Web‐based GIS Approaches to Enhance Public Participation in Wind Farm Planning

Planning information pertaining to the potential visual impacts of proposed construction developments is particularly important in the case of wind farm planning, given the high levels of concern amongst members of the public regarding the perceived negative visual impacts of wind turbines on the landscape. Previous research has highlighted the shortcomings associated with traditional visualization techniques used to assess these impacts, and also the means by which such information is then disseminated to the wider public during the consultation stages of the wind farm planning process. This research is concerned with examining the potential of Web‐based mapping and digital landscape visualization techniques for addressing some of these shortcomings. This article reports the findings of a Web‐based survey study designed to evaluate the potential of online GIS‐based approaches for improving the effectiveness and dissemination of wind farm visualizations and enhancing public participation in the wind farm planning process. Results from the survey study add to the research literature by demonstrating how innovative Web‐based approaches have real potential for augmenting existing methods of information provision and public participation in the planning process. The findings of this study are also potentially transferrable to other landscape planning scenarios.     

Testing Popular Visualization Techniques for Representing Model Uncertainty

Many land allocation issues, such as land-use planning, require input from extensive spatial databases and involve complex decision-making. Spatial decision support systems (SDSS) are designed to make these issues more transparent and to support the design and evaluation of land allocation alternatives. In this paper we analyze techniques for visualizing uncertainty of an urban growth model called SLEUTH, which is designed to aid decision-makers in the field of urban planning and fits into the computational framework of an SDSS. Two simple visualization techniques for portraying uncertainty—static comparison and toggling—are applied to SLEUTH results and rendered with different background information and color schemes. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the two visualization techniques, a web-based survey was developed showing the visualizations along with questions about the usefulness of the two techniques. The web survey proved to be quickly accessible and easy to understand by the participants. Participants in the survey were mainly recruited among planners and decision-makers. They acknowledged the usefulness of portraying uncertainty for decision-making purposes. They slightly favored the static comparison technique over toggling. Both visualization techniques were applied to an urban growth case study for the greater Santa Barbara area in California, USA.     

Building 3D cadastral system based on 2D survey plans with SketchUp

Three-dimensional (3D) land development and utilization has become the trend for urban planning in the current metropolis.This paper presents a method for building a 3D cadastral management system from survey plans with SketchUp.It concentrates on the geometric representation and topological consistent maintenance of 3D cadastral objects.In this system a complete topological model is built to express the body construction and spatial relationships among 3D property units.SketchUp is used to automatically construct 3D models with attributes and thematic information from 2D survey plans.Spatial topologic relationships and operations are analyzed with the programming and development of Ruby language.The resulting system can manage 3D cadastral objects and manipulate them with spatial operations to support spatial analysis.     

Visualizing perceived spatial data quality of 3D objects within virtual globes

Virtual globes (VGs) allow Internet users to view geographic data of heterogeneous quality created by other users. This article presents a new approach for collecting and visualizing information about the perceived quality of 3D data in VGs. It aims at improving users' awareness of the quality of 3D objects. Instead of relying on the existing metadata or on formal accuracy assessments that are often impossible in practice, we propose a crowd-sourced quality recommender system based on the five-star visualization method successful in other types of Web applications. Four alternative five-star visualizations were implemented in a Google Earth-based prototype and tested through a formal user evaluation. These tests helped identifying the most effective method for a 3D environment. Results indicate that while most websites use a visualization approach that shows a ‘number of stars’, this method was the least preferred by participants. Instead, participants ranked the ‘number within a star’ method highest as it allowed reducing the visual clutter in urban settings, suggesting that 3D environments such as VGs require different design approaches than 2D or non-geographic applications. Results also confirmed that expert and non-expert users in geographic data share similar preferences for the most and least preferred visualization methods.     

城市街道景观三维可视化的快速实现

提出了融合车载序列影像和二维矢量地图、快速实现城市街道景观三维可视化的方法。实验证明了该方法的有效性。     

三维技术在数字城市辅助规划中的应用

随着数字城市建设的发展,单纯的二维规划决策已不能满足城市管理的需要,同时三维GIS城市规划已经成为数字城市规划管理的热点。为此,在skyline平台基础上研究了三维数据和系统的建设,开发了一套城市三维辅助规划决策系统,并投入使用,有效地弥补了二维城市规划决策的一些不足。     

