闽—粤东南沿海大陆边缘韧性剪切带的基本特征

东南沿海大陆边缘剪切带是西太平洋活动大陆边缘构造带的组成部分,它是一条具有多次活动的左旋韧性平移剪切带。在本剪切带中可以观察到3种类型的构造:（1）规模巨大的呈北北东—北东向展布的糜棱岩带以及山拉伸线理组成的线状构造带。它们在平面上有明显的从断目两侧向中心递进变形特征;（2）呈北东走向陡倾角的糜棱叶理（Sa）、应变滑劈理或破劈理（Sb）、小型剪切带（Sc）;（3）由西到东断层作用样式和断层岩具有明显的递进变化特点。西部（浅部）断层作用以脆性剪切滑动为主,其断层岩则由假玄武玻璃及镜面糜棱岩组成;中部断层作用以跪—韧性剪切为主,为断层泥—碎裂岩—超碎裂岩;东部(深部,以韧性剪切作用为主,其断层岩为暖棱岩—花岗糜桂片麻岩—眼球状糜棱岩系列。以上特点表明在本剪切带内透入性和非透入性变形之间有着密切的关系,反映出在变形过程中具有由韧性变形逐渐向脆性变形的发展趋势。     

豫西双龙剪切带假玄武玻璃的成因及地质意义

假玄武玻璃是发育在古地震断层带中的一种断层岩,是古地震断层快速滑动的化石记录。目前关于假玄武玻璃的成因还存在争议,有摩擦熔融成因和摩擦碎裂成因2种观点。豫西双龙剪切带是位于秦岭造山带核部的一条韧性剪切带,发育了一系列动力变质岩,后期地质作用在其构造薄弱面上形成了呈简单脉状、平行剪切面发育的假玄武玻璃。假玄武玻璃的出现说明秦岭群曾经历高应变速率的构造运动,即古地震事件。通过对该区假玄武玻璃的镜下观察、粉晶X射线衍射、扫描电镜及石英的EBSD组构等研究,对其成因进行了探讨,结果显示秦岭群核部的假玄武玻璃为摩擦碎裂成因。     

桐柏—大别造山带剪切带阵列的构造岩研究

桐柏－大别造山带剪切带阵列经受长期的应变软化、应变局部化和变形分解作用，形成了一系列构造岩，包括糜棱岩、变晶糜棱岩、半塑性糜棱岩和面理化碎裂岩等。糜棱岩普遍具二相糜棱结构或由相连的弱相基质或层分离强相残斑或布丁所形成的ＩＷＬ结构。构造岩中显微构造各式各样，并具一定的组合形式和演化规律，反映了不同环境下主导变形机制的多样性及变形机制间转换的规律性。代表性剪切带岩化学成分变异的研究表明，除流体流动外，     

桐柏杂岩北界剪切带的构造变形特征研究

桐柏杂岩北界剪切带是桐柏—大别造山带发育的一条大型的左行走滑韧性剪切带,发育糜棱岩、超糜棱岩以及强直片麻岩等强变形岩石。通过对剪切带内岩石的矿物共生组合、剪切带的位移量计算、石英的分维数计算、石英颗粒的差异应力以及应变速率的估算等多种方法分析结果显示:桐柏杂岩北界剪切带的位移量为38.3~41.1km;动态重结晶石英颗粒边界统计数据的相关系数R均大于0.96,动态重结晶颗粒边界具有统计意义上的自相似性;分维数为1.207~1.302之间,从剪切带的核部向边部,颗粒粒径和分维值的变化是逐渐变大的。石英的分维值反映出石英的动态重结晶与剪切带密切相关,变质变形由剪切带核部向边部逐渐减弱。桐柏杂岩北界剪切带的差异应力值为23.583~46.983 MPa之间,应变速率为1.70×10~(-11)~9.74×10~(-11)s~(-1)。通过对比剪切带内动态重结晶石英颗粒的粒径、差异应力和应变速率可以发现,差异应力与应变速率表现出一定的正相关性,都随着从剪切带的核部到边部慢慢变小;而石英的粒径则与差异应力和应变速率表现出负相关性,从剪切带核部到边部,随着石英粒径的变大,差异应力和应变速率变小。差异应力越大,导致石英颗粒的受力强度越大,变形越强,表现出来的就是应变速率越强。从显微构造变形角度来研究认识该剪切带,对揭示桐柏—大别造山带的构造演化以及构造模型的建立有着重要的构造意义。     

