核废料地质处置概念库锚喷支护坑道热-水-应力耦合效应的二维离散元分析

假定一个核废料地质处置库位于具有一定水头的饱和节理岩体中,开挖完闭施作系统锚杆和喷混凝土支护。对坑道建造和一个50年期的热-水应力（T-H-M）耦合运营过程,使用UDEC程序进行数值模拟,分析无、有支护时近场围岩中的应力、变形、塑性区、温度、渗流的变化状态,以及不同场（温度、渗流、应力）耦合条件下的锚杆和喷混凝土中的承载情况。结果显示,喷混凝土和系统锚杆支护不仅具有常规的支护功能,并且可阻滞地下水从坑道表面的自由渗出,使得围岩中塑性区减小,裂隙水压力和温度升高;相比于应力单场作用的情况,在热-水-力耦合的条件下洞室围岩的稳定性下降,支护结构的受力状况变差。     

An assessment of borehole sealing performance in a salt environment

 Design of plugs for abandonment of boreholes and shafts may be governed by the bond strength between the plug and host rock. This paper presents the results of push-out tests on cement grout plugs in salt. Two types of expandable cement grouts have been tested. The average interface shear strengths ranged from 2 to 12 MPa (290 to 1740 psi). Peak shear stresses at failure, assuming an elastic stress distribution along the interface, were up to eight times higher. Standard deviations commonly reached 20%. Dissolution along the interface was observed, and may have been enhanced by clay inclusions in the salt. This dissolution appears to have reduced bond strengths. Application of the results to the design of plugs for larger openings (for example, shafts, drifts, or boreholes) is discussed. Received: 6 March 1996 · Accepted: 16 July 1996     

Clay minerals in fluvial shaley sandstone of upper Triassic reservoir (TAGS)—Toual field SE Algeria: identification from wireline logs and core data

The creep property of rock under cyclic loading is very important in civil engineering. In order to establish a novel constitutive equation for rock under cyclic loading, a fractional-order viscoplastic body under cyclic loading was constructed based on fractional-order viscous element. A fractional-order visco-elastoplastic model (FVEPM) for rock was established by connecting constructed fractional-order viscoplastic body with Burgers model. The model was a Burgers model when the maximum value of cyclic loading was less than the critical strength of rock; otherwise, it was a FVEPM which can be used to reflect the transient, steady-state, and tertiary creep phases of rock. The cyclic loading was decomposed into a static load and a cyclic loading with a zero average stress. According to rheological mechanics theory, the rheology constitutive equation of rock under the static load can be derived. According to viscoelastic mechanics theory, the constitutive equation under cyclic loading with a zero average stress was established by introducing the variation parameters of energy storage and energy dissipation compliance caused by rock damage and fracture. Finally, a new dynamic constitutive equation of rock cyclic loading can be obtained by superimposing the constitutive equation under static load and cyclic loading with a zero average stress. Compared with existing test results of rock under cyclic loading, the proposed constitutive model can be used to describe the creep characteristics of rock under cyclic loading and reflect the presented fluctuation of strain curve of rock under cyclic loading.     

Investigating the Effect of Cyclic Loading on the Indirect Tensile Strength of Rocks

This paper presents the results of laboratory experiments during the investigation of the stress–strain characteristics of Brisbane tuff disc specimens under diametral compressive cyclic loading. Two different cyclic loading methods were used: namely, sinusoidal cyclic loading and cyclic loading with increasing mean level. The first method applied the S–N curve approach to the indirect tensile strength (ITS) of rock specimens for the first time in the literature, and the second method investigated the effect of increasing cyclic loading on the ITS of rock specimens. The ITS of Brisbane tuff disc specimens was measured using the Brazilian tensile strength test. The reduction in ITS was found to be 33% with sinusoidal loading tests, whereas increasing cyclic loading caused a maximum reduction of 37%. It is believed that the fracturing under cyclic loading starts at contact points between strong grains and weak matrices, and that contact points at grain boundaries are the regions of stress concentration (i.e., indenters). Transgranular cracks emanate from these regions and intergranular cracks sometimes pass through the contact points. Once cracking begins, there is a steady progression of damage and a general ‘loosening’ of the rock, which is a precursor to the formation of intergranular cracks.     

