Narrative Cartography: From Mapping Stories to the Narrative of Maps and Mapping

Abstract

This paper provides an overview of the multiple ways of envisioning the relationships between maps and narratives. This is approached from a map making perspective. Throughout the process of editing this special issue, we have identified two main types of relationships. Firstly, maps have been used to represent the spatio-temporal structures of stories and their relationships with places. Oral, written and audio-visual stories have been mapped extensively. They raise some common cartographic challenges, such as improving the spatial expression of time, emotions, ambiguity, connotation, as well as the mixing of personal and global scales, real and fictional places, dream and reality, joy and pain. Secondly, the potential of maps as narratives and the importance of connecting the map with the complete mapping process through narratives is addressed. Although the potential of maps to tell stories has already been widely acknowledged, we emphasize the increasing recognition of the importance of developing narratives that critically describe the cartographic process and context in which maps unfold - the core idea of post-representational cartography. Telling the story about how maps are created and how they come to life in a broad social context and in the hands of their users has become a new challenge for mapmakers.     

Follow the road: historical GIS for evaluating the development of routes in the Negev region during the twentieth century

ABSTRACT

At the beginning of the twentieth century, a British mapping team led by Captain S. F. Newcombe surveyed and mapped the Negev region, Sinai, and western Jordan. The map was mainly produced for military use. Consequently, it included a network of branched routes, water supplies and facilities, and topographic contours. This study used this map to examine the development of routes in the Negev region between the beginning of and until the end of the twentieth century. First, the individual sheets comprising the study area were pieced together and the accuracy of the map was evaluated. The accuracy found on the Newcombe map was 0.76 mm on the map scale, equivalent to 100.3 m. Route development during the twentieth century was then evaluated by comparing the routes digitized from the Newcombe map to digitized routes on a late twentieth-century map. The results do not reveal tremendous changes in path, shape, or number of routes. Instead, they merely indicate the natural development in their quality. This Historical GIS-based approach provided a useful technique for analyzing and comparing the line segments extracted from historical and modern maps. The implemented approach may also serve other geographical or historical studies aiming to examine the development of branched networks throughout history.     

基于地学信息服务的Internet 3维 GIS：GeoEye 3D

随着Internet、分布式计算以及计算机图形学的飞速发展,开发基于Internet的3维GIS系统已成为可能。这3种技术的有力结合为地学领域开创了一个崭新的时代,促使网络GIS的概念由“地学数据服务”提高到“地学信息处理服务”的新阶段,不仅地学数据,地学信息处理功能也可以分布在基于客户／服务器的架构上,用户可以根据不同的需求“租用”和组合来自于Internet的不同功能。基于这一概念和作者提出的构件注册模型,我们从1998年开始着手研究和开发新一代的Internet 3维GIS：GeoEye 3D。这一系统集成了GIS、3维可视化、分布式计算及网络通信等技术,允许用户通过标准Internet浏览器来应用远程功能对远程和本地数据进行可视化分析。阐述了地学信息处理服务概念和构件注册模型以及GeoEye 3D的系统架构、算法和应用实例。     

Quantifying the completeness of and correspondence between two historical maps: a case study from nineteenth-century Palestine

Reconstructing past landscapes from historical maps requires quantifying the accuracy and completeness of these sources. The accuracy and completeness of two historical maps of the same period covering the same area in Israel were examined: the 1:63,360 British Palestine Exploration Fund map (1871–1877) and the 1:100,000 French Levés en Galilée (LG) map (1870). These maps cover the mountainous area of the Galilee (northern Israel), a region with significant natural and topographical diversity, and a long history of human presence. Land-cover features from both maps, as well as the contours drawn on the LG map, were digitized. The overall correspondence between land-cover features shown on both maps was 59% and we found that the geo-referencing method employed (transformation type and source of control points) did not significantly affect these correspondence measures. Both maps show that in the 1870s, 35% of the Galilee was covered by Mediterranean maquis, with less than 8% of the area used for permanent agricultural cropland (e.g., plantations). This article presents how the reliability of the maps was assessed by using two spatial historical sources, and how land-cover classes that were mapped with lower certainty and completeness are identified. Some of the causes that led to observed differences between the maps, including mapping scale, time of year, and the interests of the surveyors, are also identified.     

History of the Cartography and Toponymy of the Valley of Geysers (Kronotsky Reserve,Kamchatka Peninsula,Russia): From Field Drawings to 3D Documents

The article describes the evolution of the cartography and toponymy of the second largest geyser field in the world – the Valley of Geysers in the Kronotsky Reserve (Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia), discovered in 1941. The toponymy evolved in close connection with the development of the cartographic base that passed through the three stages from the first manual drawings to large-scale maps and to 3D models of the territory. The number of geysers with personal names increased gradually from twelve to more than one hundred. The article presents examples of diagrams and maps as well as tables of thermal features with coordinates. All main sources of literature were analysed for the period of 1941–2017, and the article presents a comprehensive historiography on the investigated topic. The evolution of instruments for the measurement of geyser activity is also briefly overviewed with examples of data obtained using the different methods.     

Using historical maps to analyze two hundred years of land cover changes: case study of Sorrento peninsula (south Italy)

Historical maps are effective sources of geographical information and useful for historical and territorial research. In this study, the examination of landscape dynamics on the basis of historical maps over a period of more than 200 years was conducted. The study area is Sorrento peninsula and part of the near Sarno river basin in South Italy. This study provides a general framework for the assessment of the overall quality and accuracy of historical maps. The application of the methodology used in this specific case study can contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics of the landscape in the long term. The derived knowledge can be applied in the planning of the landscape in order to implement correct conservation strategies. The comparison was made on four maps 1817, 1875, 1960, and 2006. Geodetic accuracy of the sheet maps of 1817 and 1875 offer a right basis for a macro analysis of land cover dynamics, evaluating conversion from one land cover category to another. Main transformation, identified in the period between 1875 and 1960, was the disappearance of vineyards, which covered 25% of the total study area in 1875. Agricultural areas increased in this period to cover 57% of the total area.     