桐柏-大别造山带的剪切带阵列

桐柏－大别造山带在长期的韧性再造和脆性改造过程中，形成了有规律的剪切带阵列，包括韧性剪切带阵列和脆性剪切带阵列。它们是多期碰撞造山和造山期后伸展塌陷的产物，并在造山带的流变学和构造演化过程中起着重要的调整作用。造山带内的镁铁、超镁铁质及榴辉岩岩带则是涉及下地壳及上地幔流变的韧性剪切带阵列的代表。这些剪切带阵列经历了长期的演化历史，具正向的、反向的、螺旋形或旋回式的流变学演化轨迹。     

中伊伯利亚地块托利多韧—脆性剪切带的伸展构造

伊伯利亚地块中区的托利多糜棱岩代表一条主韧性剪切带。但仅出露一小部分可供观察。沿托利多结晶地块南缘由混合岩产生的糜棱岩为300～350m厚、向南缓倾的带。上盘为被晚海西期花岗质侵入体侵入的古生代低级交沉积岩。具不同构造、变质条件的上、下盘的斜接表明剪切带是具大距离位移的主构造。在明显地减小围限压力、温度条件下的递进简单剪切受到显微角砾状糜棱岩、碎裂岩和覆盖糜棱岩的超碎裂岩的支持。碎裂岩岩崖的顶与剪切带的滑脱部分是一致的。构造关系,同中型及显微构造证据(拉伸线理和不对称剪切方向的标志)结合支持糜棱岩和碎裂岩都是随连续伸展变形期间形成滑脱断裂作用伴生的结论。为变质核杂岩的形成提出的滑脱断层模式也适用于托利多地块。作者提出一个解释,印早二叠世期间,在较大的构造层次伴随伸展作用从韧性变形过渡到脆性变形的模式。     

黔东南天柱-锦屏地区含金剪切带性质

利用剖面构造调查与显微构造研究相结合的方法,首次对黔东南天柱一锦屏地区含金剪切带性质进行了详细研究.该区剪切构造变形主要发生于平移断裂及背斜核部层间断裂部位;构造岩多属于碎裂化岩石、初碎裂岩及碎裂岩,极个别为超碎裂岩、糜棱岩化岩石和初糜棱岩;剪切带主要为脆性剪切带,极少数为脆韧性剪切带,没有见到韧性剪切带.本区目前所见...     

大别造山带东部假玄武玻璃的成因

最近,在大别造山带东部广泛发现了假玄武玻璃出露点,这些假玄武玻璃主要沿NE-SW向断裂带或剪切带发育。某些假玄武玻璃内发育糜棱质条带。本文主要讨论了大别造山带东部假玄武玻璃的显微构造、岩石化学及稀土元素地球化学等特征,在此基础上阐述了发育在该地区的假玄武玻璃的成因。      

大别山东麓前寒武纪二长花岗质片麻岩抬升冷却过程的递进变形

大别山东麓北段结晶基底中的二长花岗质岩石具长石应力支撑结构,早期高级变质作用条件下的韧性推覆以长石类矿物普遍晶质塑性变形和同构造重结晶作用为典型特征,晚期在发育糜棱岩的低级韧性剪切变形阶段处于脆性状态,在其内部和边缘形成了包括微角砾岩、假玄武玻璃、黑色超糜棱岩和熔结超碎裂岩等脆性断层岩石.二长花岗质岩石中不同类型韧性和脆性断层岩石的成因和构造联系,记录了大别地体的抬升冷却历史和不同阶段构造变动的性质.     