Analysis of Inflatable Rock Bolts

An inflatable bolt is integrated in the rock mass through the friction and mechanical interlock at the bolt–rock interface. The pullout resistance of the inflatable bolt is determined by the contact stress at the interface. The contact stress is composed of two parts, termed the primary and secondary contact stresses. The former refers to the stress established during bolt installation and the latter is mobilized when the bolt tends to slip in the borehole owing to the roughness of the borehole surface. The existing analysis of the inflatable rock bolt does not appropriately describe the interaction between the bolt and the rock since the influence of the folded tongue of the bolt on the stiffness of the bolt and the elastic rebound of the bolt tube in the end of bolt installation are ignored. The interaction of the inflatable bolt with the rock is thoroughly analysed by taking into account the elastic displacements of the rock mass and the bolt tube during and after bolt installation in this article. The study aims to reveal the influence of the bolt tongue on the contact stress and the different anchoring mechanisms of the bolt in hard and soft rocks. A new solution to the primary contact stress is derived, which is more realistic than the existing one in describing the interaction between the bolt and the rock. The mechanism of the secondary contact stress is also discussed from the point of view of the mechanical behaviour of the asperities on the borehole surface. The analytical solutions are in agreement with both the laboratory and field pullout test results. The analysis reveals that the primary contact stress decreases with the Young’s modulus of the rock mass and increases with the borehole diameter and installation pump pressure. The primary contact stress can be easily established in soft and weak rock but is low or zero in hard and strong rock. In soft and weak rock, the primary contact stress is crucially important for the anchorage of the bolt, while in hard and strong rock it is the secondary contact stress that plays a vital role.     

淋溪河水电站地下厂房开挖过程中材料敏感性的非线性有限元分析

根据淋溪河地应力实测值,应用多元线性回归方法获得了地下厂房区的初始地应力场,并在ABAQUS中实现了初始地应力的加载。考虑岩石节理,基于ABAQUS的UEL模块开发了界面单元子程序,在此基础上重点考察了地下厂房开挖过程中围岩应力场及位移场,对洞室围岩稳定性和材料敏感性进行了综合分析,结果表明淋溪河地下厂房洞室群围岩在各种分析工况下能维持稳定状态。     

Damage evolution of rock salt under cyclic loading in unixial tests

Cyclic loading tests of rock salt were performed to investigate the characteristics of damage evolution of the surrounding rock in gas caverns. In this experiment, the cyclic loading process was carried out on seven stress levels from 20 to 86 % of the uniaxial compressive strength. The sine wave with a frequency of 1 Hz was adopted in the cyclic loading test. Experimental results show that at the first stress level, the damage evolution is rather limited or negligible under cyclic loading, which is controlled within the elastic limit. With the increase in stress level, the damage evolution becomes more evident. An increasing tendency of damage variable can be observed if the stress level surpasses 40 % of the uniaxial compressive strength. A maximum damage value of around 0.95 is recorded when the stress level is over 85 % of the uniaxial strength. In this paper, a damage evolution equation is also introduced and good agreement is obtained with the experimental data. Based on the experimental data, it is shown that the design practice of gas cavern concerning the degree of strength utilization of the surrounding rock is rather conservative considering the reducing effect of the minimal gas pressure on the damage evolution.     

Study of local hydrodynamic characteristics of upward slug flow

Results of an experimental study of local velocity, fluctuation and void fraction profiles in liquid plugs of an upward vertical gas-liquid flow as well as of wall shear stress distribution both under gas slugs and in liquid plugs, are presented. The conditional sampling technique allowed to obtain instantaneous profiles of the above hydrodynamical quantities, which illuminated the real physical picture of the flow in a liquid plug. The toroidal vortex adjacent to the bottom of a gas slug is shown to determine significantly the development of the flow in a liquid plug. The intensity of this vortex is determined only by the relative velocity of the gas bubble with respect to the liquid.     

柱状节理玄武岩隧洞破坏模式及其力学机制模拟

柱状节理岩体由于其内部赋存大量的隐节理面,开挖卸荷后极易出现隐节理面开裂松弛等特征,导致其破坏模式异于一般岩体。其破坏模式主要受到异常发育的节理面和较高地应力的共同作用影响。由于柱状节理岩体节理面发育,岩体结构控制型破坏占主要部分,包括单临空面节理面滑移（塌方）、多临空面节理面滑移（塌方）、与错动带、断层等弱面相组合的坍塌等破坏模式;应力控制型破坏主要为河谷侧顶拱喷层开裂;应力-结构面型破坏主要为岩性交界处的节理岩体塌落等。柱状节理岩体表层主要发生柱内竖直隐节理面和柱间节理面的拉破坏,而围岩内部的柱状节理主要发生柱间节理面的剪切破坏。因此,现场柱状节理的支护也应主要包括两个方面：以喷射混凝土钢纤维来阻止柱状节理岩体表层的张性开裂,以系统锚杆来控制柱状节理岩体内部的剪切破坏。     

Stability analysis of shotcrete supported crown of NATM tunnels with discontinuity layout optimization

For tunnel constructed by New Austrian Tunnelling Method, the crown is the upper part of tunnel section, constructed during excavation process and supported by shotcrete. The stability of the crown has great influence on the safety of tunnel itself and the buildings above, which correlates, among others, with geometrical setup of tunnel and material properties of shotcrete and soil/rock. In this paper, aiming at analyzing the stability of shotcrete supported crown, a recently presented numerical method discontinuity layout optimization is adopted, which introduces a great amount of potential discontinuities cross over one another and provides a wide search space for efficient upper limit analysis. In the analysis, a well‐established hydration model of cementitious material is implemented for accounting the hydration of shotcrete. Then assumptions based on convergence‐confinement method are used for accounting the 3‐dimensional effect in 2‐dimensional analysis, finally providing time‐space–dependent assessments of stability of shotcrete supported crown.     

