environment. In its most general set-up, a square-wave current is fed into a grounded horizontal electric dipole, and several electric and magnetic field receivers at defined offsets to the imposed current measure the electromagnetic response of the Earth. In the marine environment, the application often uses only inline electric field receivers that, for a 50% duty-cycle current waveform, include both step-on and step-off signals. Here, forward and inverse 1D modelling is used to demonstrate limited sensitivity towards shallow resistive layers in the step-off electric field when transmitter and receivers are surrounded by conductive seawater. This observation is explained by a masking effect of the direct current signal that flows through the seawater and primarily affects step-off data. During a step-off measurement, this direct current is orders of magnitude larger than the inductive response at early and intermediate times, limiting the step-off sensitivity towards shallow resistive layers in the seafloor. Step-on data measure the resistive layer at times preceding the arrival of the direct current signal leading to higher sensitivity compared to step-off data. Such dichotomous behaviour between step-on and step-off data is less obvious in onshore experiments due to the lack of a strong overlying conductive zone and corresponding masking effect from direct current flow. Supported by synthetic 1D inversion studies, we conclude that time-domain controlled source electromagnetic measurements on land should apply both step-on and step-off data in a combined inversion approach to maximize signal-to-noise ratios and utilize the sensitivity characteristics of each signal. In an isotropic marine environment, step-off electric fields have inferior sensitivity towards shallow resistive layers compared to step-on data, resulting in an increase of non-uniqueness when interpreting step-off data in a single or combined inversion.     

正交水平磁偶源的电磁场分布规律

正交水平磁偶源是模拟天然场源的较好人工源,可以方便地实现可控源高频大地电磁张量测量.正交水平磁偶源的电磁场分布规律是野外工作布置的理论基础,为此计算了均匀大地模型正交水平磁偶源的电磁场.计算结果表明:电磁场水平分量在各个象限都有一相对低值带,对应的标量视电阻率形成了畸变带,但张量视电阻率畸变带消失;张量视电阻率曲线形态显示出近区的低阻、过渡区的高阻隆起和远区趋于真值的规律.通过野外试验验证理论计算结果,在无法准确确定地下介质电阻率参数的情况下,以天然电磁场计算的电阻率为参照对比研究了正交水平磁偶源电磁场的分布规律.试验结果表明:正交水平磁偶源与电偶源的电磁场同样的存在近区、过渡区和远区;在远区,正交水平磁偶源与测点的相对位置对张量测量结果几乎没有影响,即在远区可以在任何方位测量;正交水平磁偶源的布置要考虑收发距的影响,保证测量在远区进行.     

Mise-à-la-masse interpretation using a perfect conductor in a piecewise uniform earth

A useful analysis of the mise-à-la-masse problem can be made by considering a perfectly conducting orebody in a piecewise uniform conducting earth. While the use of a perfect conductor is clearly an idealization of the true geological conditions it provides several advantages for the present purpose.
The electric field associated with the above model can be expressed in terms of a surface integral of the normal potential gradient over the boundary of the conductor, where the normal gradient satisfies a well-posed Fredholm integral equation of the first kind. This integral equation formulation remains unchanged when the conductor is arbitrarily located in the conducting earth, including the important case when it crosses surfaces of conductivity discontinuity. Moreover, it is readily specialized to the important case of a thin, perfectly conductive lamina.
Consideration of the boundary value problem relevant to a conductive body fed by a stationary current source suggests that under certain circumstances, equivalent mise-à-la-masse responses will result from any perfect conductor confined by the equipotential surfaces of the original problem. This type of equivalence can only be reduced by extending the potential measurements into or on to the conductor itself.
This ambiguity in the interpretation of mise-à-la-masse surveys suggests a simple if approximate integral solution to the mise-à-la-masse problem. The solution is suitable for modelling the responses of perfect conductors and could possibly be used as the basis of a direct inversion scheme for mise-à-la-masse data.     

A RESPONSE OF A RANDOMLY LAYERED EARTH TO AN ELECTRIC POINT OR DIPOLE SOURCE*

A point source or a dipole source of electric current, placed on a randomly layered semi-infinite medium, produces an inhomogeneous random potential field on the surface. The variance of the random potential, normalized with reference to the normal field (that is, a field due to a point source or a dipole source on a homogeneous medium), falls off inversely as the distance from the source. The conductivity of the layers is assumed to vary randomly about a mean value (unity) such that the variations can be represented by a zero mean homogeneous random function. Further the variations are assumed to be small compared to the mean so that the first order perturbation is adequate. The analysis shows that the dipole field is more sensitive than the single pole field to the conductivity variations.     

