毫米级地球参考系面对的一些地球动力学问题

针对90年代天文地球动力学对地球参考系提出的毫米级要求,本文提出了一些更深入、更广泛的地球动力学问题,并探讨了可能的改进和解决方法。这些问题是:板块运动模型的改进;区域性地壳形变的影响;冰期后地壳回弹的影响;地球质心变化的影响。     

广义相对论框架中有关时间的定义与应用

在完整后牛顿近似下的太阳系质心参考系和地球质心参考系的定义及其转换关系的基础上，研究了在广义相对论框架下各种时间系统(太阳系质心坐标时、地球质心坐标时、太阳系动力学时和地球时)的定义、以及它们的具体实现和相互之间的转换关系，为空间大地测量学的研究提供了明确的时间概念和理论依据。     

广义相对论框架中有关时间的定义与应用

在完整后牛顿近似下的太阳系质心参考系和地球质心参考系的定义及其转换关系的基础上,研究了在广义相对论框架下各种时间系统(太阳系质心坐标时、地球质心坐标时、太阳系动力学时和地球时)的定义、以及它们的具体实现和相互之间的转换关系,为空间大地测量学的研究提供了明确的时间概念和理论依据.     

地球质心运动的频谱分析方法

针对地球质心运动主要是由多种周期运动叠加的特点，依次讨论了谱分析方法中的AR模型谱分析和小波谱分析方法，分别指出：将参数谱分析方法中的AR模型谱分析和非参数谱分析中的小波谱分析相结合产生的小波－AR谱分析以及小波包－AR谱分析方法，在地球质心运动的谱分析中有较好的频率分辨率以及噪声抑制能力。     

地球质心运动的频谱分析方法

针对地球质心运动主要是由多种周期运动叠加的特点,依次讨论了谱分析方法中的AR模型谱分析和小波谱分析方法.分析指出:将参数谱分析方法中的AR模型谱分析和非参数谱分析中的小波谱分析相结合产生的小波-AR谱分析以及小波包-AR谱分析方法,在地球质心运动的谱分析中有较好的频率分辨率以及噪声抑制能力.     

利用SLR反演地心运动

为获取地球质心运动,本文利用SLR卫星Lageos1及Lageos2反演了1阶球谐系数,并进一步计算了地球质心,获取了1993年-2006年地心运动时间序列。结果显示:1阶球谐系数C10、C11、S11量级为10-8;地心运动X方向振幅为25.5mm±3.2mm;Y方向变化在28.6mm±2.3mm;Z方向较大为35.0mm±4.3mm。     

地球质心的运动对卫星轨道的影响

由地心运动引起的引力位1次项系数不为零会对卫星轨道产生摄动。文中主要通过模拟计算来研究地心运动或坐标系统不自洽引起的地心偏离，从而对不同轨道根数的卫星轨道产生的摄动量级。实验表明地心运动对卫星轨道的影响，在高精度精密定轨和反演地球重力场中也是需要顾及的一项内容，特别是在坐标系统不自洽的情况下，影响更大。     

基于IERS 2003规范的坐标系转换实现及其方案应用

主要介绍了IERS2003规范中国际地球参考系(ITRS)到地球质心天球参考系(GCRS)的转换过程,以及与IAU2000决议一致的常规转换公式,并详细分析了以IERS计算程序为工具、“基于CEO”[注]和“基于春分点”的ITRS向GCRS转换的两种等价方案和相应的三种应用方法,最后对新坐标系转换模型的应用进行了探讨。     

地心运动对大地坐标的影响及其抗差谱分析

为了明晰地分析地心运动对地面点的水平分量和垂直分量的影响规律，本文首先将地心运动时间序列从空间直角坐标转换到大地坐标，而后用抗差谱分析进行了分析，计算结果表明，地心运动在水平方向和径向都有比较明显的主周期分量，地质质心存在明显的长期北移倾向，地心运动还导致地面点在水平方向有顺时针方向的长期运动。     

卫星加速度在CTS和CIS之间的转换

本文基于CHAMP卫星加速度在协议地球坐标系(CTS)和协议惯性坐标系(CIS)之间的转换，推导了加速度的转换公式。经过进一步的讨论，指出加速度转换公式的后两项是地球自转引起的惯性力，如果要转换的加速度是卫星的运行加速度(即位置的二阶导数)，转换公式就应该加上后两项；如果是实际存在的力产生的加速度应按一般的矢量来转换。最后，利用2002年1月2日一天0时到24时的CHAMP卫星精密星历对加速度转换公式做了验证。     

