空间路线描绘：以大学生入学路线的心像地图为例

以开放性问题的方式调查大学新生对地理空间的认知,通过让被试者绘制其从家乡入学的路线,并在经过简短的地理和地图基础知识理解后再进行同一问题的路线描述,试图发掘基础地理知识对路线理解的前后变化、揭示空间认知能力如何体现在绘制路线上。研究结果表明,被试者会选择文字、示意简图、方位图方式绘制心像地图,具有较强的空间记忆能力;经过地理和地图基础知识介绍后,被试者的描述方式发生改变,增强了空间感知能力和知识叠加能力;选择交通方式的不同对路线描述、途经要素的选择及途经地点数量会产生重要影响;地理和地图基础知识的介绍对途经地点的数量和行政等级几乎没有影响;山川河流及知名建筑等地理要素对人认知记忆产生重要影响,是路线描绘过程中的重要标志;远距离路线描绘会出现等级空间思维而“详-略”结合的地图刻画。实验揭示了路线描述的个体差异和上述的共同点。     

Communicating Climate Change: Reinforcing Comprehension and Personal Ties to Climate Change Through Maps

Although climate change is highly prevalent in the media, people in Europe and the United States are often unsure about climate change terms, processes, and its personal consequences. In other words, climate change communication seems to be largely failing so far. Among other communication tools, maps are widely used for explanatory purposes by scientists and the media. Here two questions arise: first, whether high map complexity may be too intricate to be understood and discourage people from deciphering the map; and second, whether personal interest in climate change can be influenced by the phenomenon depicted or the map’s scale. In a survey conducted among 109 students in the USA, 63% of respondents preferred a simple map, but a substantial subset, 37%, asked for complexity to receive more information. Regional phenomena evoked more concern than far-off phenomena (concern level index difference of 0.93 on a 5-ranked Likert scale). The advantage of maps showing local areas could not be statistically confirmed.     

Quantifying uncertainty in remote sensing-based urban land-use mapping

Land-use/land-cover information constitutes an important component in the calibration of many urban growth models. Typically, the model building involves a process of historic calibration based on time series of land-use maps. Medium-resolution satellite imagery is an interesting source for obtaining data on land-use change, yet inferring information on the use of urbanised spaces from these images is a challenging task that is subject to different types of uncertainty. Quantifying and reducing the uncertainties in land-use mapping and land-use change model parameter assessment are therefore crucial to improve the reliability of urban growth models relying on these data. In this paper, a remote sensing-based land-use mapping approach is adopted, consisting of two stages: (i) estimating impervious surface cover at sub-pixel level through linear regression unmixing and (ii) inferring urban land use from urban form using metrics describing the spatial structure of the built-up area, together with address data. The focus lies on quantifying the uncertainty involved in this approach. Both stages of the land-use mapping process are subjected to Monte Carlo simulation to assess their relative contribution to and their combined impact on the uncertainty in the derived land-use maps. The robustness to uncertainty of the land-use mapping strategy is addressed by comparing the most likely land-use maps obtained from the simulation with the original land-use map, obtained without taking uncertainty into account. The approach was applied on the Brussels-Capital Region and the central part of the Flanders region (Belgium), covering the city of Antwerp, using a time series of SPOT data for 1996, 2005 and 2012. Although the most likely land-use map obtained from the simulation is very similar to the original land-use map – indicating absence of bias in the mapping process – it is shown that the errors related to the impervious surface sub-pixel fraction estimation have a strong impact on the land-use map's uncertainty. Hence, uncertainties observed in the derived land-use maps should be taken into account when using these maps as an input for modelling of urban growth.     

MapGIS图件校正与GPS定位在地质工作中的应用

在野外地质工作基础上,总结出一套采用MapGIS校正地质图件和针对某一区域设置GPS参数以及二者链接的方法,达到准确编图、图件综合研究的目的,有效地提高了矿产地质调查评价的质量和效率。     

Modeling projected changes of mangrove biomass in different climatic scenarios in the Sunda Banda Seascapes

ABSTRACT

Mangroves are critical in the ecological, economic and social development of coastal rural and urban communities. However, they are under threat by climate change and anthropogenic activities. The Sunda Banda Seascape (SBS), Indonesia, is among the world’s richest regions of mangrove biomass and biodiversity. To inform current and future management strategies, it is critical to provide estimates of how mangroves will respond to climate change in this region. Therefore, this paper utilized spatial analysis with model-based climatic indicators (temperature and precipitation) and mangrove distribution maps to estimate a benchmark for the mangrove biomass of the SBS in six scenarios, namely the Last Inter-glacial Period, the current scenario (1950–2000) and all four projected Representative Concentration Pathways in 2070 due to climate change. Despite mangroves gaining more biomass with climate change (the increase in CO₂ concentration), this paper highlighted the great proportion of below-ground biomass in mangrove forests. It also showed that the changes in spatial distribution of mangrove biomass became more variable in the context of climate change. As mangroves have been proposed as an essential component of climate change strategies, this study can serve as a baseline for future studies and resource management strategies.     

