An Ontology of the Submarine Relief for Analysis and Representation on Nautical Charts

Abstract

A nautical chart is a kind of map used to describe the seafloor morphology and shoreline of adjacent lands. One of its main purposes is to guarantee safety of navigation. As a consequence, the construction of a nautical chart follows very specific rules. The cartographer has to select and highlight undersea features according to their relevance to navigation. In an automated process, the system must be able to identify and classify these features from the terrain model. This paper aims therefore to define ontologies of the submarine relief and nautical chart that will be at the root of a model-oriented generalization process. To the best of our knowledge, no ontology has been defined to formalize the geographical and cartographic objects for nautical chart representation. Thus, a bottom-up approach was developed to extract and model knowledge derived from standards established by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) and cartographers’ expertise. The submarine relief ontology formalizes undersea features describing the submarine relief. Four concepts (composition, morphometric class, shape value and depth value) are introduced to describe properties and relationships between undersea features. The cartographic representation ontology of nautical charts will define several concepts (chart, features, isobathymetric lines and soundings) for the representation of undersea features on the chart.     

Feature‐Driven Generalization of Isobaths on Nautical Charts: A Multi‐Agent System Approach

A nautical chart provides a schematic view of the seafloor where isobaths (contour lines joining points of same depth) and depth soundings are generalized to highlight undersea features that form navigational hazards and routes. Considering that the process is ultimately driven by features and their significance to navigation, this article proposes a generalization strategy where isobath generalization is controlled by undersea features directly. The seafloor is not perceived as a continuous depth field but as a set of discrete features composed by groups of isobaths. In this article, generalization constraints and operators are defined at feature level and composed of constraints and operators applying to isobaths. In order to automate the process, a multi‐agent system is designed where features are autonomous agents evaluating their environment in order to trigger operations. Interactions between agents are described and an example on a bathymetric database excerpt illustrates the feasibility of the approach.     

An algorithm for automatic cartographic sounding selection

Soundings on nautical charts provide information about the shape of ocean bottom between chart depth curves. A single chart may have thousands of soundings posted on it. This paper describes a new algorithm for selecting soundings automatically. At first,the problem encountered in automatic cartographic sounding selection is presented. Then the authors give the principle of the new algorithm,and the implementation is illuminated in detail. At last the experiments prove the rationality and efficiency of the new algorithm.     

An algorithm for automatic cartographic sounding selection

Soundings on nautical charts provide information about the shape of ocean bottom between chart depth curves. A single chart may have thousands of soundings posted on it. This paper describes a new algorithm for selecting soundings automatically. At first, the problem encountered in automatic cartographic sounding selection is presented. Then the authors give the principle of the new algorithm, and the implementation is illuminated in detail. At last the experiments prove the rationality and efficiency of the new algorithm.     

Quality Assessment of an Automatic Sounding Selection Process for Navigational Charts

A good seabed representation is one of the important characteristics of any navigational chart. Along with depth contours and coloured depth areas, soundings are used for this task. All the soundings on a navigational chart are selected for a reason. Soundings contribute to the navigational chart safety aspect by alerting to all the threats and dangers. They also show all the attributes of a seabed relief without overcrowding it, thus maintaining the overall chart quality. Soundings are selected from a hydrographic survey and since it consists of a vast number of data, the process of sounding selection is a challenging and demanding task. It requires experience and knowledge from the nautical cartographer and is mostly done manually. Some types of software nowadays provide an automatic selection feature. This paper analyses a process of automatic sounding selection in the dKart Editor software. On the Croatian side of the Adriatic Sea, ?ibenski Kanal (?ibenik channel) and Kanal Sv. Ante (St. Ante’s channel) are used as the study area. A hydrographic survey of the area represents the input data. The official navigational chart of the surveyed area is used as the basis for determining three different sets of parameters for the selection process. After the selection, obtained results are assessed based on geometrical accuracy and on the conservation level of navigational safety. For geometrical accuracy, the best results were produced by the third set that was divided in two subsets for each channel. It was determined that the nature of the seabed relief had an impact on the selection process. The same set had the best result for navigational safety assessment but it was concluded that all the sets undermined the aspect. Because of these crucial shortcomings noticed in all the tested sets of parameters, the feature is considered inadequate for serious usage as a completely automatic tool for the process of sounding selection on navigational charts.     