基于空间认知的三维地图光影模型

针对现有三维地图在光照与阴影表达上存在的表现手法单一、调节功能欠缺、认知作用有限等诸多不足,从色彩学的角度探讨光照与阴影的颜色随经纬度和时间变化而变化的规律,充分考虑人们的空间认知习惯,建立一种简单可行的三维地图光影模型,可以非常方便、逼真地模拟任何地方的光照与阴影时空变化过程及规律,为人们在使用已有三维建模软件或利用组件式技术开发三维地图可视化软件时提供依据,以增强三维地图的视觉表达效果。     

3D Visualization for the Analysis of Forest Cover Change

Abstract

Visualization techniques have been developed to recreate natural landscapes, but little has been done to investigate their potential for illustrating land cover change using spatio‐temporal data. In this work, remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS) and visualization techniques were applied to generate realistic computer visualizations depicting the dynamic nature of forested environments. High resolution digital imagery and aerial photography were classified using object‐oriented methods. The resulting classifications, along with preexisting land cover datasets, were used to drive the correct placement of vegetation in the visualized landscape, providing an accurate representation of reality at various points in time. 3D Nature's Visual Nature Studio was used to construct a variety of realistic images and animations depicting forest cover change in two distinct ecological settings. Visualizations from Yellowstone National Park focused on the dramatic impact of the 1988 fire upon the lodgepole pine forest. For a study area in Kansas, visualization techniques were used to explore the continuous human‐land interactions impacting the eastern deciduous forest and tallgrass prairie ecotone between 1941 and 2002. The resulting products demonstrate the flexibility and effectiveness of visualizations for representing spatio‐temporal patterns such as changing forest cover. These geographic visualizations allow users to communicate findings and explore new hypotheses in a clear, concise and effective manner.     

基于BIM技术的城市三维建筑模型的探讨

分析了传统城市三维建模的现状及存在的问题,指出了BIM技术应用于城市规划的重要性,同时探讨了基于BIM技术的城市三维模型系统的设计模式。将BIM技术与传统三维建模技术、地理数据库等相结合,建立建筑BIM模型,促进城市三维建模技术的创新发展,同时建筑BIM模型可嵌入城市规划项目BIM模型,贯穿于项目全生命周期,为城市规划者和管理者提供信息化的高效、便利的手段。     

上海市户外广告三维规划审批关键技术研究与应用

户外广告的管理已成为目前城市管理中最为主要的一项任务,然而以往户外广告管理手段相对较为落后,规划审批效率较低。本文针对目前户外广告规划管理中存在的问题,提出了利用三维GIS实现户外广告规划审批,研究了基于户外广告规划控制盒的城市户外广告三维规划审批关键技术,并将该技术成功应用于《上海市户外广告监查管理系统》项目中,实现了对上海市重点地区户外广告规划审批的精细化、高效化、形象化管理。     

3D GIS支持下的城市地质调查

阐述了3D GIS和城市地质调查的概念和理论,在3D GIS技术支持下开展了天津市城市地质调查工作,建立了真三维地质结构并模拟了地铁2号线开挖模型,清晰、准确和形象地反映了天津市复杂的城市地质构造形态,为城市安全、地下空间开发提供了核心解决方案。     

实现复杂态势符号在3维场景中的绘制

通过分析态势符号的表达方式和特点,提出了一种基于模板阴影体技术的实时绘制复杂态势符号的方法,来实现在3维场景中的高质量叠加显示态势符号,达到随地形起伏的目的.实验证明,该方法能够用于在3维场景中绘制复杂态势符号,并且在系统项目中取得很好效果,使绘制出的态势符号能够随地形起伏.     

倾斜摄影在城市规划管理中的应用研究

近年来,随着"智慧城市"的发展,城市规划管理也逐渐从二维升级到三维,新型的倾斜摄影测量技术和三维可视化技术相结合,为城市三维模型的快速建模提供了新的研究方向.本文在深入调研规划管理工作基础上,研究了倾斜摄影快速建模的方法,构建了基于倾斜摄影的三维模型,提出了三维规划管理平台建设,从而实现了二三维一体化显示、三维空间分析...     

城市规划三维决策支持系统设计与实现

随着中国城市化进程的加快,城市建设面临日益复杂的空间关系与空间决策,特别是建设项目的规划决策不断影响着城市环境的协调性,基于二维平面图和效果图的规划决策已不能满足城市管理的需要。提出了建立真实现状三维环境和真实虚拟规划模型相结合的技术方法,研究了多种三维空间分析技术,开发了实用的系统,并投入工程化应用,取得了良好的效果。     

Web-based visualization of large 3D urban building models

Adaptive rendering of large urban building models has become an important research issue in three-dimensional (3D) geographic information system (GIS) applications. This study explores a way for rendering web-based 3D urban building models. A client–server hybrid rendering approach is presented for large 3D city models, stored on a remote server through a network. The approach combines an efficient multi-hierarchical building representation with a novel image-based method, 3D image impostor generated on demand by a remote server. This approach allows transferring complex scenes progressively while keeping high visualization quality. We also evaluated the rendering and data transferring performance of the proposed approach.     