Cartographica incognita: ‘Dijital Jedis’, Satellite Salvation and the Mysteries of the ‘Missing Maps’

Like Participatory Geographic Information Systems (PGIS) and Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS) crowdsourced collaborative mapping is often imagined as an alternative to conventional cartographic practice. This paper examines collaborative mapping projects designed to assist in humanitarian work and respond to catastrophes. These projects, their technological complexity and wide range of collaborators, including affected locals, international Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) and anonymous online contributors, invite closer consideration. In this article I unpick the gnarly question of how the remote sourcing of information through cloud collaboration and satellite imagery jostles with grounded work encouraging local control of local geoinformation. My critical analysis of these projects explores: (1) justifications for action – what is being promised through digital mapping as aid or satellite salvation?; (2) forms of participation – the role of ‘hotties’ ‘nodders’ and ‘digital jedis’; and (3) contingencies of mapping practices and the assemblages of actors within which they are embedded – as the mysteries of the ‘missing maps’. The conclusion considers differing approaches towards the inclusion of local knowledges within participatory digital aid mapping and identifies remote mapping practices that are both incognito and incognisant.     

基于GIS的矿产资源专题图制作

结合编制矿产资源专题图,探讨了基于GIS的矿产专题地图的设计流程以及制作方法 ;针对ArcGIS自带符号库不能满足专业需要的现状,重点研究了矿产资源类型符号库的设计与实现方法,并通过绘制徐州市矿产资源分布图进行了验证。     

一种DOM和DEM融合技术的山脉水系地图编制研究——以《滇池流域入湖河道分布全图》编制为例

传统的卫星影像地图的编制大多采用影像加文字的方法,因而图面繁杂且识图困难.本文利用滇池治理工程对入滇河道的普查探测数据及滇池流域的基础测绘数据,结合先进的正射影像处理技术和DEM数据晕渲分层设色技巧,特别给出一种使用地貌晕渲和卫星影像数据融合来表示山脉地形方法,编制出视觉上更具美感及视觉冲击力的三维专题影象地图,成果为...     

A Spatial Database of Cropping System and its Characteristics to Aid Climate Change Impact Assessment Studies

Cropping system study is not only useful to understand the overall sustainability of agricultural system, but also it helps in generating many important parameters which are useful in climate change impact assessment. Considering its importance, Space Applications Centre, took up a project for mapping and characterizing major cropping systems of Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. The study area included the five states of Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of India, i.e. Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. There were two aspects of the study. The first aspect included state and district level cropping system mapping using multi-date remote sensing (IRS-AWiFS and Radarsat ScanSAR) data. The second part was to characterize the cropping system using moderate spatial resolution multi-date remote sensing data (SPOT VGT NDVI) and ground survey. The remote sensing data was used to compute three cropping system performance indices (Multiple Cropping Index, Area Diversity Index and Cultivated Land Utilization Index). Ground survey was conducted using questionnaires filled up by 1,000 farmers selected from 103 villages based on the cropping systems map. Apart from ground survey, soil and water sampling and quality analysis were carried out to understand the effect of different cropping systems and their management practices. The results showed that, rice-wheat was the major cropping system of the IGP, followed by Rice-Fallow-Fallow and Maize-Wheat. Other major cropping systems of IGP included Sugarcane based, Pearl millet-Wheat, Rice-Fallow-Rice, Cotton-Wheat. The ground survey could identify 77 cropping systems, out of which 38 are rice-based systems. Out of these 77 cropping systems, there were 5 single crop systems, occupying 6.5% coverage (of all cropping system area), 56 double crop systems with 72.7% coverage, and 16 triple crop systems with 20.8% coverage. The cropping system performance analysis showed that the crop diversity was found to be highest in Haryana, while the cropping intensity was highest in Punjab state.     