海底地形的识别与水深的综合

水深综合是数字海图综合的重要方面,也是其难点之一,在分析水深综合原则的基础上,提出了基于地形特征识别的综合模型,以分解其诸多约束条件,来实现水深的自动综合。     

数字海图线性特征的识别、量测与综合

图形特征的变化是无究的,只是依据与位移、夸大、化简等相似的综合方法,而不包含图形特征的识别与量测,数字海图的自动综合是无法实现的。只有识别、量测和综合方法的组合,才是数字海图综合概念的全部体现。因而,本文模拟人的综合方法的同时, 点模拟了人的图形特征的识别方式,同时,经过Ｄｏｕｇｌａｓ二叉树方法的引入,给出了图形特征的识别与量测函数,实现了数字海图红性特征的自动综合。     

顾及潮汐变化的动态可航水域表示模型及方法研究

自20个世纪90年代末起,GIS技术开始得到广泛的应用。随着应用领域的不断扩展和相关研究的日益深入,GIS技术的发展出现了新的趋势:时间被引入到空间分析中来,随之而产生了TGIS,时间的引入为GIS技术的发展注入了新的活力。本文所研究的就是TGIS技术在近岸海上航行中的应用问题:以电子海图显示系统为平台,在引入潮汐等随时间变化较为显著且影响较大的相关要素的前提下,通过建立实时水深模型、动态等深线勾绘模型和区域生成模型等与时间要素密切相关的数学模型,实现舰船可航水域表示模型的动态实时快速构建。     

Mt. Pinatubo Volcano/Typhoon Yunya

Abstract

Lineaments have proved to have greater control over groundwater but their depth persistence and their control over groundwater flow have remain unexplored for many years. In the present study an attempt has been made to unearth the depth persistence of lineaments by integrating data collected from resistivity soundings. The lineaments are interpreted from IRS 1A imagery and revealed NE‐SW, NNW‐SSE, NNE‐SSW, N‐S, E‐W and NW‐SE orientations. The integration of resistivity data shows that N‐S and NW‐SE trending lineaments have depth persistence and also have greater control over groundwater movement.     

多源道路智能选取的本体知识推理方法EI北大核心CSCD

大数据时代道路数据来源日益增多,跨数据源的道路选取面临巨大挑战。本文针对数据语义不一致问题,提出一种基于本体知识推理的多源道路选取方法。首先,将1∶5万基本比例尺地形图道路数据作为基础案例,将四维图新导航电子地图和开放街道地图中的道路数据作为试验数据,基于stroke计算道路等级、长度、连通度、接近度、中介度特征项,提取特征项概念并构建本体;然后,从语义特征项和数值特征项两方面计算本体概念相似性,建立基础案例与试验数据间的关联关系;最后,基于本体和语义网规则语言定义本体通用、语义特征、数值特征三类选取规则,实现跨数据源道路选取的过程性知识推理。试验表明,本文方法可基于本体概念相似性度量消除语义差异,同时利用语义网规则语言进行知识推理,可实现多源道路数据向基本比例尺数据的智能选取。     

Weight-Setting and Quality Assessment in Simultaneous Graphic Generalization

Abstract

Cartographic generalization aims at simplifying the representation of data to suit the scale and purpose of the map. This paper deals with a method that implements the whole graphic generalization process (roughly defined as the operators simplification, smoothing, exaggeration and displacement) called simultaneous graphic generalization. This method is based on constraints, i.e. requirements that should be fulfilled in the generalization process. The constraints strive to make the map readable while preserving the characteristics of the data, which implies that all constraints cannot be completely satisfied. This study was concentrated on finding the optimal compromise between the constraints in simultaneous graphic generalization by setting weights for the constraints. Four strategies for determining the weights are described and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The discussion is based on the following assumptions: the constraints are independent, and the weights are only dependent on constraint type and object type. A comparison of the strategies reveals that the strategy constraint violation is the most promising. One advantage with this strategy is that it is related to the quality requirements of the map, and another advantage is that it provides a numerical measure for quality assessment. The paper concludes with a case study of the constraint violation strategy, in which visualization of the numerical quality measure is used. The case study shows that the constraint violation strategy gives a sound compromise between the constraints.     

