库车坳陷东部地层压力特征与油气成藏

库车坳陷东部气藏既有常压气藏,也有超压气藏,对气藏实测压力特征进行了系统分析,探讨了地层压力与油气成藏之间的关系。结果表明,库车坳陷东部地层压力在结构上划分为膏盐岩封闭层压力结构和泥岩封闭层压力结构,压力分布在22.8~107.5 MPa之间,压力系数分布在1.16~2.29之间,常压和超压并存,且以超压占优势。纵向上,浅部一般为常压,深部一般为超压;平面上,压力和压力系数均由南向北表现出逐渐降低的趋势。在源-储压差作用下,深部超压流体对浅部的储层发生强充注。气藏压力反映出各气藏保存条件存在差异,迪那地区地层保存条件最好,依南2井次之,依深4井最差。根据地层压力和油气藏剖面特征,库车坳陷东部存在远源封闭型强超压成藏、近源半封闭型超压成藏和远源封闭型常压成藏3种油气成藏模式。     

库车坳陷的油气运移全定量模拟

为了给库车坳陷的油气勘探提供定量依据, 使用盆地模拟软件BASIMS对该坳陷的地史、热史、成岩史、生烃史、排烃史及运聚史进行了全定量模拟.其中油气初次运移的模拟使用简易而实用的方法, 即: 对于油气初次运移, 采用沉积压实渗流法求排油、物质平衡法求排气; 对于油气二次运移, 采用基于浮力驱动及达西定律的拟三维运聚模型.除了讨论这些数值方法的敏感性参数(参数敏感性与风险分析、排烃分配因子、断层及不整合面的渗透率、油气储集单元的确定) 外, 给出了排烃史和运聚史的模拟结果, 其聚集量的模拟结果不仅在数量上而且在位置上与实际情况符合, 尤其是预测出的几个有利勘探目标后来被勘探结果所证实      

库车坳陷东部异常流体压力特征及其对构造变形的控制

为探究库车坳陷东部异常流体压力特征及其对构造变形的影响,在研究区25口井的钻井、完井及测井资料基础上,利用“等效深度法”计算出泥岩段流体压力,并结合实测流体压力对其进行校正,从而刻画出该地区依奇克里克构造带、秋里塔格构造带以及阳霞凹陷超压发育特征,在此基础上拟合流体压力随深度的变化规律,估算出在依奇克里克构造带以及秋里塔格构造带基底滑脱层有效摩擦系数为0.138∽0.238;通过解释过井的地震剖面,运用构造楔相关理论计算出基底滑脱层强度F = 0.103 4∽0.172 9,将其与利用基底滑脱层流体压力比计算出来的有效摩擦系数进行比较,发现两者之间存在比较好的吻合性,以此证明估算基底滑脱层有效摩擦系数的可信度;计算出若研究区不发育流体超压,则基底滑脱层有效摩擦系数应为0.342∽0.485,说明研究区广泛发育的流体超压有效降低了原基底滑脱层有效摩擦系数的59.1%∽69.8%,意味着在研究区沿基底滑脱层发生剪切作用所需要的构造应力大幅度减小。     

库车坳陷东部晚白垩世古隆起及构造应力场恢复

库车坳陷东部具有丰富的油气资源,其构造变形机制与南天山造山带密切相关。综合采用露头共轭节理及白垩系残余厚度分布,分析了库车坳陷东部晚白垩世古隆起特征及构造应力场属性。吐格尔明、克孜勒努尔沟、库车河、卡普沙良河、吉迪克以及库车河西6条剖面的共轭节理分析表明,库车坳陷东部新生代构造挤压应力为NNW-SSE向,而中生代的构造挤压应力为NE-SW向。原型盆地恢复显示,库车坳陷白垩纪的沉积中心大致位于大北1井―吐北2井―克拉2井一线,且发育秋里塔格―新和―牙哈―提尔根古隆起带,白垩系原始沉积厚度总体上北厚南薄。在晚白垩世区域抬升剥蚀的构造背景下,坳陷东部受压隆升遭受剥蚀,白垩系残余厚度减薄,呈西厚东薄的趋势。位于坳陷东部的吐格尔明背斜在石炭纪―三叠纪为一个长期存在的继承性沉积古隆起,晚白垩世进一步隆升形成构造古隆起,背斜周缘的白垩系残余厚度进一步减薄。吐格尔明背斜和背斜周缘白垩系残余厚度等值线以及库北1井和库车河剖面周缘白垩系残余厚度等值线的长轴方向均为NW-SE向,进一步证实了库车坳陷东部晚白垩世的构造应力为NE-SW向。库车坳陷东部晚白垩世古隆起与构造应力场属性主要与特提斯造山带中地体增生和拼贴作用导致的特提斯北缘盆地群中发生的区域性抬升有关。     