FINITE-DIFFERENCE EVALUATION OF APPARENT RESISTIVITY CURVES*

The problem of numerical evaluation of apparent resistivity curves is treated by finite difference modeling. The models proposed are set up in cylindrical coordinates and yield the potential field due to a point source located in a radially symmetric environment. The Schlumberger configuration, widely used for surface measurements, is emphasized. However, the treatment is equally applicable to other similar situations such as the computation of synthetic electric logs when the resistivity of the borehole fluid is different from that of the surrounding uniform or stratified medium. Moreover, the individual layers may not necessarily be isotropic. The medium under investigation is discretized by using a very coarse system of horizontal and vertical grid lines whose distance from the source increases logarithmically; consequently, the physical dimensions of the medium can be made “infinite” without affecting the numerical size of the model. Finer features such as a thin but anomalously resistive or conductive bed which would ordinarily be missed in coarse discretization are accurately taken into account, since the calculations are done in terms of the Dar Zarrouk parameters derived from the exact resistivity distribution of the model. This enables one to compute the potential field by inverting a small sparse matrix. When the medium comprises only a few layers, the efficiency of the finite-difference model is comparable to that of the known analytical methods; for more complicated structures, however, the finite-difference model becomes more efficient. The accuracy of finite-difference results is demonstrated by comparing them with the corresponding analytically obtained data.     

FIXED LOOP SOURCE EM MODELLING RESULTS USING 2D FINITE ELEMENTS1

Among electromagnetic sounding techniques, the Mélos method possesses the specific feature of including an apparent resistivity computation. This acts as a normalizing scheme so that 2D modelling results can be obtained without accounting for a true 3D source. However, in order to get reliable numerical modelling results for a 2D magnetic dipole source, improved algorithms are required in order to apply the standard finite-element technique: quadratic basis functions must be used in place of linear basis functions, and a more sophisticated method than conventional ones is necessary for properly solving the resulting system of linear equations. Such modelling results have been used to study theoretical responses for the Mélos method in the search for conductive bodies in mineral exploration. Two sets of models are presented and discussed. They show that the typical Mélos response to a conductive target is a bipolar anomaly on the apparent resistivity pseudo-section, with a conductive pole at low frequency which is centred above the target.     

Study of the Santa Catarina aquifer system (Mexico Basin) using magnetotelluric soundings

A tensor magnetotelluric test survey was carried out in the region of Santa Catarina, located in the Chalco sub-basin of the Mexico Basin. The objective was to define the stratification at depth with an emphasis on the geometry of the main aquifer of that region which is partially known from DC resistivity soundings and drilling. High-quality magnetotelluric soundings could be recorded in the immediate vicinity of large urban zones because the sub-surface is very conductive. Interpretation shows that the solid bedrock is located at a depth of at least 800 m to the south and 1300 m to the north; it could, however, be much deeper. Using complementary DC resistivity sounding and well-logging data, three main layers have been defined overlying the bedrock. These layers are, from surface to bottom, an unsaturated zone of sand, volcanic ash and clay about 10 m thick, followed by a very conductive (1.5 ohm·m) 200 m thick layer of sand and ash with intercalated clay, saturated with highly mineralized water, and finally a zone with resistivity increasing gradually to 60 ohm·m. The investigated deep aquifer constitutes most of this third layer. It consists of a sequence of sand, gravel, pyroclastites and mainly fractured basalts. MT resistivity soundings and magnetic transfer functions also indicate that a shallow resistive structure is dipping, from the northwest, into the lacustrine deposits of the basin. This geologic feature is likely to be highly permeable fractured basaltic flows, which provide a channel by which water contaminated by the Santa Catarina landfill may leak into the basin.     

Detection of crustal inhomogeneity in the Nojima Fault zone using earth current noise

Abstract A resistivity survey method using artificial telluric noise was examined and applied to a field of a fault zone. The electric earth current was measured at 50 sites in the Nojima Fault zone, which is in the northwestern part of Awaji Island, southwestern Japan. The dominant component of the observed electric field is supposed to be leakage currents from DC electric railways running outside the island. Amplitude and polarization of the stray current were systematically investigated and were revealed to represent the subsurface electrical structure of the study area. Some features on the fault zone's electrical structure have been pointed out, including: (i) an electrical boundary that corresponds to a geological one between granite (resistive) and sediments (conductive); and (ii) a low resistivity spot on the surface rupture of the earthquake fault. The structure estimated in the present study is both qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with previous resistivity surveys done using other methods pursued in the same area. It shows the validity of the 'stray current method' as one that is easy and uses low-cost resistivity exploration tools in a region where the effect of artificial noise caused mainly by leakage currents from electrical railways cannot be ignored.     

