葡萄山公路隧道通风机房洞室群施工力学分析

在长大隧道施工过程中,通风机房洞室群的施工是整个隧道施工过程的关键。本文借助ANSYS通用软件,结合葡萄山特长公路隧道通风机房洞室群开挖施工过程,建立了基于D-P准则的非线性三维有限元分析模型,对通风机房洞室群在施工过程中围岩的稳定性进行了研究。以应力和位移变化最为明显的送风通道轴线剖切模型所得到的断面为例,分析了施工步的变化及各支洞的开挖对主隧道位移、应力和塑形区的影响,并与隧道监控量测资料进行了对比分析,得到了计算位移与监测资料比较一致的结论,为隧道通风机房洞室群优化设计和安全施工提供了依据。     

浅埋偏压连拱隧道的施工优化及支护受力特征分析

用岩土工程专用分析程序FLAC3D,对铜黄高速公路汤屯段富溪浅埋偏压连拱隧道进口段采用的施工过程进行了三维快速拉格朗日差分方法分析,比较了先开挖浅埋侧主洞与先开挖深埋侧主洞两种开挖施工顺序,获得了浅埋偏压连拱隧道在采用不同开挖顺序施工时各阶段隧道变形、中隔墙及支护结构的应力和位移等变化情况,通过对比、分析,从而使得实际隧道施工顺序得到优化,结果与现场监控量测资料相比较,得出的结论可为富溪浅埋偏压连拱隧道施工提供科学依据与技术指导。     

偏压连拱隧道施工的动态模拟及最优化分析

建立了偏压连拱隧道的3D有限元模型,对不同施工工况进行了数值模拟,并与现场监测资料进行比较,通过分析拱顶沉降、中隔墙的位移和应力、围岩的塑性区分布、初衬和二衬应力的变化规律,对偏压连拱隧道施工进行最优化设计,以此得出了最优施工步距、开挖顺序、断面开挖形式、左右两洞开挖面的最佳施工间距,对类似连拱偏压隧道的施工有重要的理论和实际指导意义。     

地铁车站超深基坑围护结构变形监测结果分析

依托上海地铁18号线杨高中路站超深基坑工程围护结构变形监测结果,从围护结构水平、垂直位移量,立柱桩垂直位移量等参数角度对超深基坑围护结构的变形规律进行探讨和总结。分析可知,随着基坑的分层开挖施工,围护结构水平位移曲线表现为“大肚状”形态,最大位移点不断下移,最终稳定在093～107倍开挖深度处,最大水平变形量约为开挖深度的330‰,平均最大隆起变形量约为开挖深度的052‰,立柱呈现隆起状态,隆起位移量约为开挖深度的091‰,与周边管线监测数据变形趋势基本一致,上述规律可为类似工程的设计和施工提供借鉴。     

连拱隧道施工过程的三维空间效应模拟与分析

采用三维有限元方法动态模拟了连拱隧道的施工过程,并分析和探讨了隧道在开挖过程中围岩变形的时空效应以及左右洞施工的相互影响。分析结果表明,对单洞施工,开挖面对围岩变形的影响范围为其前后方2.5 B（B为隧洞净宽）;考虑右洞开挖,对左洞围岩位移的影响范围分别为开挖面前方（未开挖）2 B和开挖面后方（已开挖）1 B。最后分析了拱顶最大沉降量随开挖面推进的变化和产生的位置以及右洞开挖的影响。     

整体式中隔墙连拱隧道模型试验及现场监测

针对连拱隧道复杂的施工力学特性,结合实际工程,通过模型试验和现场监测分别研究了整体式中隔墙连拱隧道在中导正洞台阶法施工过程中的位移和中隔墙应力变化情况,并详细分析了各开挖步骤对其的影响。结果表明,对于整体式中隔墙连拱隧道,上台阶开挖对顶部位移和中隔墙应力的影响大于下台阶开挖产生的影响;隧道顶点位移-历时曲线总体形状呈S形,最大位移发生在后掘隧道的顶部。由于主洞的开挖将使中隔墙另一侧应力增加较大,而本侧应力增加较小甚至降低,因此,先掘隧道的开挖使中隔墙产生由先掘隧道侧向后掘隧道侧偏转的弯矩,而后掘隧道的开挖将使该弯矩值减小     