塔里木盆地库车坳陷中生界烃源岩生烃动力学参数研究

根据封闭体系黄金管热模拟实验结果,应用Kinetics专用软件,研究了塔里木盆地库车坳陷中生界不同类型烃源岩的生烃特征与动力学参数。库车坳陷侏罗系煤、碳质泥岩、泥岩及三叠系湖相泥岩具有各自的活化能分布和频率因子,揭示出其生烃行为的差异性。利用GOR-IsotopeKinetics软件,推导了库车坳陷侏罗系煤、泥岩和三叠系湖相泥岩3类烃源岩的碳同位素动力学参数。上述参数的获取,为盆地模拟、烃源岩评价、生烃量计算及资源量预测提供了重要的基础地球化学数据。      

超压背景下粘土矿物转化的化学动力学模型及应用

在目前的粘土矿物转化化学动力学模型中,人们仅考虑了温度、时间和流体介质的影响。然而新近的一些研究表明,超压可以抑制粘土矿物的转化,增加反应活化能。通过超压调节反应活化能,建立超压背景下粘土矿物转化的化学动力学模型,并根据渤海湾盆地板桥凹陷、歧北凹陷超压发育井和歧南凹陷超压不发育井的粘土矿物实测资料,确定了相关参数。模拟结果表明,在超压井中,伊/蒙混层中蒙皂石层含量S%的计算值与实测数据吻合较好,但与Pytter和Reynolds(1989)模型的预测结果相差甚远,在压力系数为1.2~1.7的地层中,超压对S%的抑制最大可达15%~20%。由于在蒙皂石向伊利石转化的过程中,释放出大量S i4+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Fe3+、Na+等阳离子,所以超压对粘土矿物转化的抑制,导致了泥岩中这些阳离子生成量的减少和相邻砂岩中许多胶结作用的延迟,这非常有利于深层(埋深>3 500 m)优质储层的发育和油气藏的形成。     

琼东南盆地深水区中央坳陷带异常压力分布特征

异常地层压力是现今琼东南盆地深水区油气勘探面临的一个重要地质问题。运用最新构建的基于孔隙性岩石静力平衡方程的地层压力预测模型,确定了中央坳陷带异常地层压力分布特征,并分析了不同凹陷超压发育特征存在差异的原因。研究表明:(1)中央坳陷带单井压力剖面存在常压型、单段超压型、超压囊型和旋回超压型4种类型;(2)超压顶界面埋深从陆架向深海、从西向东逐渐增大;(3)纵向上,从浅水区到深水区、由西向东超压跨越层位逐渐增多,从浅层到深层超压强度逐渐增大,但乐东、宝岛和北礁凹陷具有"双层式"超压结构;平面上,以乐东、陵水、松南和宝岛4个凹陷为强超压中心,超压强度向南北两侧(低)凸起逐渐降低。总体上中央坳陷带超压分布具有一定规律性,但是不同凹陷间超压分布特征又具有差异性。这种差异主要受到晚期快速沉降速率、泥岩发育特征、烃源岩成熟度和断裂发育特征等因素的影响。     

塔里木盆地库车坳陷中生界油源岩有机成熟度和生烃历史

库车坳陷存在上三叠统黄山街组(T3h)和中侏罗统恰克马克组(J2q)两套湖相油源岩,从三个方面研究了这两套油源岩现今成熟度分布及其在地质历史中的演化:一是对钻孔和露头剖面两套油源岩样品镜质组反射率实测分析;二是从中下侏罗统煤系源岩,特别是煤中镜质组反射率实测数据限定分别位于中下侏罗统(J1y和J2k)煤系地层上下的两套油源岩的有机成熟度;三是从地层分层数据和地温史对人工井(中)两套油源岩成熟度的模拟分析.库车坳陷黄山街组和恰克马克组露头剖面油源岩镜质组反射率自东向西总体上呈现明显的增高趋势,在东部基本上处于临界成熟-成熟阶段,而西部则处于凝析油-湿气阶段或干气阶段.库车坳陷黄山街组油源岩主要生油阶段位于65～5 Ma,生油高峰约在23～12 Ma,油源灶最早(约65 Ma)出现在坳陷西部,不断向东部扩展;恰克马克组湖相油源岩主要生油阶段位于12 Ma至现今,生油高峰约在5～2 Ma,油源灶最早(约12 Ma)出现在拜城凹陷腹部,后向四周扩展.     

