The Formation and Evolution of the Lujiang-Zongyang Volcano-Structural Depression in Anhui and Its Relation to Mineralization

The Lujiang-Zongyang volcano-structural depression resulted from the combined action of tectonism and volcanism. Its evolution progressed through five stages from 190 to 105 Ma B.P., during which nine types of metal and pyrite deposits were formed. These deposits show obvious regularities in the temporal-spatial distribution and have certain genetic relation, forming a minerogenetic series related to shoshonite within or around the volcano-structural depression on the basement that sank for a long period of time. This paper suggests a four-dimensional model of the formation and evolution of a typical volcano-structural depression and its related mineralizalion in a transition belt from the active margins to the inner part of a plate under alternating shear-compressive and shear-extensional stress conditions, but predominantly shear-extensional stress conditions.     

Telecommunication interactions between microplates and basal mantle LLSVPs.SCIEI北大核心CSCD

基于海洋地质地球物理观测建立的板块构造理论意味着板块和浅部地幔共同演化,然而地幔底部尤其是大型横波低速异常区(LLSVP)与板块(尤其微板块)运动和演化之间是否存在关联仍有争议。一些研究认为LLSVP长期保持稳定,而另一些模型则认为它与各级板块存在相互作用。为此,本文通过总结前人成果,并基于近期发表的板块重建和地幔对流模型进行进一步分析,探讨微板块运动和LLSVP的演化关系。模拟结果表明,微板块与大板块类似,俯冲后通常会下沉至核幔边界。微幔块会推动地幔底部热的物质聚集并形成大的热化学结构。该热化学结构与层析成像揭示的LLSVP基本吻合。下地幔径向流速场和温度场的二阶结构与地表速度场散度的二阶结构随时间的移动轨迹相似,表明深浅部圈层的耦合演化,但是下地幔结构演化一般会滞后于浅表。在微幔块推挤之下,地幔柱优先沿着地幔底部热化学结构的边缘形成,且有时会被推至热化学结构的内部。地幔柱上升至浅部后,能够导致岩石圈弱化甚至裂解或板块边界跃迁,形成微板块。因此,地幔底部LLSVP不是稳定或静止的,而是与微板块动态协同演化,并通过地幔柱与浅表板块边界发生遥相关,从而控制微板块生成场所。     

Reconstructing the basal thermal regime of an ice stream in a landscape of selective linear erosion: Glen Avon, Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland

The Cairngorm Mountain area of Scotland is a classic example of a landscape of selective linear glacial erosion, with sharp contrasts in the intensity of glacial erosion between the deeply incised troughs and valleys and the undulating high plateau. This article examines the Quaternary development of Glen Avon, a 200 m deep glacial trough set within the high plateau of the mountains. Evidence concerning the aggregate basal thermal regimes of the topographically controlled ice streams that formerly developed in this area is reconstructed from the geomorphological record, including bedforms indicative of wet-based, sliding ice and of dry-based ice frozen to its bed. This mapping indicates that basal sliding was not confined exclusively to the troughs but extended towards valley heads and on to parts of the plateau adjacent to troughs. The extent of basal sliding appears to have been greatest beneath pre-Late Devensian ice sheets. Basal ice temperatures are modelled under steady-state conditions for the last ice sheet at c. 18 ka BP. Basal thermal regimes are predicted using a reconstruction of the preglacial relief and for the current topography of the area. Convergent flow of ice through the preglacial valley system appears to have been sufficient to induce basal melting and therefore to initiate valley deepening. This effect is enhanced when the model is run across the present topography. Comparison of results of the geomorphological mapping and the modelling reveals significant differences between the actual and predicted extent of basal sliding outside the main ice stream. The overall conclusion is that many ice streams in mountainous terrain are inherited from the locations of preglacial valleys, which serve to accelerate ice flow and promote frictional heating beneath ice sheets.     