复杂条件下隧道开挖循环进尺优化方法研究

复杂条件下如何选择合理的开挖进尺一直是隧道施工的难题之一。在已有的研究成果基础上,提出了圆形或近圆形隧道开挖过程的时空关系表达式,并给出基于现场位移监测数据的参数计算方法。结合关角隧道9#工区二郎洞断层破碎带现场施工情况及监测资料,建立了该断层破碎带开挖过程的时空效应关系式,结果表明,该关系式能够反映开挖过程中洞周位移的时空的变化。在此基础上提出了断层破碎带软岩开挖过程的时空效应分析及进尺优化的方法,对关角隧道9#工区几条较大断层破碎带隧道开挖的进尺进行了优化,优化后的开挖进尺是可行的,也解释了断层破碎带围岩隧道开挖“短进尺”的合理性。同时文中也分析了该方法的优点及适用范围。     

隧道浅埋段施工过程监测技术

隧道浅埋段施工过程中围岩变形复杂,选取隧道拱顶竖向位移为研究对象,分析隧道浅埋段围岩竖向位移的监测方法,在阿拉坦隧道进行了实地监测,并建立有限元数值计算模型,分析隧道浅埋段围岩变形规律。结果表明:在0.6倍洞径范围内开挖对拱顶围岩竖向位移影响较大,达到总位移的61%~67%;与75 m范围内竖向位移比较,距离隧道中心1.2倍洞径处竖向位移几乎为零,围岩松动圈已延伸至地表,离隧道中心线越远扰动强度越弱。数值计算得出岩层及地表变化规律与现场实测基本一致。     

不同地质条件下浅埋偏压小净距隧道围岩稳定性研究

不同围岩条件下浅埋偏压小净距隧道的围岩稳定性相差很大,特别是半软半硬岩层隧道,由于软硬交界面的存在,其施工力学特性更加复杂。使用FLAC3D模拟不同净距下均质硬岩、均质软岩和竖向半软半硬岩隧道施工15种工况,对比分析中岩墙、拱顶上部围岩、仰拱处围岩和边坡的围岩稳定性。结果表明:隧道开挖引起均质围岩中岩墙上部水平位移最大,而半软半硬岩中部水平位移最大,中岩墙上部围岩稳定性最差;0.6B净距可以作为半软半硬岩偏压小净距隧道的临界值;半软半硬围岩隧道开挖引起拱顶沉降量和硬岩隧道比较接近,远小于软弱围岩隧道拱顶沉降;隧道开挖引起软岩侧洞室上覆盖层围岩稳定性变差;隧道开挖引起拱顶上部围岩破裂面整体呈"W"形,仰拱部围岩破裂面呈"M"形。     

隧道围岩稳定性正算反演分析研究——以厦门海底隧道穿越风化深槽施工安全监控为例介绍

为了降低海底隧道施工风险,确保隧道施工顺利穿越海底几处风化深槽和风化囊区域,解决难以获得隧道围岩力学参数的技术难题,采用位移反分析方法建立了动态反演预测模型;作为比较,还简单介绍了弹塑性反演的一种全局优化方法。根据隧道典型断面实际监控量测的围岩拱顶沉降量和周边收敛位移量,结合先行服务隧道揭露的水文地质情况,进行优化反演分析,得到该类围岩初期支护后的等效弹性模量和等效侧压力系数。在相应的同类地质条件下,对后续将开挖的左、右主洞围岩采用边界元法进行正演数值计算,使之能为主洞施工方案比选以及支护设计参数调整与修正提供定量依据,做到信息化动态设计与施工。工程实例分析表明,利用正算反演分析法得出的围岩等效力学参数是可靠的,可据此对类似地质条件下主隧道围岩进行正演计算分析,预测主洞围岩的变形破坏模式,判断其围岩稳定性。位移反分析法是隧道施工变形理论预测分析与工程实际相联系的有效平台,为工程设计施工技术决策提供了一种切实有效的途径。     

Measurement and Analysis of Vertical Displacements of Loess Test Section in Jundu Shan Tunnel

The Vertical displacements on the crown during excavation is monitored with WRM-3 type extensometer. Successful prediction of extensive coupes in a shallow buried loess tunnel with a large span is made. The emphasis of this paper is put on the interpretation of the whole measuring process at borehole 2. The relations between displacement and excavation of the tunnel, relative displacements in the ground and the surface subsidence are discussed tentatively. The results indicate that monitoring vertical displacements under this engineering condition is very important to ensure the stability and safe excavation of the tunnel. Finally, some conclusions are drawn that the largest vertical displacement during the excavation of top part (about 1/3 height ) of the tunnel occurred when the working surface was in the distance of 1.2 tunnel diameters from the measuring hole and that the change of vertical displacements was small during the excavation of the low part, which was equal to 30—40% of the largest one.     