库车坳陷古近纪石盐岩空间展布及找钾意义

新疆库车坳陷古近纪发育巨厚的蒸发岩沉积,厚度从几十米至上千米不等。主要蒸发岩沉积(特别是石盐岩沉积)发生在古新世-始新世的库姆格列木群沉积期。依据3Dmine矿业工程软件、库车坳陷地形点三维坐标统计数据、部分钻井数据(包括孔位、孔深、孔斜)、石盐岩层在钻井中的沉积厚度及蒸发岩沉积旋回,对坳陷库姆格列木群蒸发岩沉积期石盐岩空间展布进行研究,绘制库车坳陷古新统-始新统石盐岩空间分布模型,探讨盆地找钾意义。通过石盐岩空间模型展布特征分析,石盐岩体与库车坳陷的地形特征和构造特征紧密相关,石盐岩受构造挤压并于与地形的总体起伏基本一致。从石盐岩体空间模型南北向剖面变化规律分析,古新世-始新世,库车坳陷西部出现2个蒸发岩沉积中心,分别位于西盐山口盐场一带和拜城凹陷。为库车次级古盐湖发育区,而钾盐的富集一般产于大的坳陷当中的次级构造单元,为有利的找钾区域。     

塔里木盆地库车坳陷煤成气甲烷碳同位素动力学研究及其成藏意义

天然气碳同位素动力学研究是在生烃动力学基础上发展起来的一种动力学研究方法。以库车坳陷侏罗系煤在限定体系下热解实验为基础，分析了煤成气甲烷碳同位素演化的基本特征。整体上，煤成气甲烷碳同位素值比较重。随着热解温度的增加，甲烷碳同位素演化形式表现为，在低温段存在着一个明显变轻的趋势，然后逐渐变重。这主要是由煤的非均质性造成的，煤沉积时不但有高等植物来源，还有水生生物来源，他们具有不同的活化能和不同的同位素组成。用自行开发的同位素模拟软件，结合库车坳陷的热史，对库车坳陷煤成甲烷碳同位素进行了模拟计算。其核心是把甲烷看作重碳甲烷和正常甲烷两个部分，各自求取动力学参数。模拟结果表明，坳陷中心几个干气藏中甲烷的碳同位素值(-27‰～ 32‰，PDB)落在了由干酪根开始裂解生气到2．0Ma之间。这说明库车坳陷中心区域的天然气主要来源于侏罗系煤系地层的长时期裂解、累积。累积阶段为开始生烃到库车期。     

Basin Modeling in the Kuqa Depression of the Tarim Basin (Western China): A Fully Temperature-dependent Model of Overpressure History

The fully temperature-dependent model of the effective pressure of the solid matrix and its related overpressure has been derived from the pressure balance equation, mass conservation, and Darcy’s law, and is directly useful in basin modeling. Application of the model in the Kuqa Depression of the Tarim Basin in western China proves that this overpressure model is highly accurate. The case of the present-day values of the calculated overpressure histories of Wells Kela2 and Yinan2 approach the field-measured data with mean absolute relative residuals of 3% and 5%, respectively. This indicates that the overpressure simulation is a practical alternative to using rock mechanics experiments for effective pressure measurement. Since calculation of the overpressure history uses the geohistory model and geothermal history model simulation outcomes, the relevant data used and the output of the two models of the Kela2 well are given as examples. The case studies show that the pore fluid density and viscosity used in the calculation of overpressures should be temperature-dependent, otherwise the calculation results would deviate far from the field-measured pressure data. They also show that the most sensitive parameter governing overpressure is permeability, and permeability can be calculated by using either the Kozeny–Carman formula or the porosity–power function. The Kozeny–Carman formula is better if accurate data for the specific surface area of the solid matrix (S _a ) exists, otherwise, the porosity–power function is used. Furthermore, it is vital for calculating an accurate overpressure history that one can calibrate S _a in the Kozeny–Carman formula, or index m in the porosity–power function by using field-measured pressure data as a constraint. In these specific case studies, the outcome found by using the Kozeny–Carman formula approaches the outcome found by using the porosity–power function with m=4, and both approach the field-measured pressure data.     