The origin and geological significance of lunar ridges

Lunar ridges are a kind of familiar linear structures developed on the lunar surface. The distribution pattern, formation mechanism and research significance of lunar ridges are discussed in this paper. Single lunar ridges are usually distributed in the form of broken lineation, and, as whole, lunar ridges are trapezoidal or annular in shape around the maria. As to the formation mechanism, only volcanism or tectonism was emphasized in the past, but the two processes are seldom taken into combined consideration. On the basis of detailed analyses, the authors thought that tectonism is a prerequisite for the formation of lunar ridges, while volcanism is the key factor controlling their particular shapes. Finally, the authors pointed out that it is very significant in the study of lunar ridges to link the course of lunar structure evolution with the stress state in the lunar crust.     

基于组合指数型流变模型的堆石坝流变分析

由于3参数、6参数、7参数指数流变模型以及Merchant模型和H-K模型均仅有一个指数式进行堆石坝流变收敛率调节,难以同时合理地反映蓄水初期和蓄水后期的堆石坝沉降变化规律;而9参数幂函数流变模型虽然可以较好地反映堆石坝的沉降变化规律,但数学运算较复杂。类比混凝土热学力学性能变化规律的组合指数式,从唯象角度建议了一种既能较好地反映堆石坝流变变形规律,又便于数学运算的组合指数型流变模型,并推导了组合指数型流变模型有限元计算公式。实例分析表明,组合指数式只需取2项,由于具有2个指数式协调调整,可较好地反映堆石坝流变变形规律且数学运算方便;而一个指数式流变模型是组合指数式流变模型的特例,难以合理反映蓄水后期堆石坝的沉降变化规律。     

A new ice sheet model validated by remote sensing of the Greenland ice sheet

Accurate prediction of future sea level rise requires models that accurately reproduce and explain the recent observed dramatic ice sheet behaviours. This study presents a new multi-phase, multiple-rheology, scalable and extensible geofluid model of the Greenland ice sheet that shows the credential of successfully reproducing the mass loss rate derived from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), and the microwave remote sensed surface melt area over the past decade. Model simulated early 21st century surface ice flow compares satisfactorily with InSAR measurements. Accurate simulation of the three metrics simultaneously cannot be explained by fortunate model tuning and give us confidence in using this modelling system for projection of the future fate of Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS). Based on this fully adaptable three dimensional, thermo-mechanically coupled prognostic ice model, we examined the flow sensitivity to granular basal sliding, and further identified that this leads to a positive feedback contributing to enhanced mass loss in a future warming climate. The rheological properties of ice depend sensitively on its temperature, thus we further verified modelâ?s temperature solver against in situ observations. Driven by the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis atmospheric parameters, the ice model simulated GrIS mass loss rate compares favourably with that derived from the GRACE measurements, or about ?147 km³/yr over the 2002–2008 period. Increase of the summer maximum melt area extent (SME) is indicative of expansion of the ablation zone. The modeled SME from year 1979 to 2006 compares well with the cross-polarized gradient ratio method (XPGR) observed melt area in terms of annual variabilities. A high correlation of 0.88 is found between the two time series. In the 30-year model simulation series, the surface melt exhibited large inter-annual and decadal variability, years 2002, 2005 and 2007 being three significant recent melt episodes.     

Mantle plumes and plate motions

This paper elaborates the hypothesis that convection plumes may be rising from the lower mantle to spread out in the asthenosphere and drive lithospheric plates about and thus possibly provide the primary mechanism which governs the behaviour of the earth's surface. The paper notes some characteristics of plumes and identifies more than thirty by the hot spots which overlie them. Most lie close to mid-ocean ridges and have produced aseismic ridges trending away from them on either plate. A few have been overridden by plates to produce single, isolated chains of seamounts and islands. One plume may have uplifted the Colorado Plateau. Such distinctions serve to identify five types of hot spots.Most plates are in motion over the lower mantle. They are considered to be driven by the plumes, but their paths are influenced by interactions with other plates. Some temporarily become more or less stationary relative to the lower mantle. It is held that stationary plates, of which Africa and Southeast Asia may be present examples, develop special characteristics among which much volcanism, epeirogenic uplift, rifting and the development of basins and swells are diagnostic.It is well-known that if two plates approach one another at a subduction zone that a continental plate generally overrides an oceanic one. It is here suggested that the question of which plate is more nearly stationary over the mantle is important and determines the character of the continental margin. It is held that, if a continental plate advances over an oceanic one which is fixed over the mantle, a migrating marginal trench and mountains of Andean type with huge batholiths will form on the leading edge of the continent. On the other hand, if a continental plate is fixed and one or more oceanic plates are advancing and sliding under it, island arcs (and, when a collision with another continent occurs, mountains of Appalachian type) will form along each coast towards which a plate is advancing.     