中天山地块南北两缘的韧性剪切带

本文详细描述了天山中段沿乌鲁木齐—库尔勒公路后峡—乌瓦门段的构造变形特点。综合室内外观察研究结果，在中天山地块南、北缘，及内部的乌拉斯台地区鉴别出三条规模较大的韧性剪切带：中天山北缘剪切带前人已有研究，出露宽达10km的右行斜冲剪切带，见大量糜棱岩、超糜棱岩；乌拉斯台剪切带中的糜棱岩宽超过200m，具有左行走滑运动特点；中天山地块南缘剪切带宽度达5km，内部发育大量闪长质糜棱岩、超糜棱岩，运动方式为左行斜冲。中天山块体南北两侧的脆性边界断层与糜棱岩带变形中心基本重合。这些剪切带具有相当大的走滑位移量，指示天山各地质单元间目前的空间关系可能是走滑拼接的结果。研究天山造山带内剪切带的展布、运动方式、总变形量，对于恢复各地质单元的初始位置、了解造山动力学过程具有重要意义。     

Coexisting ultramylonite and pseudotachylyte from the eastern segment of the Mahanadi shear zone, Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt

Pseudotachylytes occur associated with mylonite and ultramylonite in the Mahanadi shear zone (MSZ) in the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt (EGMB). The MSZ is about 200 km long curvilinear high strain zone trending WNW-ESE in its eastern part that splays out in the west. In Kantilo-Ganian segment of MSZ in northern EGMB, an interbanded sequence of granulite facies lithoassemblage has undergone ductile shearing. Kinematic studies of mylonite and ultramylonite indicate MSZ to be a NE-dipping, extensional type ductile shear zone. Non-coaxial metamorphic growth of garnet and presence of truncated sillimanite-fish in ultramylonite suggest high temperature regime during shearing. Pseudotachylytes in MSZ occur as millimetre thick layers to decimetre thick zones containing fragments of mylonite, ultramylonite and lithic clasts. Pseudotachylyte generation veins are mostly sub-parallel to C-planes and the injection veins cross-cut at high angle to these. The presence of an isotropic glassy matrix, injection features, corroded grains and dendritic microlites can be evidences for the existence of a melt phase. The composition of pseudotachylyte matrix (by EPMA) indicates silica deficiency with higher normative hypersthene, plagioclase and lower quartz compared with average whole rock composition for host. Absence of overprinting of mylonitic fabric on pseudotachylytes indicates their formation by brittle failure without passing through a plastic deformation and thus a two stage development for mylonite-ultramylonite and pseudotachylyte generation is suggested.     

The Kyonggi Shear Zone of the Central Korean Peninsula: Late Orogenic Imprint of the North and South China Collision

The crustal-scale Kyonggi shear zone of central Korea has been identified as a major boundary between the Precambrian Kyonggi massif in the south and the Imjingang belt in the north. The latter is an eastward extension of the Qinling-Dabie-Sulu collisional belt of China. Field observations and microstructural analysis indicate that the extensional shear zone evolved from a deep crustal ductile regime to a shallow crustal brittle regime, associated with a rapid uplift of the Kyonggi massif following the Late Permian-Early Triassic collision between the Sino-Korean and Yangtze cratons. A Rb-Sr muscovite age (226+/-1.2 Ma) of the mylonite suggests that the extensional ductile shearing occurred during the Late Triassic.     