Simulated Annealing 2-D Nonlinear Inversion of Geomagnetic Deep Sounding Data Near Ujjain-Guna, India

--An attempt has been made to use the global optimization technique of Simulated Annealing (S.A.) inversion to interpret the conductivity structure derived from the geomagnetic deep sounding data of N-W India. The present results supersede the earlier result obtained by 2-D conventional linearized inversion. The earlier linearized inversion, following an iterative gradient search technique on the same data set, has been re-evaluated and further constrained through an exhaustive search of the parameter space. The conductive response of an hypothesized conductor located between Ujjain and Guna, India, has been modelled by this random search tool. The location of the proposed model is now in agreement with the theory, since the conductive bodies are centered exactly below the center of the response function. In an earlier attempt by linearized inversion, this was not feasible. The central body is located at a depth of 19 km from the surface, suggesting a thickness of 15 km and resistivity of 14 ohm.m. The resistivity contrast of this ensemble of conductive bodies with the background varies by a factor of 100 to 385. This low conductivity contrast with respect to the background is in conformity to the low temperature as inferred from the available heat-flow data in the region. A marginally different estimate of the conductivity (normally mid-crustal conductors are assigned conductivities of the order of 50 to 200 ohm.m) for the mid-crustal conductor has been found. Existence of a mid-crustal conductor is clearly indicated which was also not detected in the earlier study. Low geo-temperature gradients existing in the region rule out the possibility of a thermal origin for this mid-crustal conductor. A likely explanation could be due to the presence of graphitic carbon at lower crustal depths. However, the role of electrolytic fluid present in the interconnected pore--spaces of rocks may be another tangible explanation.     

Pole-dipole resistivity sounding technique for shallow investigations in hard rock areas

Theory of the pole-dipole resistivity sounding technique and its application in the hard rock areas for shallow groundwater exploration is presented in this paper. The different components of electric field produced by the point source of current, situated over the ground surface, are measured by a dipole placed at a large distance from the source. The theory of the method is rather simple, suggesting two configurations, namely radial pole-dipole and axial pole-dipole. Theoretical expressions derived for the apparent resistivity over layered Earth are directly related to the Schlumberger apparent resistivity, whereas expressions for geometrical factor for pole-dipole and Schlumberger configuration are different. The proposed technique has been tested in actual field conditions having different rock types. A few examples are presented along with Schlumberger sounding curves which confirm the applicability of the proposed sounding technique.     

Electrical resistivity tomography to investigate geological structures of the earth's upper crust

It is important to have detailed knowledge of the electrical properties of the earth's crust in order to recognize geological structures and to understand tectonic processes. In the area surrounding the German Continental Deep Drilling Project (KTB), we have used DC dipole–dipole soundings to investigate the electrical conductivity distribution down to a depth of several kilometres. We have adapted the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) technique, a well-established near-surface method, to large-scale experiments. Independent transmitting and receiving units were used to realize the concept of simultaneous multichannel registration of the scalar electrical potential at 44 dipoles. The measured data yielded apparent resistivities which were inverted to a 2D resistivity model ranging from the surface down to a depth of 4 km. Two highly conductive structures with steep inclination were detected. They are expected to be major fault zones embedded in a metamorphic body. The rather low resistivity ( ρ  < 10 Ωm) can be explained by the existence of graphitic minerals and/or electrolytic fluids.     

层状各向异性介质海洋可控源电磁场灵敏度计算及特征分析

海洋可控源电磁（CSEM）方法已广泛应用于地质构造研究以及海底资源探测,但其在各向异性地层中的分辨能力依然不明确.灵敏度分析是一种分析电磁场对探测目标分辨能力的有效方法,传统的地球物理反演方法也需要精确计算电磁场关于地下介质电阻率的灵敏度.在模拟和解释海洋CSEM资料时,地球物理数值模拟常在笛卡尔直角坐标系下进行,且通常假定发射源为理想的水平电偶极源.然而,在实际的海洋可控源电磁勘探作业中,由于海水运动等影响,发射源可能会发生旋转和倾斜等.复杂姿态的电偶极源可通过计算并矢量叠加三个正交方向发射源分量的电磁场以获得总电磁场,因此需三个正交方向电偶源电磁场的计算方法.本文推导了笛卡尔直角坐标系下,电阻率垂直各向异性介质中三个正交方向电偶极源电磁场表达式,并详细导出了电磁场分量关于各向异性电导率的灵敏度解析表达式.通过与各向同性算法对比,验证了本文所提出灵敏度计算方法的正确性;模拟了不同方向电偶源情况下地电模型的灵敏度并分析其特征.计算结果表明,薄层将显著影响地下介质各向异性电阻率的灵敏度分布,垂直电偶源对海底地层各向异性电阻率的分辨能力高于水平电偶源,通过反演各向异性率间接恢复低灵敏度的各向异性电阻率值是一个可行的反演策略.