沾化凹陷渤南洼陷沙四段～孔店组的热史及超压演化

利用EASR%Ro模型,计算了渤南洼陷沙四段～孔店组(Es4-Ek)的古地温和古地温梯度的演变值。古地温的演变与盆地的构造演化关系密切,抬升剥蚀期地层温度下降,沉降期地层温度升高,地史过程中地温梯度的变化呈逐渐降低的趋势。采用盆地模拟技术,恢复且再现了渤南洼陷Es4-Ek地史期的超压演化过程。此过程与该区构造演化和有机质生烃增压作用紧密相关,沉积和剥蚀速率及地层地史期的孔渗性决定了早期超压幅度的高低,而后期构造运动的改造及有机质的生烃作用,决定了现今压力系数的大小。压力在漫长的发展演化过程中,经历了超压积累～破裂泄压～超压再积累～再破裂泄压的反复过程,说明盆地的压力场是一个动态发展的过程,其间伴随着高压流体的幕式排放。     

Mudstone compaction and its influence on overpressure generation, elucidated by a 3D case study in the North Sea

Mudstones are one of the least permeable rocks in most sedimentary sequences. Accordingly they can act as seals for fluid flow leading to abnormal overpressures. Nevertheless, mudstone compaction and related permeability and porosity decrease are not adequately described in current basin modelling software, because only mechanical compaction is taken into account. In reality, however, clay minerals undergo severe chemical diagenesis which certainly influences petrophysical properties and compaction. In this context a mathematical approach which has been originally developed in soil mechanics has been adapted to basin modelling. The underlying mathematical equations are carefully explained in the text. In the basic equation the compression coefficient is a function of void ratio and effective stress. Using these equations, overpressure can be predicted by using petroleum systems modelling techniques. This is shown for a real 3D case study in the North Sea, in which strong overpressure occurs. A compaction model for mudstones that depends strongly on the clay content of the individual stratigraphic units is used for the calibration of porosities in the 3D case study. In addition, a chemical compaction model that reduces porosities by using a kinetic reaction is used for the deeper part of the basin where mechanical compaction processes are less important. The pressure generation process depends strongly on permeability and compressibility of the porous medium. Therefore, the use of mudstone compaction and permeability models is sufficient to produce pore overpressures. In the case studied, abnormal overpressures are generated during burial together with the petroleum generation process. The mechanical and chemical compaction mechanisms ensure that the pressures are preserved in the deeper part of the basin.     

沁水盆地煤样静水压力下渗透率实验及模型分析

为研究沁水盆地煤样渗透率演化规律,构建了煤样渗透率测定的瞬态压力脉冲法实验装置,使用N2和CO2在实验室开展了3种试验条件的渗透率测定,应用Connell模型对实验结果进行分析,并讨论了模型预测值和实验值之间差别的原因。结果表明,（1）在恒定孔压变围压条件下渗透率随有效应力增大而减小;在等有效应力条件下,渗透率随孔压增大而减少;在恒定围压变孔压条件下,随孔压增大,渗透率呈先减小后变大的趋势。（2）运用Connell模型预测的恒定围压变孔压条件的渗透率值大于实验值,原因可能是由于裂隙压缩性系数和吸附应变系数存在估计误差。通过开展实验室渗透率实验和模型分析,对指导实验室内二氧化碳封存和气体驱替实验及其模拟研究具有借鉴意义。     

基于颗粒应力的深层超压预测方法研究:以准噶尔盆地腹部地区为例

异常地层压力预测是油气勘探和钻井工程关注的热点问题。对于勘探程度低、探井稀少的地区,压力分布特征的不明确制约油气勘探进展和钻井高效实施,因此,地层压力预测精度有待提高。在地层孔隙静力平衡原理的指导下,以准噶尔盆地腹部实际地质资料和压力测试数据为基础,建立了基于颗粒应力的地层压力预测模型。研究表明,(1)经典压力预测模型存在缺陷,特察模型并非静力平衡方程,有效应力不是骨架真正承担的力;(2)采用孔隙型介质颗粒应力参数建立了孔隙静力平衡方程,通过研究区深层侏罗系已钻井超压预测对比,发现基于颗粒应力的压力预测方法精度有所提高;(3)压力预测模型仅考虑了内动力因素即沉积增压,超压成因补偿不可忽视。研究区发现准南构造挤压应力向盆地内部传递,形成了规律性分布的超压分量,附加地应力的补偿是提高超压预测精度的有效途径。     