隧道洞顶围岩竖向全位移量测及变化规律研究

围岩内部位移通常是在工作面开挖后再进行量测,因而导致现场量测结果存在一定损失。为得到隧道施工过程中围岩内部位移的变化规律,自行研制开发了适用于量测隧道洞顶围岩竖向全位移的多点位移测试仪,该仪器具有测试原理简单、现场埋设方便、测试数据精度高的特点,且比传统多点位移计的测点多。结合阿拉坦隧道,利用该仪器对隧道洞顶处的围岩内部位移进行了量测,得到了隧道浅埋段洞顶围岩内部位移的变化规律,经分析发现,如果采用传统多点位移计进行洞内量测围岩内部位移的方式,围岩内部位移的损失程度将达25%以上,这将给围岩稳定性的判定造成直接影响;此外,通过对监控数据的分析,还得到了隧道开挖引起的围岩松弛范围。其结果对隧道的开挖与支护具有重要指导意义。     

Displacement analysis of tunnel support in soft rock around a shallow highway tunnel at Golovec

Within the last 10 years Slovenia has been constructing its highway network. The Golovec tunnel, as a part of Slovenia's capital ring is thus one of the most important connections of Ljubljana to the east and to the north. It is a double tube three-lane tunnel in soft rock with small to medium overburden. Its construction, following NATM, caused huge problems to all parties involved. The tunnel support was well monitored during its construction, which gave the authors a good opportunity to analyse the results.The Golovec tunnel is constructed through one of few hills surrounding Ljubljana, of Carboniferous age, consisting of clastic rock: siltstone, claystone and sandstone. Golovec hill belongs to the first of two overthrusting zones from this area, so the rock is strongly faulted.Tunnel monitoring consisted of daily 3-D tunnel tube displacement measurements in 97 measuring sections, and of two measuring sections within the tunnel with more complex measuring equipment, to monitor stress changes and rock deformations around both tunnel tubes. Monitoring of the surface 3-D movements gave us the opportunity to study the influence of the tunnel construction on the surface above it. The tunnel, its geology, construction procedure and monitoring results are described in the first part of the paper.The second part consists of the interpretation of monitored results, with an emphasis on results concerning development and evolution of the excavation-damaged zone in the rock around the tunnel. Back-calculations, performed as a basis for the interpretation procedure, are also presented in this part. Calculations of the propagation of the tunnel destressed zone and stress-field around the tunnel, up to the surface, were performed by means of numerical model with the finite difference method. The evolution of tunnel displacements and their prediction was based on the use of Back Propagation Neural Networks, whose principles are presented in one chapter of this paper. Results showed that the most important, for the final settlement at the surface above the tunnel, was the time of installation and rigidity of the primary support. On the basis of the calculated final displacements, this support could easily be strengthened in a short time, when necessary.     

Comparison of analytical method, 3D finite element model with experimental subsidence measurements resulting from the extension of the Milan underground

The construction of shallow tunnels induces a state of strain in the soil around the excavation that could cause damaging differential displacements in existing structures near the tunnel. In the last decades several empirical, analytical and numerical approaches have been presented by different authors in the scientific literature with a purpose toward estimating maximum surface displacements along the tunnel axis and the surface-area extension affected by deformation phenomena. This paper reports the results of a study carried out to estimate the values of the surface settlements induced by the excavation (with an EPB-S shield machine) of the new extension of line 1 of the Metropolitana Milanese, constructed in an alluvial sandy area of the Padana Plain. In particular, the purpose of this study has been to compare the vertical surface displacements monitored during the advancing excavation to the settlements estimated by using analytical and empirical formulations and by setting up a three-dimensional finite element model that could simulate, step by step, the different tunnel excavation and supporting phases.     

走马岭隧道复杂围岩施工力学及稳定性分析

采用三维弹塑性有限元数值仿真模拟,对隧道围岩内部位移监测成果进行了深入的分析.分析认为,围岩的初期支护结构基本达到极限强度,但围岩的屈服区厚度较小,松动圈所在深度小于0.5m;下台阶开挖对拱腰收敛位移影响较大、对拱顶下沉位移影响较小.同时,测点距掌子面1倍洞径和1.5倍洞径时,拱顶下沉位移及水平收敛位移分别趋于稳定.     