海底泥流的流变试验及强度模型

海底泥流是海底斜坡发生失稳滑动后,经复杂的水土交换作用演变成的稀式海底滑坡体,表现出土体和流体的双重特征,而现有的测试方法难以获得低剪切应变率下连续变化的强度值,不能很好地揭示其综合强度特性。利用新型全流动贯入仪和RST流变仪,对模拟海底泥流在不同剪切应变率下的流变和强度特性进行了多组试验研究,并基于试验结果分析了不排水剪切强度、屈服应力和表观黏度与含水率的相关性。基于剪切稀化理论,提出分阶段拟合模式来描述海底泥流从低剪切应变率到中高剪切应变率的流变关系;通过多种常规流变模式拟合结果的对比分析,显示出新流变模式的适用性和优势。考虑强度软化的影响,建立了全剪切应变率范围内海底泥流的不排水剪切强度模型,为海底泥流运动过程的数值模拟和灾害评价提供科学依据。     

Dynamic process analysis for the initiation and movement of the Donghekou landslide-debris flow triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake

The Donghekou landslide-debris flow was a remarkable geological disaster triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008. The dynamic process of a rapid landslide-debris flow is very complicated and can be divided into two aspects: the slope dynamic response of the earthquake and the mass movement and accumulation process. A numerical method combined with a finite difference method (FDM) and discrete element method (DEM) for simulation of landslide-debris flow under seismic loading is presented. The FDM and DEM are coupled through the critical sliding surface, initiation time and velocity. The dynamic response of the slope is simulated by the finite difference method, and critical sliding surface is determined using the earthquake response spectrum method. The landslide initiation time and the velocity are determined by time–history analysis. The mass movement and accumulation process is simulated using the discrete element method. Simulation results demonstrate that the maximum amplification coefficient of dynamic acceleration for the Donghekou slope is approximately 3.909, the initiation time of landslide is approximately 6.0 s, and the average initial velocity of the sliding mass is approximately 0.85 m/s. The failure of the slope is the result of elevation-orientated amplification effect and the sliding mass triggered with a small initial velocity. The numerical simulated result of the maximum sliding velocity is approximately 66.35 m/s, and the mass is disintegrated rapidly because of collision and free fall. The landslide velocity decreases when the flowing mass reaches a lower slope angle and gradually comes to a stop, and the total travel distance is approximately 2400 m.     

Synchronism between development of Cenozoic volcanic arcs and back-arc basins: Reasons and consequences

A geographic information system (GIS “Volcanic belts”) was used for analyzing the spatial and temporal relationship between tectono-magmatic cycles in the Cenozoic that took place at the convergent plate boundaries, mostly in volcanic arc-back-arc systems. The onset of back-arc basins and subaerial arc volcanism and their main evolutionary stages are shown to have occurred about the same time. These processes are still ongoing, which is indicated by today’s active volcanoes, high heat flows, and high deep-focus seismicity. The crust underlying both tectonic structures undergoes transformation, which results in a significant thinning of the “granite” layer within the volcanic belts, whereas crust within the back-arc basins changes its properties to the transitional (suboceanic) and oceanic type crusts. All processes that occur at the convergent plate boundaries can be described within the arc-back-arc system, the principal dynamic components of which are the asthenospheric plume upwelling above the continent edge and the oceanward-spreading plume head. This was accompanied by a gradual crustal thinning in the back-arc region and the formation of areas with oceanic crust, as well as by involvement of crustal material, together with rocks of the subducting slab, into subduction processes. As a result, the continental crust is removed from the tectonosphere and stored in the “slab cemetery.” Only a minor portion of the crustal materials is returned to the surface as subduction-related magmatism.     