川西坳陷北部断褶带中二叠统异常流体压力分布特征及成因分析

含油气盆地中温压场的研究是探明油气成藏机理的核心问题,特别是古压力的恢复对研究油气的运移、聚集甚至储层的成岩、烃类的生成都起着至关重要的作用。文中以现今地层压力为约束,应用盆地模拟法恢复了川西北断褶带中二叠统的压力演化过程,并利用构造挤压应力模型定量分析超压主控因素。恢复结果显示,川西北中二叠统则发育两期超压,特别是侏罗纪—早白垩世末,受构造挤压应力作用超压快速累积,且不同构造单元受挤压应力的影响差别较大。近造山带发育弱超压,晚白垩世之后恢复至常压;远离造山带的褶皱带和前渊带则发育超压—强超压,且受侧向挤压应力的影响,构造抬升后仍然保持超压—强超压的状态。      

煤基质膨胀收缩对储层渗透率影响的新数学模型

煤层渗透率变化受多种因素制约,其中有效应力和煤吸附–解吸过程中煤基质的膨胀/收缩是两个主要因素。基于这两方面影响因素,采用体积不变原理和MATCHSTICK模型,提出新的预测渗透率变化的模型,有效回避了经典模型中使用不确定参数引起的渗透率模拟误差问题。研究结果表明,渗透率随煤层压力的变化存在3种理论模型,煤层气排采过程中,应尽可能使得渗透率变化曲线呈现下降缓慢、抬升稳定快速且增幅较大的趋势。最后,通过与经典的Palmer-Mansoori模型和Shi-Durucan模型的模拟对比,并利用现场实测数据进行验证,证明了本文推导模型的正确性和实用性。      

Development of Overpressure in the Tertiary Damintun Depression, Liaohe Basin, Northern China

The Damintun depression is one of the four depressions in the Liaohe basin in northern China, and is a rift basin developed in the Paleogene. This paper discusses in detail the characteristics of pressure and fluid potential of the Damintun depression based on a synthesis of the data from boreholes, well tests and seismic surveys. Data from sonic logs, well tests and seismic velocity measurements are used to study the pressure characteristics of the areas. From the sonic log data, shales can be characterized as normally pressured, slightly overpressured or highly overpressured; from the well test data, the pressure-depth gradient in oil-producing intervals implies hydrostatic pressure in general. Most seismic profiles in the Damintun depression are of sufficiently high quality for seismic velocities to be measured. The fluid pressures, excess pressures and pressure coefficients in 47 representative seismic profiles are predicted using formula calculation methods, and further transformed to fluid potenti     

Pressure evolution and hydrocarbon migration in the Baiyun sag, Pearl River Mouth basin, China

The Pearl River Mouth basin is one of the most important offshore basins in China. Petroleum exploration in the deep-water area is to start in the Baiyun sag in the basin. Due to the high cost of exploration in deep-water areas, the hydrocarbon migration and pressure evolution needs to be thoroughly probed before any actual exploration is to be done. Drilling results have indicated that the pore pressure is hydrostatic in shallow-water area. The mud diapirs found in the Baiyun sag indicate that there may be overpressure in the deep-water area. At present, little is known about hydrocarbon migration and pressure distribution in deep-water areas. On the basis of geological data from wells and basin modeling, the research comes to the following conclusions. (1) At least three episodic accumulations and releases of pressure had happened in the Cenozoic, which were closely related to the three regional tectonic movements: the Zhu-Qiong movement in the Late Eocene, the Nanhai movement in the Middle Oligocene and the Dongsha movement between the latest Middle Miocene and Late Miocene. The pressure release and associated hydrocarbon migration occurred primarily during the Dongsha movement, when most of the overpressure was released to hydrostatic pressure except for some overpressure in the deep-water area. (2) Both the measured pressure and the modeling results indicate that the pore pressure is hydrostatic pressure in the shallow-water area. Abnormally high pressure in the deep-water area is noted to be present. The difference of pressure distribution is caused by the lithologies, facies and faults. (3) The diapirs in the deep water cannot be driven by the overpressure because the maximum pressure is less than 9.0 MPa in the course of pressure evolution. (4) The fluids migrated to the shallow-water area and deep-water area along faults. Some faults connected the deep-water fans with the hydrocarbon source. Huge oil and gas fields may be formed in the deep-water area more favourably than in the shallow-water area. Translated from Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences, 2006, 31(2): 229–236 [译自: 地球科学—中国地质大学学报]