Propagation of seismic slip from brittle to ductile crust: Evidence from pseudotachylyte of the Woodroffe thrust, central Australia

The Woodroffe thrust, central Australia, is a > 1.5-km-wide mylonitized shear zone marked by large volumes of mm- to cm-scale pseudotachylyte veins. The pseudotachylytes display typical melt-origin features, including rounded and embayed clasts, spherulitic and dentritic microlites, and flow structures within a fine-grained matrix. Three types of pseudotachylyte are identified on the basis of deformation texture, vein morphology, and host-rock lithology: cataclasite-related (C-Pt), mylonite-related (M-Pt), and ultramylonite-related (Um-Pt). The M-Pt and Um-Pt veins intrude into mylonite and ultramylonite and are themselves overprinted by subsequent mylonitization. These pseudotachylytes contain an internal foliation defined by flattened porphyroclasts and layering of the fine-grained vein matrix, and the foliation is generally oriented parallel to foliation in the surrounding mylonite and ultramylonite. These observations constrain the timing and environment of M-Pt and Um-Pt pseudotachylyte formation to a protracted period of deformation and mylonitization within the ductile regime of the crust. The M-Pt and Um-Pt veins, as well as the host mylonite, are overprinted by cataclasis and multiple generations of late-stage C-Pt veins that were generated in the brittle-dominated regime of the upper crust during uplift and exhumation of the shear zone.The coexistence of multiple generations of voluminous C-Pt, M-Pt, and Um-Pt veins indicates that the pseudotachylyte veins represent a large number of large earthquakes and accompanying seismic slip over an extended period of seismicity on the Woodroffe thrust. The timing and distribution of pseudotachylyte indicate that the earthquakes nucleated at the base of the brittle-dominated seismogenic zone and propagated down through the brittle–ductile transition into the ductile-dominated regime of the crust.     

Mechanism of frictional fusion in fault zones

Spherulitic pseudotachylytes from the Arunta Block formed by frictional fusion of mylonitic parent rocks during high-level reactivation of a previously ductile fault zone. Fusion occurred preferentially in mica-rich domains due to release of water through disruption of the mica lattice by frictional sliding. This generated selective localised melting of mica during frictional heating, with the production of initial pseudotachylyte melts enriched in water and ferromagnesian components. Subsequent fusion of adjacent salic phases, promoted by the high water content of the existing melt, would tend to shift the trend of later melts towards a total melt composition. Therefore, under conditions of frictional sliding, fusion appears to be favoured in crystalline quartzofeldspathic rocks possessing both a high shear strength, and a significant water content locked up in the lattices of hydrous minerals, principally biotite.The presence or pre-existence of glass in many pseudotachylytes demands that they cooled in a near-surface environment, i.e. at depths of less than about 5 km. Thus glassy pseudotachylytes must postdate associated mylonite series rocks, generally forming subsequent to exhumation of the mylonites to a higher level in the crust. Some non-glassy pseudotachylytes, however, may possibly form towards the end of movements in a ductile regime, as strain hardening sets in.     

湖南苗儿山韧性剪切带与金矿化

湖南雪峰弧形构造带中的苗儿山韧性剪切带存在糜棱岩和片理化岩石两大构造岩类,各具不同的变形特征,根据金矿的产出规律,认为该地区金矿化受韧性剪切带,老地层,后期脆性断裂等多重因素控制,发育于老地层中的片理化带提供了成矿流体的运移通道和容矿空间,加强片理化带的研究对于在雪峰弧形构造带上找金具有重要意义。     

桂北四堡韧性剪切带的发现及其构造意义

通过野外观察、室内显微构造分析和磁组构测量方法,在桂北四堡地区浅变质地层中厘定出一条NE30°走向,南东倾,倾角约40°的大型左旋斜冲韧性剪切带——四堡韧性剪切带;该韧性剪切带内发育糜棱岩系列、糜棱面理、拉伸线理、A型褶皱、S-C组构、亚颗粒、显微分层及石英条带等宏观和微观构造特征;磁各向异性度测量结果显示四堡韧性剪切带由一宽约4 km的强应变带及边缘弱带组成,全带宽达10 km,长度超30 km;在对韧性剪切带运动学、构造年代学研究的基础上,结合区域地质资料,认为四堡韧性剪切带是华南加里东晚期华夏地块由南东向北西作低角度斜冲到扬子地块的产物。这一发现揭示了扬子地块与华夏地块碰撞拼合的方式,为深化华南构造演化提供了新资料。     