Central European Cenozoic plume volcanism with OIB characteristics and indications of a lower mantle source

Average concentrations of incompatible elements and isotopes of radiogenic Sr, Nd and Pb in a 350 km long belt of Central European volcanics (CECV) resemble those in OIB in general and in OIB from the N Atlantic in particular. This similarity allows to infer comparable sources for CECV and OIB which might have been located in the lower mantle according to seismic tomography and chemistry, with the latter unlike a MORB source. The incompatible element contribution of lower mantle origin can be modelled from primitive mantle minus continental crust and upper mantle inventories. Alkali basaltic magmas from the modelled source are close in composition to CECV and OIB. The continental crust contains almost half of the silicate Earth's content of Rb, K, Pb, Ba, Th and U, which were mobilized to a major extent through dehydration of subducted ocean crust. Related losses from the lower mantle had to be replaced by deep subductions of oceanic lithosphere recognized from their isotopic imprint. From a balance based on Nd isotopes it can be concluded that average CECV contains 60% matter from residual primitive mantle and 40% from deeply subducted lithosphere (including some young upper mantle materials). Plume products from separate CECV regions developed, within 45 Ma, from rather depleted to more primitive isotopic signatures. Four periods of volcanism from Eocene to late Quaternary time are explained as four pulses of an almost stationary ultrafast plume uprise as modelled by Larsen and Yuen (1997). Magma production has increased from the first to the third pulse with the peak during Miocene time in the Vogelsberg region. The final pulse produced the Quaternary Eifel volcanoes. Tectonism from the Alpine orogen has probably triggered the synchronous volcanism of CECV, Massif Central etc. The European lithospheric plate has moved under the control of the opening Atlantic almost in an eastern direction with a velocity of 1 cm per year and has shifted extinct volcanoes off their source channels. Received: 10 July 1998 / Accepted: 10 February 1999     

Proterozoic highlights of the Canadian Shield: A review

Stockwell's structural divisions of the Canadian Shield, and his Precambrian time‐classification based on major tectono‐thermal events are reviewed. The three main divisions of Proterozoic time, the Aphebian, Helikian, and Hadrynian Eras, follow the Kenoran, Hudsonian and Grenvillian Orogenies, whose terminations are currently dated on the U‐Pb scale at about 2550, 1750, and 1000 m.y. before present, respectively.

Proterozoic supracrustal sequences are most commonly of shallow marine or continental origin, and high‐level intrusions predominate. ‘Classical’ geosynclinal cycles have been restricted to the Aphebian Era.

High‐grade Aphebian rocks in the mid‐Churchill Province evidently mark the peak of Hudsonian tectonism. Subsequently, the Shield became relatively stable except for the Grenville Province, and deposition and deformation resulted from epeirogenesis, block‐faulting and rifting, mainly in the western Shield. Proterozoic sedimentation and volcanism likewise diminished in Helikian time and terminated in early Hadrynian time, about 800 m.y. ago.

The history of the Grenville Orogen remains obscure. The continuity of major Archaean to Helikian rock units into the Grenville from adjacent provinces constrains proposals for a marginal plate boundary and convincing evidence for Proterozoic plate boundaries within the Grenville Province is lacking, palaeomagnetic evidence notwithstanding.     

Attachment of individual particles to a stationary air bubble in model systems

A particle–bubble attachment apparatus, similar to that used by Whelan and Brown [Bull. Inst. Min. Met. Trans. 65 (1956) 181] is developed to study free falling glass beads (d_p=131 μm) with different surface treatment attaching to a stationary air bubble (d_b=3 mm). The entire process of the particle–bubble attachment is photographically recorded using a high framing-rate camera and analyzed frame by frame. It is found that the hydrophilic particle slides on the top half of the bubble, and then the particle leaves the bubble, as anticipated. The particle sliding velocity increases with increasing angular position on the bubble surface. For the hydrophobic particle, it was found that the particle slides over the entire bubble surface without detaching from the bubble. The sliding velocity, however, reaches a maximum at an angular position of 90–100°, and then slows down to zero. A smaller sliding velocity is obtained for the hydrophobic particle than that of the hydrophilic particle at a given angular position. The attachment efficiency for the hydrophobic particle reduces with increasing initial angular positions, suggesting that the hydrophobicity alone does not directly guarantee the attachment to a bubble. Adding surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate [SDS]) to the test solution makes the hydrophobic particle become less hydrophobic or even hydrophilic, thereby decreasing the attachment efficiency. A much longer induction time is obtained in our present work than that reported in the literature. A simplified particle sliding velocity and attachment model is developed, and a good agreement between the theoretical prediction and experimental measurement is obtained.     