金坛盐岩储气库运营模型试验研究

针对盐岩重度低、低弹强比、高流变性等强度与变形特性,研制出与金坛盐矿盐岩的力学行为较为相似的材料配方;采用地质力学模型试验技术,开展金坛盐岩储气库运行稳定性的模拟试验,研究腔体在周期性注、采气作用下的变形特点与力学分布规律。根据模型试验结果,采用盐岩非线性蠕变损伤本构模型,结合金坛盐岩储气库长期运营进行数值模拟,并与物理模型试验结果进行对比,研究分析储气库围岩在循环加卸载下的力学响应特点与盐岩溶腔的长期运营稳定性,得到了在周期性加卸载作用下腔体围岩蠕变变形的特点与规律,研究表明相似模型试验技术可以有效地应用于盐岩储气库运营长期稳定性的研究,其结果对盐岩储气库的建造与运行具有一定的指导意义和工程应用价值。     

隧道围岩中全长注浆岩石锚杆的应力分布分析

在弹性状态下,根据锚固体的受力情况建立了锚固体的摩阻力分布模型。根据此模型,结合隧道围岩位移变化函数推导了全长注浆岩石锚杆在围岩变形下的全长受力分布函数。并结合工程实例,分析了锚杆的应力分布特征,得出了注浆岩石锚杆在围岩变形中受力的基本特征。     

Numerical modelling of shear socketed piers

When a socketed pier embedded in a rock mass is pushed down, the concrete asperities slide over the matching rock asperities. Consequently, the normal stress across the rock–concrete interface increases due to the dilation of the rough contact. The objective of this paper is to model the behaviour of such rough interfaces analytically. A plasticity‐based interface model is developed and implemented in a finite element program. Various features of the model such as failure criterion, plastic potential, bond degradation and dilatancy are presented. Interface parameters obtained from laboratory tests are used to simulate the interaction between concrete and rock numerically. A comparison between laboratory observations and numerical predictions is presented. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

深部破碎软岩巷道围岩稳定性分析及控制

针对深部破碎软岩巷道围岩稳定性控制难题,以邢东矿-980车场巷道为研究对象,采用现场调研、数值模拟、井下试验及现场观测等方法分析围岩变形破坏特征,揭示其破坏机制,针对性地提出了以高强锚杆密集支护、新型喷层结构护表、滞后注浆加固为主体的多层次锚喷网注联合支护系统,详细阐明了具体支护措施的围岩控制机制,并用数值方法分析了锚杆间距、喷层厚度对于围岩应力场和位移场的影响规律。研究表明：（1）随着锚杆间距减小（0.7 m→0.3 m）,锚杆承压拱和喷层结构的承载能力呈幂函数增长趋势,锚固区围岩压应力呈线性增长趋势,围岩变形量明显降低;（2）随着喷层厚度增大,喷层结构承载能力近似线性增长,锚固区围岩压应力亦呈增长趋势,各部位围岩位移量显著降低;（3）当喷层厚度达到200 mm时,非锚固区内围岩大部分处于压应力状态,拉应力区大幅减少。基于上述研究,结合现场地质、生产条件确定试验巷道围岩支护方案,并进行现场应用。工程实践表明,多层次锚喷网注联合支护技术可有效控制深井破碎软岩巷道围岩大变形,实现深井巷道围岩的稳定性控制。     

Development of a long-term wellbore sealing concept based on numerical simulations and in situ-testing in the Altmark natural gas field

This paper presents an innovative well abandonment concept developed for the long-term containment of CO₂ in depleted Rotliegend gas reservoirs. The new concept aims at amending the conventional standard well abandonment procedure, taking advantage of the natural creeping ability of the thick, homogeneous Zechstein rock salt formation located around 3,000?m in depth (Altmark area) and consists of four main sealing units: (1) a standard sealing element with cement from the reservoir to the impermeable caprock, (2) a salt plug created in the formerly reamed section of casing within the plastic Zechstein (Upper Permian) rock salt formation, (3) two bridge plugs at the bottom and top of the salt plug and (4) a standard sealing element with cement from the top bridge plug until the ground surface. This site-specific study mainly lays emphasis on the development and field testing of the naturally created salt plug, as a key component of the long-term wellbore sealing concept. Comprehensive numerical simulations conducted prior to and during the field test in 2010 and 2011 successfully predicted the evolution of convergence using downhole measurement data. Preliminary results comprise (1) proven convergence of the rock salt formation, (2) a successful coring and (3) restored integrity of Zechstein salt formation, as proven by the formation integrity test. Based on these results, the new long-term sealing concept has been successfully tested at the Altmark natural gas field and successful application of the concept on other sites with similar geological conditions is foreseen to be likely.     