新疆萨尔托海石英菱镁岩中发育的韧性剪切带及其对金矿的控制

萨尔托海金矿产在达拉布特蛇绿混杂岩带中。本文首次在该金矿区厘定出韧性剪切带,糜棱岩或者糜棱岩化石英菱镁岩中构成糜棱面理的矿物(铬云母、石英)形成于韧性剪切变形过程中,而切割糜棱面理的方解石-石英-黄铜矿-白云母脉代表脆性变形阶段的流体活动。根据矿物组合相互切割关系,识别出三期构造变形:早期NE向韧性变形(形成铬云母-石英组合)之后,发生了应力方向显著不同的破裂,形成NNW向分布的方解石-石英-黄铜矿-白云母脉;再晚期,应力方向又恢复到NE向,发育了浅层次的脆性构造破坏,形成了白云母-石英细脉。韧性剪切变形向脆性变形转换期间形成了石英-碳酸盐脉,其中往往含硫化物和自然金,此阶段是萨尔托海金矿的主要成矿时期。韧性剪切带控制着萨尔托海地区的金矿分布,成矿作用主要受沿剪切带迁移流体的控制,穿切糜棱面理的方解石-石英-黄铜矿-白云母脉是主要的找矿标志。韧性剪切带对金矿的显著控制表明,韧脆性转换期间形成的含硫化物石英碳酸盐脉以及相伴生的热液蚀变使金富集成矿,矿体一般赋存在断裂构造复杂的膨胀部位。萨尔托海金矿的成因与蛇绿岩的形成和演化没有关系。对韧性剪切带的系统研究是在该地区取得找矿勘探突破的关键。     

一条特殊的超浅成脆—韧性剪切带：湘西白沙镇含油瘤状灰岩带

湘西泸阳县白沙镇西发育了一条特殊的脆韧性剪切带。该剪切带中除了发育了许多脆性变形外，还发育了许多韧性剪切的标志：如Ｓ－Ｃ组构，方解石鱼、核幔构造、方解石ｅ双晶、方解石波状消光、钙质糜棱岩条带以及（光学）各向异性体。经研究发现该剪切带的形成深度不超过３．０ｋｍ，其中的大量石油也与脆韧性剪切作用有一定关系。     

泸定韧性剪切带泸定段及其工程效应

泸定韧性剪切带为南北向大渡河断裂中段，为川滇“Y”字构造重要组成部分.川藏铁路泸定特大桥在泸定县白日坝附近横跨泸定韧性剪切带，且左岸隧洞穿越⑤号糜棱岩带，该韧性剪切带组成及活动性直接影响重大基础工程建设.基于平硐、公路开挖剖面精细编录，配合薄片鉴定，对泸定韧性剪切带展布特征、组成特征及断裂活动性进行了研究，主要结论如下:（1）泸定韧性剪切带从西向东可区分为5个带，其中①、③、⑤为长英质糜棱岩带，②、④为糜棱岩化斜长角闪岩带，泸定韧性剪切带泸定段展布于桥位区河谷底部及左岸，总宽约1 000 m.①、③带由南向北横穿桥位区，产状N15°~20°E/NW∠55°~65°，带宽500 m，以灰色长英质糜棱岩、千糜棱岩为主，⑤带沿太阳沟-五里沟向东延伸，横穿左岸隧道，产状N43°E/NW∠54°，带宽500 m，糜棱岩为长英质糜棱岩、带状-小眼球状糜棱岩；（2）受断层带切割影响，河段构造节理密度大、组数多、期次多，岩体破碎、完整性较差；（3）泸定韧性剪切带晋宁期受韧性剪切变形影响，中生代以来受脆性破裂改造，但未形成大规模脆性破裂带，对泸定特大桥影响总体较小，工程效应主要表现为大渡河两岸隧洞进出口边坡稳定性较差及左岸洞内围岩完整性差.