Basin-wide hydrological system assessment under climate change scenarios through conceptual modelling

ABSTRACT

Mediterranean region is identified as a primary hot-spot for climate change due to the expected temperature and rainfall changes. Understanding the potential impacts of climate change on the hydrology in these regions is an important task to develop long-term water management strategies. The aim of this study was to quantify the potential impacts of the climate changes on local hydrological quantities at the Goksu Watershed at the Eastern Mediterranean, Turkey as a case study. A set of Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) scenarios were used as drivers for the conceptual hydrological model J2000 to investigate how the hydrological system and the underlying processes would respond to projected future climate conditions. The model was implemented to simulate daily hydrological quantities including runoff generation, Actual Evapotranspiration (AET) and soil-water balance for present (2005–2015) and future (up to 2100). The results indicated an increase of both precipitation and runoff throughout the region from January to March. The region showed a strong seasonally dependent runoff regime with higher flows during winter and spring and lower flows in summer and fall. The study provides a comparative methodology to include meteorological-hydrological modelling integration that can be feasible to assess the climate change impacts in mountainous regions.     

Spatial and temporal change in landslide hazard by future climate change scenarios using probabilistic-based frequency ratio model

The aims of this study were to apply, verify and compare a frequency ratio model for landslide hazards, considering future climate change and using a geographic information system in Inje, Korea. Data for the future climate change scenario (A1B), topography, soil, forest, land cover and geology were collected, processed and compiled in a spatial database. The probability of landslides in the study area in target years in the future was then calculated assuming that landslides are triggered by a daily rainfall threshold. Landslide hazard maps were developed for the two study areas, and the frequency ratio for one area was applied to the other area as a cross-check of methodological validity. Verification results for the target years in the future were 82.32–84.69%. The study results, showing landslide hazards in future years, can be used to help develop landslide management plans.     

Diverse responses of vegetation production to interannual summer drought in North America

Droughts are projected to occur more frequently with future climate change of rising temperature and low precipitation. However, its impact on regional and global vegetation production is not well understood, which in turn contributes to uncertainties to model carbon sequestration under drought scenarios. Using long-term continuous eddy covariance measurements (168 site-year), we present an analysis of the influences of interannual summer drought on vegetation production across 29 sites representing diverse ecoregions and plant functional types in North America. Results showed that interannual summer drought, which was evaluated by the increase in summer temperature or decrease in soil moisture, would cause reductions of both summer gross primary production (GPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) in non-forest sites (e.g., grasslands and crops). On the contrary, forest ecosystems presented a very different pattern. For evergreen forests, lower summer soil moisture decreased both GPP and NEP; however, higher summer temperature only reduced NEP with no apparent impacts on GPP. Furthermore, summer drought did not show evident impacts on either summer GPP or NEP in deciduous forests, suggesting a better potential of deciduous forests in resisting summer drought and accumulating carbon from atmosphere. These observations imply diverse responses of vegetation production to interannual summer drought and such features would be useful to improve the strengths and weaknesses of ecosystem models to better comprehend the impacts of summer drought with future climate change.     

Improving decision-making activities for meningitis and malaria

Public health professionals are increasingly concerned about the potential impact that climate variability and change can have on infectious disease. The International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI) is developing new products to increase the public health community’s capacity to understand, use and demand the appropriate climate data and climate information to mitigate the public health impacts of climate on infectious disease, in particular meningitis and malaria. In this paper, we present the new and improved products that have been developed for: (i) estimating dust aerosol for forecasting risks of meningitis and (ii) for monitoring temperature and rainfall and integrating them into a vectorial capacity model for forecasting risks of malaria epidemics. We also present how the products have been integrated into a knowledge system (IRI Data Library Map Room, SERVIR) to support the use of climate and environmental information in climate-sensitive health decision-making.     

基于电子地图的超媒体数据模型研究

从电子地图的超媒体数据模型出发，研究基于电子地图的多媒体信息之间关系的非线性存储、组织、管理和浏览信息的表达技术和数据的组织形式。在分析电子地图和超媒体技术特点的基础上，以实例来阐述这种模型建立的基本思路。试验表明，基于电子地图的超媒体数据模型能够很好地组织和表达多媒体数据，并取得了较好的效果。     

Achieving the Impossible: The 1∶500 000 ‘Irrigation Map’ of South Africa, 1935–1937

Abstract

Since 1906, South Africa boasted an excellent geodetic framework, and in 1920 an official Trigonometrical Survey Office (TSO) was established. In spite of these achievements, the country, by the 1930s, still lacked reliable topographical maps. One reason for this was that the secondary and tertiary triangulations of the country were still incomplete; another was that the decision-making process as regards surveys and mapping rested with a variety of statutory bodies instead of just one. In 1934, A. D. Lewis, Director of the Department of Irrigation, committed his department to execute a general topographical survey of the country and produce a topographical map on a scale of 1∶500?000. Lewis’ decision met with much resistance from within the country and abroad, but the project was completed in a record period of 4 years. Published just before the Second World War, the map was of inestimable value to the South African Defense Force. It not only became the standard topographical map of large parts of South Africa for many years, but its contents also figured in the first map series of the TSO.     