数字高程模型的随机分形算法研究

本文研究了基于随机分形的数字高程模型算法。实践证明，用此方法进行形状逼近内插，所需数据量小，可节省大量内存及计算时间，较容易获得所需要的分辨率。     

月球平均运动和地球自转速率长期变化的潮汐耗散

利用1983～1994年(共11年)期间,全球人卫激光测距(SLR)观测网对Lageos-1卫星的观测资料,估算二阶重力场系数和潮汐参数。SLR和卫星测高的潮汐解被用来计算月球轨道根数相对黄道坐标系的长期变化和地球自转速率的长期变化。SLR确定的总的潮汐耗散引起的月球平均运动的长期变化为-24.78″/世纪2,与激光测月结果（(-24.9±1.0)″/世纪2) 非常一致。日月潮汐引起的地球自转速率的长期变化为 -5.25×10-22rad /s2,顾及地球扁率变化（2）的非潮汐效应,对应的日长变化为1.49 ms/世纪,与1620年以来的天文月掩星结果（1.4 ms/世纪）十分相符。本文还联合卫星测高和人卫激光测距确定的潮汐解,在月球平均运动和地球自转速率的长期变化中,分离出固体地球和海洋的耗散效应。     

An experimental analysis of three methods for highlighting colorful pictographic symbols

Highlighting is one of the key functionalities of any interactive visualization environment. Yet, there is little research on highlighting methods. This article focuses on highlighting of colorful pictographic symbols. Three strategies for highlighting were tested by implementing three highlighting methods that were suggested suitable in the literature on attention, perceptual grouping, and motion detection. An experimental design measuring response times and accuracy was used and subjective opinions were collected. The three available strategies for applying the highlighting effect to a subset of visually salient (i.e., colorful) symbols are: (1) to decrease the saliency of the non-highlighted symbols, (2) to increase the saliency of the highlighted symbols, and (3) to add a connecting element for grouping the highlighted symbols. Of these strategies, adding a connecting element was found to be the least efficient based on the response times, whereas both methods for tuning the saliency difference between the highlighted and non-highlighted symbols were found to be equally efficient. However, decreasing the saliency of the non-highlighted symbols was clearly preferred in the subjective evaluation.     

Analytical solution of perturbed circular motion: application to satellite geodesy

 Starting from the analytical theory of perturbed␣circular motions presented in Celestial Mechanics (Bois 1994) and from specific extended formulations of the perturbations in a uniformly rotating plane of constant inclination, this paper presents an extended formulation of the solution. The actual gain made through this extension is the establishment of a first-order predictive theory written in spherical coordinates and thus free of singularities, whose perturbations are directly expressed in the local orbital frame generally used in satellite geodesy. This new formulation improves the generality, the precision and the field of applications of the theory. It is particularly devoted to the analysis of satellite position perturbations for satellites in low eccentricity orbits usually used for many Earth observation applications. An application to the TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) orbit is performed. In particular, contour maps are provided which show the geographical location of orbit differences coming from geopotential coefficient differences of two recent gravity field models. Comparison of predicted radial and along-track orbit differences with respect to numerical results provided by the French group (CNES, in Toulouse) in charge of the T/P orbit are convincing. Received 22 January 1996; Accepted 19 September 1996     

The use of Roentgen stereophotogrammetry to study micromotion of orthopaedic implants

Roentgen stereophotogrammetry is the most accurate Roentgen technique for three-dimensional assessment of micromotion of orthopaedic implants. The reported accuracy of Roentgen Stereophotogrammetric Analysis (RSA) ranges between 0.05 and 0.5 mm for translations and between 0.15° and 1.15° for rotations. Because of the high accuracy of RSA, small patient groups are in general sufficient to study the effect on prosthetic fixation due to changes in implant design, addition of coatings, or new bone cements. By assessing micromotion of a prosthesis in a short-term (i.e. 2 years) clinical RSA study, a prediction can be made on the chance of long-term (i.e. 10 years) loosening of the prosthesis. Therefore, RSA is an important measurement tool to screen new developments in prosthetic design, and to prevent large groups of patients from being exposed to potentially inferior designs.In this article, the basics of the RSA technique are explained, and the importance of clinical RSA studies is illustrated with two examples of clinical RSA studies which RSA delivered very valuable information. Thereafter, two recent developments in RSA that have been implemented at Leiden University Medical Center are presented: digital automated measurements in RSA radiographs and model-based RSA.     