AN INTERFACE MODEL FOR ANALYSIS OF DEFORMATION BEHAVIOUR OF DISCONTINUITIES

An interface constitutive model is presented accounting for slip and sliding effects and also for dilatancy phenomena. The microslip effects are described by considering spherical asperity interaction with variation of contact area and generation of progressive or reverse slip zones. The incremental constitutive equations are derived with proper memory rules accounting for generation and annihilation of particular slip zones during the process of variable loading. It is further assumed that sliding of spherical contacts occurs along large asperities whose slope varies due to the wear process. The predicted shear and dilatancy curves are shown to provide close quantitative simulation of available experimental data. The strain ratchetting effect for non-symmetric cyclic loading was exhibited using the asperity wear model. The model presented could be applied to simulate rock joints, masonry, or concrete cracked interfaces, under monotonic and cyclic loading.     

正交各向异性岩体中非圆形水工隧洞的解析解

将围岩和衬砌分别视作均质、连续的线弹性正交各向异性和各向同性体,并充分考虑衬砌的支护滞后效应和隧洞运行时的内水压力作用,运用复变函数方法中的幂级数解法,提出了正交各向异性岩体中任意形状水工隧洞的力学解析方法。以直墙半圆拱形水工隧洞为例,所获得的解析解可精确满足衬砌内边界的应力边界条件以及围岩与衬砌接触面的应力、位移连续条件,同时还将解析结果与ANSYS数值结果对比分析,吻合良好。利用获得的解析解,讨论了围岩开挖面上不同的各向异性程度、不同的弹性对称面角度以及隧洞内不同的水压荷载对衬砌以及围岩上应力和位移分布的影响。     

复杂条件下隧道断面形状和支护参数优化

通过有限差分法（FLAC3D）数值计算和现场试验对马蹄形断面和大曲率边墙、似圆形断面形式下隧道的支护受力和围岩变形特征进行了对比分析,得出采用似圆形断面可以有效地控制围岩的变形量和变形速率,尤其是水平收敛变形;现场变形量测时的丢失位移所占总位移比例较大,其中下台阶丢失位移比例最大;通过现场试验,对不同支护刚度下围岩压力、锚杆受力、钢架、混凝土应力以及二次衬砌分担的围岩压力和模筑混凝土受力情况进行分析,结合洞室变形的现场量测,得出二次衬砌接触压力及分担围岩压力比呈现出随着初支刚度增大而增大的规律,并综合确定了板岩段合理的支护参数。该结论对在构造应力发育的软岩地区修筑隧道提供了有益的工程经验     

循环剪切荷载作用下含二阶起伏体模拟岩石节理力学特性研究

利用人工材料浇注含二阶起伏体的模拟岩石节理试样,进行常法向荷载循环剪切试验,研究节理剪切力学特性在循环剪切过程中的劣化规律。试验结果表明：二阶起伏体对节理循环剪切力学特性有重要影响,剪切强度、剪切刚度、剪胀角随剪切循环次数增大而衰减,衰减趋势随着二阶起伏度的增大而加快;法向应力、二阶起伏度较大时,二阶起伏体对剪切力学特性的影响主要体现在第1轮剪切循环中,在随后的剪切循环中影响不明显;法向应力、二阶起伏度较小时,二阶起伏体的影响在前几轮循环剪切过程中均有较清晰的体现。基于Hertz接触力学理论,提出了节理面微凸体球面接触细观模型,揭示了节理循环剪切宏观试验现象的力学机制     

盐岩地下储库围岩界面变形与破损特性分析

鉴于盐岩地下储库界面对储气（油）库稳定性和密闭性的重要影响,分别从细观和宏观方面对其变形与破损特性开展研究。细观方面：开展含界面盐岩的电镜扫描试验,分析表明：盐岩与夹层界面处颗粒结合紧密、相互嵌合,胶结良好,为储库密闭性提供有利条件。宏观方面：基于复合岩体理论构建层状盐岩交接界面的应力表达式,进而分析界面的变形及破损特性。分析表明,界面附近应力状态极为复杂,硬夹层对盐岩体具有约束锚固作用,且界面处易产生应力集中,进而诱发储库围岩体裂纹扩展直至破坏。综合细观、宏观分析表明,裂纹起裂机制和渗透通道形成是界面的细观结构特性及其应力状态共同影响的结果。研究成果为进一步分析地下盐岩储库的稳定性和密闭性提供一定参考。