WebGIS中瓦片地图关键技术研究

针对WebGIS系统的特点,提出利用金字塔瓦片地图技术在服务器端预先生成不同级别的瓦片地图方法,提高地图的生成、发布、显示和浏览效率,减轻服务器负载和网络传输负担。文中简要介绍了瓦片地图技术的实现模型。并对瓦片地图金字塔模型的构建、瓦片地图金字塔数据的组织、瓦片地图索引机制建立等关键技术进行了阐述。     

The Development of Analytical Cartography: A Personal Note

Creating dot maps to show changes in racial and Hispanic population distributions between two census periods can be an effective way to examine one of the most important dimensions of change within any metropolitan area. Using dots of one color to show population increase and dots of a second color to show population decrease vividly reveals where changes have occurred within a larger total population. We prepared such maps for the book Changing Faces, Changing Places: Mapping Southern Californians, the text of which analyzes and interprets the population shifts evident on the maps. The maps show the expansion and contraction of racial and Hispanic populations in specific neighborhoods so that community leaders and residents alike can easily relate general trends to their localities. In this article we describe the preparation of these dot maps and explain major problems encountered in linking the 1990 and 2000 census population counts at the tract level. We explain our solutions, which we believe made possible more accurate mapping of neighborhood change.     

Identifying and forecasting potential biophysical risk areas within a tropical mangrove ecosystem using multi-sensor data

Mangroves are one of the most productive ecosystems known for provisioning of various ecosystem goods and services. They help in sequestering large amounts of carbon, protecting coastline against erosion, and reducing impacts of natural disasters such as hurricanes. Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary in Odisha harbors the second largest mangrove ecosystem in India. This study used Terra, Landsat and Sentinel-1 satellite data for spatio-temporal monitoring of mangrove forest within Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary between 2000 and 2016. Three biophysical parameters were used to assess mangrove ecosystem health: leaf chlorophyll (CHL), Leaf Area Index (LAI), and Gross Primary Productivity (GPP). A long-term analysis of meteorological data such as precipitation and temperature was performed to determine an association between these parameters and mangrove biophysical characteristics. The correlation between meteorological parameters and mangrove biophysical characteristics enabled forecasting of mangrove health and productivity for year 2050 by incorporating IPCC projected climate data. A historical analysis of land cover maps was also performed using Landsat 5 and 8 data to determine changes in mangrove area estimates in years 1995, 2004 and 2017. There was a decrease in dense mangrove extent with an increase in open mangroves and agricultural area. Despite conservation efforts, the current extent of dense mangrove is projected to decrease up to 10% by the year 2050. All three biophysical characteristics including GPP, LAI and CHL, are projected to experience a net decrease of 7.7%, 20.83% and 25.96% respectively by 2050 compared to the mean annual value in 2016. This study will help the Forest Department, Government of Odisha in managing and taking appropriate decisions for conserving and sustaining the remaining mangrove forest under the changing climate and developmental activities.     

Approach to calculating spatial similarity degrees of the same river basin networks on multi-scale maps

Obtaining spatial similarity degrees among the same objects on multi-scale maps is of importance in map generalization. This paper firstly defines the concepts of ‘map scale change’ and ‘spatial similarity degree’; then it proposes a model for calculating the spatial similarity degree between a river basin network at one scale and its generalized version at another scale. After this, it validates the new model and gets 16 points in the model validation process. The x-coordinate and y-coordinate of each point are map scale change and spatial similarity degree, respectively. Last, a formula for calculating spatial similarity degree taking map scale change as the only variable is obtained by the curve fitting method. The formula along with the model can be used to automate the algorithms for simplifying river basin networks.     

无人机航测技术在风电场测图中的应用

本文提出了一种利用无人机航空摄影测量技术完成风电场测图的方法,利用该方法可以实现测区1∶2000地形图数据的生产。首先根据航摄区域和航线规划布设控制点、像控点、检查点,利用飞马F300无人机进行航摄作业获取航测数据,然后对数据进行预处理,按照标准格式导入Context Capture软件建立三维倾斜模型,通过EPS2016立体量测软件基于三维倾斜模型完成地形图数据的采集,对于模型变形的区域,利用MapMatrix软件进行数据采集与校核。利用安徽宿州风电场测图项目验证了该方法满足1∶2000大比例尺地形图精度要求。