空间影响域覆盖最大的航标自动选取方法

针对当前海图制图综合中航标手工选取作业效率低、选取结果受限于作业人员业务水平和工作态度等不足,提出了一种基于空间影响域覆盖最大的航标自动选取方法。通过定义空间影响域,创建空间影响域模型,加权评估航标地理位置重要性,设计空间影响域覆盖最大的分轮次自动选取策略,实现了航标的自动选取。实验结果表明:本文方法实现了航标的自动选取且结果符合《中国航海图编绘规范》要求,能避免手工选取可能存在的明显失误和不同作业人员可能导致的结果不一致性,作业效率明显高于当前普遍使用的手工选取方法。     

航海图等深线化简质量的定量评估指标与方法

针对当前对航海图等深线化简的质量评估仅能靠经验定性分析、无法进行定量评估这一局限,从航海安全性、航行资源表达和平滑性准则出发,分别定义了扩深长度、平均扩深距离、缩深面积、等深线的弯曲度与光滑离差等质量评估指标,提出了相应的评估方法,并推导出了相关的计算公式。实验结果表明,定义的指标能分别从航海安全性、航行资源表达和平滑性3个方面较为明确合理地反映航海图等深线化简的质量;所提评估方法能定量评估等深线化简的质量,克服了传统经验方法只能定性分析的不足。     

海图水深注记的基准更新方法研究

建立统一、规范的深度基准体系是海洋测绘成果应用的基本保证。为了消除目前海图应用中水深注记基准面不一致的影响,本文在以往研究成果的基础上,提出了以平均海面基准为中介的海图新旧深度基准的转换体系,并以某实验海区水深数据为例,构建了基于深度基准面更新模型的海图水深注记的更新方法。经试验验证效果良好。     

地图自动综合问题的分解和基本算子集合

从地图综合对象的本质特征出发,结合地图综合的自身规律,分解了地图自动综合问题。同时,在分析已有地图综合算子的基础上,提出了一套具有完备性的地图综合算子集合,讨论了算子的关联性和有序性。     

S-57国际标准海图向我国数字海图的转换研究

我国数字海图的数据结构是在标准《数字海图数据字典》中进行定义的,是根据我国的自有技术体系进行设计的,与S-57标准相差较大。目前关于我国数字海图向S-57格式数据的转换研究较多,而S-57国际标准海图向我国数字海图的转换研究较少。文中在对S-57标准海图及我国数字海图编码和数据结构深入研究的基础上,实现S-57标准海图向我国数字海图的转换,有利于国内相关软件对国外海图数据的使用。     

THE HYDROGRAPHIC APPLICATION OF SPACELAB PHOTOGRAPHY

Metric Camera photography has been examined by the Hydrographic Department to assess its potential in nautical chart compilation and revision. Some interesting benefits are reported in the positioning and delineation of offshore features.     

Distributed geospatial information processing: sharing distributed geospatial resources to support Digital Earth

Abstract

This paper introduces a new concept, distributed geospatial information processing (DGIP), which refers to the process of geospatial information residing on computers geographically dispersed and connected through computer networks, and the contribution of DGIP to Digital Earth (DE). The DGIP plays a critical role in integrating the widely distributed geospatial resources to support the DE envisioned to utilise a wide variety of information. This paper addresses this role from three different aspects: 1) sharing Earth data, information, and services through geospatial interoperability supported by standardisation of contents and interfaces; 2) sharing computing and software resources through a GeoCyberinfrastructure supported by DGIP middleware; and 3) sharing knowledge within and across domains through ontology and semantic searches. Observing the long-term process for the research and development of an operational DE, we discuss and expect some practical contributions of the DGIP to the DE.     

海底地貌数据综合研究进展

海底地貌数据与人类认知海洋、探索海洋、利用海洋息息相关,海底地貌数据综合是海图编制、海洋空间数据处理的重点研究内容之一。海底地貌数据综合属于地图综合的研究范畴,但受历史渊源、学科体系、应用范畴等诸多因素影响,常被认为是地图综合中相对独立、特殊的研究内容。本文在明确海底地貌数据综合特殊性的基础上,从数据增强、综合方法、质量评价3个方面梳理海底地貌数据综合研究进展,归纳了几种常见的海底地貌数据综合应用案例,并从研究内容、技术方法、实践应用3个方面探讨了海底地貌数据综合的发展趋势。     

高精度瞬时水深模型的乘潮进港分析

针对海图上航道水深数据稀少、进行乘潮进港分析不准确的不足,本文提出了基于高精度瞬时水深模型的乘潮进港分析方法。在海图水深的基础上,融入高密度多波束水深数据,共建高精度静态水深模型,并进一步精化水位预报,形成高精度的瞬时水深模型;然后,采用分段测试的方法,分析航线可行性,并求取乘潮进港时间窗口。实验结果表明基于高精度的瞬时水深模型能够获得更准确的乘潮进港出发时间窗口,可提高航道通航能力。