Tracking of facial deformations in multi-image sequences with elimination of rigid motion of the head

The paper deals with measurement of human facial deformations from synchronized image sequences taken with multiple calibrated cameras from different viewpoints. SIFT (Scale Invariant Feature Transform) keypoints are utilized as image feature points in the first place to determine spatial and temporal correspondences between images. If no temporal match is found for an image point by keypoint matching, then the tracking of the point is switched to least squares matching provided the point has one or more spatial corresponding points in the other views of the previous frame. For this purpose, a new method based on affine multi-image least squares matching is proposed where multiple spatial and temporal template images are simultaneously matched against each search image and part of the spatial template images also change during adjustment. A new method based on analyzing temporal changes in the image coordinates of the tracked points in multiple views is then presented for detecting the 3-D points which move only rigidly between consecutive frames. These points are used to eliminate the effect of rigid motion of the head and to obtain the changes in the 3-D points and in the corresponding image points due to pure deformation of the face. The methods are thoroughly tested with three multi-image sequences of four cameras including also quite large changes of facial deformations. The test results prove that the proposed affine multi-image least squares matching yields better results than another method using only fixed templates of the previous frame. The elimination of the effect of rigid motion works well and the points where the face is deforming can be correctly detected and the true deformation estimated. A method based on a novel adaptive threshold is also proposed for automated extraction and tracking of circular targets on a moving calibration object.     

一种稳健性增强和精度提升的增量式运动恢复结构方法

增量式运动恢复结构(ISFM)实现了无序影像的三维重建,在精细化建模、现实场景三维记录以及互联网影像三维重建等领域发挥了重要的作用。但增量式运动恢复结构方法仍存在稳健性差和精度低等方面的问题,常导致三维重建结果难以令人满意甚至三维重建失败,严重限制了增量式运动恢复结构技术的发展应用。本文提出了一种增强稳健性、提升精度的运动恢复结构方法。本文方法有如下3点贡献:①针对立体影像特征匹配结果误差点多的问题,提出了一种顾及特征响应值的参数自适应RANSAC方法,在有效剔除误匹配的同时,最大限度地保留了正确的匹配点;     

Excitation of non-atmospheric polar motion by the migration of the Pacific Warm Pool

Changes in the annual variation of the Earths polar motion are found to be largely caused by the variation of the atmospheric angular momentum (AAM). Recent simulation results of oceanic general circulation models further suggest global oceanic effects on the annual polar motion in addition to the atmosphere. In comparison with previous model studies of global oceanic effects, this research particularly singles out a large-scale ocean anomaly and investigates its effect on the annual polar motion, determined from satellite observations of the movement of the Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP). Although the scale of the warm pool is much smaller than that of the solid Earth, analysis of the non-atmospheric polar motion excitation has shown that the WPWP contributes non-negligibly to the annual polar motion. The analysis consists of over 30 years of WPWP data (1970–2000) and shows values of polar motion excitation for the x-component of (2.5 mas, –79°) and for the y-component of (0.6 mas, 173°). Comparison of this result with the total geodetic non-atmospheric polar motion excitation of (10.3 mas, 59°) for the x-component and (10.6 mas, 62°) for the y-component shows the significance of the WPWP. Changes in the Earths polar motion have attracted significant attention, not only because it is an important geodetic issue, but also because it has significant value as a global measure of variations within the hydrosphere, atmosphere, cryosphere, and solid Earth, and hence global changes.Tel: 86–21–64386191 Fax: 86–21–64384618Acknowledgments. The authors are grateful to Dr. R. Gross (JPL) and two anonymous reviewers for providing invaluable comments. They also thank Dr. J.L. Chen (CSR) for helpful discussions. Y. Zhou, D. Zheng and X. Liao were supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10273018, 10133010) and Key Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KJCX2-SW-T1). X-H. Yan was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) through Grant NAG5–12745, and by the National Science Foundation (NSF) through the Presidential Faculty Fellow award to X-H. Yan (OCE-9453499). W.T. Liu was supported by the NASA Physical Oceanography Program.