基于三维GIS技术的城市热环境和风环境应用展示系统建设

三维GIS技术通过集成多种二三维数据,可以真实、直观地模拟城市空间关系,被越来越多地运用在城市规划应用领域.利用三维GIS技术建设城市热岛风道应用展示系统,模拟城市热环境和风环境,其成果用于福州城市规划设计及研究.     

Utilities of Virtual 3D City Models Based on CityGML: Various Use Cases

Virtual 3D city models are increasingly being used to model the realms of the real world for utilization in a number of applications related to environmental simulations including, urban planning, mapping the energy characteristics of buildings, noise mapping, flood modelling, etc. Apart from geometric and appearance/textural information, these applications have a requirement for complex urban semantics. Currently, a number of 3D standards are available in CAD, BIM and GIS related domains for the storage, visualization and transfer of 3D geospatial datasets. Initially, the 3D data models (such as COLLADA, VRML, X3D, etc.) were purely graphical/geometrical in nature and mainly used for visualization purposes. With the inclusion of thematic modules in OGC CityGML, the integration of geometry and semantics in a single data model paved the way for better sharing of virtual 3D city models. In spite of the availability of a wide range of 3D data standards, there are certain differences with respect to geometry, topology, semantics, LODs, etc., which complicates the integration of 3D geodata from heterogeneous sources. This paper serves to highlights the need for the innovative solutions with respect to the urban environmental related simulations primarily based on the use of virtual 3D city models. Four use cases are studied in this context namely, (1) urban solar potential estimation using CityGML models, (2) simulation of traffic noise level mapped on building walls from the urban road segments, (3) CityGML based 3D data models interoperability, and (4) 3D indoor logistics and subsurface utilities. However, for modelling majority of use cases, CityGML does not provide explicit thematic representations but provides support for extending the CityGML schema using Application Domain Extensions. In a nutshell, the study explores the semantic modelling capabilities of the CityGML for the transformation of native 3D virtual city models to one satisfying capabilities like semantic information and support towards interoperability.     

基于Skyline的扬州市三维可视化系统的设计与应用

随着城市化进程的进一步加快,政府对城市统筹规划技术的要求日益增高。现代城市的规划设计更加需要科学的系统进行辅助决策。本文以扬州市三维可视化系统的成功建设,介绍了三维数字城市系统建设中的Skyline结合3Dmax快速建模技术,论述了Skyline三维平台建设虚拟城市的方法和策略,并利用其提供的应用程序接口进行了二次功能开发,一定程度上为数字城市规划建设提供技术支持与参考。     

基于CityEngine的三维城市规划设计与研究

城市规划领域越来越需要三维建模技术的支持。CityEngine作为一种新型的三维建模软件,不仅可以批量生成规划模型,还可以用来辅助三维城市规划设计。本文基于CityEngine规则建模方法,实现了规划方案对比、建筑体量调整、规划指标计算等功能,通过对某小区进行实际建模验证,证明了CityEngine可以为城市规划者们提供新的思路,为城市设计和城市管理提供决策支持。     

优视摄影测量与泛在实景三维数据采集:以实景三维青岛为例

面向实景三维建设的广阔需求,提出了一种新型无人机摄影测量技术,即优视摄影测量。分析说明了优视摄影测量的技术原理,以多种方式获取的三维概略模型为规划依据,结合立体观测采样和可观测性约束分析生成和优选出航摄视角,进而形成对应的航摄路径; 针对大测区应用与无人机作业能力有限的矛盾,以航线划分的方式从精细规划端给出了多无人机协同施测的解决方案;以实景三维青岛建设中的城市核心区为测试场景,实现了面向大范围复杂城市场景的优视航测多机协同实景三维数据采集实施验证, 分别进行了分区块及全区整体的实景三维重建,并与专业化倾斜航测系统生成的实景模型进行对比分析。结果表明,优视摄影测量技术模式下生成实景三维模型的精细度具有显著提升。在保证高质量输出的前提下,该技术模式可驱动轻小型航摄设备实现较大范围复杂区域的实景三维数据采集,并通过协同施测提高作业效率。以优视摄影测量为技术内核,可进一步延展为面向多方向、多领域的泛在实景三维数据采集技术应用模式。