A Statistical Approach to Predict the Effect of Confinement on the Detonation Velocity of Commercial Explosives

Summary Commercial explosives behave non-ideally in rock blasting. A direct and convenient measure of non-ideality is the detonation velocity. In this study, an alternative model fitted to experimental unconfined detonation velocity data is proposed and the effect of confinement on the detonation velocity is modelled. Unconfined data of several explosives showing various levels of non-ideality were successfully modelled. The effect of confinement on detonation velocity was modelled empirically based on field detonation velocity measurements. Confined detonation velocity is a function of the ideal detonation velocity, unconfined detonation velocity at a given blasthole diameter and rock stiffness. For a given explosive and charge diameter, as confinement increases detonation velocity increases. The confinement model is implemented in a simple engineering based non-ideal detonation model. A number of simulations are carried out and analysed to predict the explosive performance parameters for the adopted blasting conditions.     

蒙古东部道尔脑德矿集区成矿作用及找矿标志

蒙古国东部省道尔脑德地区于侏罗纪—早白垩世火山活动频繁,形成道尔脑德火山机构,发育基性-酸性双峰式火山熔岩及火山碎屑岩,夹有陆源碎屑岩.同期该区域由挤压到伸展的构造体制转变,构造-岩浆热作用强烈,发生大规模成矿作用,形成与火山热液有关的铀-贱金属-金-萤石矿床成矿系列.文章在分析不同矿床成因类型、成矿时代及成矿温度基础...     

Extinct spreading on the Cocos Ridge

Using recently acquired marine magnetic data and existing magnetic and bathymetric data sets together with ODP Leg 170 age determinations we present a revised plate tectonic model for the southern Cocos and northern Nazca plate area. According to this model the formation of the southern Cocos plate was governed by spreading at different ridge axes with alternations between spreading ridges producing a complex magnetic anomaly pattern. In the Cocos and Malpelo ridge area we have identified two precursors of the recently active Cocos–Nacza spreading system which were active from 22.8 to 14.7 Ma, with a change in spreading direction from NW–SE to ENE–WSW at 19.5 Ma. The oceanic crust of these abandoned spreading systems was subsequently thickened and overprinted by hotspot volcanism that formed the Cocos and Malpelo ridges. The centre of this hotspot volcanism is about 500 km away from, but most probably related to, the Galapagos hotspot.     

中国东部中生代斑岩及其矿床同位素年代研究

中国东部中生代斑岩及其矿床同位素年龄研究表明,它们在时空分布上是与岩浆活动及构造运动的时空特征相呼应的。例如华南及长江中下游一带其时空分布与岩浆活动同步,由西向东逐渐变新。在东秦岭,斑岩的空间分布受东西构造控制,而时间演化上受北东向构造控制。本文还根据不同衰变系统封闭温度,讨论了成矿温度的上限。     

一种黄土滑坡渐进破坏过程分析

在中国西北,建设了许多灌溉水渠,由于水渠的灌溉引起了许多滑坡破坏,并带来了人员伤亡和财产损失。以高楼村水渠灌溉引起的黄土滑坡破坏为例,提出了滑坡破环渐进过程为：水的入渗在滑体中产生一定深度的水压力,引起黄土黏聚力和摩擦角下降,使滑坡体在一定深度产生剪破坏,紧接着滑体后缘产生拉剪破坏,致使后缘黄土处于破坏后区状态,并产生不平衡剪应力。该不平衡剪应力驱动滑体向前移动,直至滑面只有一点处于临界状态,随即整个滑坡发生破坏,并伴随着滑体解体,产生泥流。这种破坏过程可以概括为：滑坡先产生剪破坏,紧接着后缘产生拉剪破坏,当破坏后区产生的驱动剪应力大于滑体的摩阻力,会推动滑坡向前移动,直至滑坡发生完全破坏。以理论和试验论证了这种破坏机制的正确性,并验证了一种新剪应力本构模型的合理性。     

Tectonomagmatic Metallogenic System of Dexing Ore Field, Jiangxi, China

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