软岩浅埋隧道施工工法比选

目前在高速公路软岩浅埋隧道施工中均不同程度地出现了围岩坍塌、地表产生大面积沉降等问题。广福隧道某浅埋段,地质条件复杂,断面大、岩性差,受构造影响比较严重,而且顶板厚度比较薄,易发生坍塌、冒顶现象。为确保浅埋段隧道的施工安全,尽量减少隧道开挖引起的地层沉降和围岩变形,采用FLAC3D对4种施工工法全断面法、短台阶法、单侧壁导坑法和双侧壁导坑法进行模拟,分析了4种工法下地表沉降、隧道围岩周边位移和塑性区的变化特点,选出一种技术可行、经济合理的施工工法,得出一些有意义的结论。     

盾构地铁隧道穿越既有铁路桥的沉降分析

HTSS以大连地铁2号线香沙区间盾构隧道下穿铁路桥特殊地段为依托,通过三维有限元程序仿真模拟以及工程现场动态监测,研究盾构施工法对周围地层变形的影响和盾构下穿铁路桥造成的沉降特征。结果表明:盾构开挖引起的地表沉降经历了5个阶段,即初期扰动沉降、开挖面前部沉降、盾构机正上方沉降、盾构通过沉降、后期固结沉降;地表沉降整体为一个凹槽形,即隧道中心线地表沉降大,隧道两边沉降较小,按隧道横截面轴线左右对称,符合地表沉降机理,并与现场监测数据一致;距离开挖隧道越近,总体沉降位移越大,盾构开挖小于20 m时,其沉降位移沿着横向与纵向都有扩展,隧道开挖至40 m时,沉降位移主要沿着纵向扩展,横向扩展不明显;不同深度的上部土体沉降呈漏斗形,即隧道正上方沉降最大,两边沉降递减,沉降曲线基本对称,地表右侧受右线隧道开挖影响,沉降量略大于左侧;桥桩底端处于隧道拱顶上,且整个桩身处于破裂面之上,属于短桩范畴,桥桩变形主要以受土体作用而产生的竖向沉降变形为主。     

基坑开挖对近邻运营地铁隧道影响规律研究

对某邻近基坑开挖的地铁隧道的水平位移和沉降的时空分布做了深入分析。由于软土的蠕变效应,应考虑基坑分块开挖的先后顺序造成的时空效应的影响,以及基坑围护体系的水平支撑结构对土体位移的限制作用。基坑开挖对邻近地铁隧道的影响范围为2.5倍开挖深度,而对于远基坑的右线,影响范围更低,甚至低至1.5倍开挖深度。将基坑和隧道的监测数据联系分析,得到比值与水平距离的关系曲线,将基坑监测数据代入拟合公式,对地铁水平和垂直位移进行估算。隧道水平位移与邻近的同深度土体水平位移的比值（?）,其最大累计位移点的? 较多地处在0.60～0.65范围,在底板浇筑都已完成后,稳定在0.60。隧道沉降与邻近地表沉降的比值（?）,其最大累计沉降点的?,较多地处在0.50～0.60间,底板浇筑完成后,稳定在0.52±0.05水平。     

Class A predictions of a NATM tunnel in stiff clay

The paper demonstrates the application of a hypoplastic model in class A predictions of a NATM tunnel in an urban environment. The tunnel, excavated in a stiff clay, is 14 m wide with 6 m to 21 m of overburden thickness. The constitutive model was calibrated using laboratory data (oedometric and triaxial tests) and the parameters were optimised using monitoring data from an exploratory drift. Based on the optimised data set, the future tunnel was simulated. After the tunnel excavation, it could be concluded that the model predicted correctly surface settlements, surface horizontal displacements, and the distribution of vertical displacements with depth. It overpredicted horizontal displacements in the vicinity of the tunnel.     

浅埋隧道开挖引起的土体水平位移分析

对于浅埋隧道开挖引起的土体位移规律很多学者进行了研究,但对于其水平位移规律的研究却不多。在总结比较现有3种地层沉降公式的基础上,结合其中一种地层沉降理论以及土体不可压缩的假设推导出了浅埋隧道上方土体的水平位移公式,使用该公式对相关文献中的实测数据以及有限元模拟结果进行了拟合对比,证明提出的公式能够较好地预测和描述浅埋隧道开挖引起的土体水平位移规律;另外,基于所推导的地层水平位移公式以及地层沉降理论公式,得出了该方法下的土体位移矢量角公式,并与O’Reilly 和New提出的方法进行了比较,所得结果与相关学者的研究结论一致,证明了该土体位移矢量公式的适用性。此研究成果可为相关实际工程中土体水平位移的计算和控制提供理论参考。