Exploring the applications of 3D proximity analysis in a 3D digital cadastre

Increasing population in urban areas and limitations of suitable lands for developing houses and urban infrastructure have led to the vertical development in cities. However, these developments are managed by a cadastral system which is mainly two-dimensional and cannot efficiently represent Rights, Restrictions, and Responsibilities (RRRs) in complex scenarios. In fact, a three-dimensional cadastre is required for efficiently registering and representing RRRs. In this paper, a 3D proximity analysis was proposed and implemented to determine RRRs and associated easement rights in non-topology-based data structures. This method can be used to investigate the surrounding spaces of a subject apartment unit or storage in a high-rise. The performance of the developed method was evaluated in a large complex high-rise in Tehran, Iran. The results confirmed that the proposed method can correctly identify the neighbor spaces in complex scenarios.     

Deconstructing Galbraith: A Geostatistical Analysis of Cartographic Intent

Abstract

This study uses cartometric techniques to reveal cartographic design considerations operative in Frank H. Galbraith’s 1897 railway mail service training maps. Galbraith’s maps make extensive use of humorous cartouches intended to serve as mnemonic devices for learning railway mail service routes. Poisson and quadrat point pattern analyses are performed on all eight maps in the series to determine whether the mimetic symbols are clustered along the railway mail routes or dispersed throughout the mapped spaces to achieve better graphic balance. Evidence overwhelmingly indicates that the placement of the mnemonic symbols was primarily driven by design considerations. The study therefore proves that it is possible to use cartometric techniques to deconstruct the map document to determine the cartographic design principles operative during the map's construction.     

The Contribution of the Cartographic Visualisation in Understanding the Historical Geography of an Old Land Property Regime in Mouth Athos (Karyes)

Abstract

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The peninsula of Mount Athos is the largest monastic gathering of Modern Orthodoxy in the world, operating continually under the same regime since 883 AD. Focusing on Mount Athos, this paper attempts to examine the spatial regime continuation and identify the relation to what is considered to be a small residential unit around a central church (Protatos) within the limits of the Athos peninsula. The paper investigates the delimitation of the area, mapping and recording the relevant changes cartographically. At the same time, the paper creates a cadastral plan of the present regime, recording real estate owners in a cadastral table. Finally, the paper focuses on the significance of the findings to the historical geography of Athos, as well as the emergence of a new ‘area’, added to the twenty monasteries of the peninsula after 1450.     

基于Skyline的大型厂区三维地理信息系统建设

基于全球领先的三维空间地理信息可视化软件(Skyline软件)、建模工具(3Ds Max)以及关系数据库管理系统(Oracle10g),提出一个大型厂区三维地理信息系统的建设方案。论述了系统的建设概况、生产流程、数据的组织与发布机制以及系统的功能,实现了厂区管理的自动化与信息化,从而促进了厂区管理与决策的质量、效率和水平的进一步提高。     

二三维一体化技术在油田应急中的应用

当前解决安全生产已成为油田工作的重中之重,随着GIS行业的快速发展,先进的二三维联合展示手段、基于位置的资源管理分析等特有技术已经开始在实际应急中发挥作用。本文将从几个方面介绍SuperMap二三维一体化GIS技术在油田设备安全应急的几个领域中的应用,包括设备安全预警、应急资源可视化管理、二三维动态安全预警、三维安全应急预案模拟等,将GIS分析算法、三维粒子特效、三维动画特效融入到我们的安防系统中,达到既实用又逼真的效果。     

城市三维管网建库及高效可视化

针对二维管线信息系统对于城市综合管网的展示缺乏直观化和综合化的问题,该文在构建三维管网数据库的基础上,提出了一种城市三维管网实时建模方法。无需事先建模,通过整合多种GIS和非GIS的管网数据,并结合三维管网数据库中的三维管网符号模型库和可视化参数配置,实现高效三维管网的实时建模和可视化。以重庆市某区域为例,生成的三维管网具有顾及LOD级别、效率高、仿真性好、保持GIS数据特性、支持动态更新等特点,结合三维城市模型和三维地质模型,可以实现地上地下一体化的三维效果。     

2维电子地图与3维城市景观的互响应方法探讨

基于2维平面电子图与3维城市景观的各自的优缺点,对2维与3维的集成处理和2维平面电子地图与3维城市景观实现互响应的机制进行了研究。     

ArcGIS的三维分析模块的分析与探讨

介绍并探讨ArcGIS三维分析模块所提供的各种空间显示和分析功能。ArcGIS作为桌面地理信息系统的最优秀代表之一,其三维分析模块主要提供了基于表面高程数据的数据三维可视化和三维地理空间分析功能。通过该软件模块,能够表现出空间数据的多维属性信息,但其分析和表现技术仍然主要停留在2．5维的水平。     

遥感三维可视化技术在输电线路选线中的应用

应用遥感技术及三维可视化技术,通过遥感图像的处理、DEM生成、铁塔三维模型的建立和影像复合等工序,按照一定的比例尺和飞行路线在IMAGIS软件生成研究区的虚拟三维影像动画,为设计人员从宏观把握输电线路的路径提供了最直接的资料。     

三维校园建模方法及系统实现——以中国石油大学(华东)为例

基于Sketch Up和Arc GIS设计了三维校园地理信息平台,构建了校园地上地下一体化模型库,包括地形模型、精细地物模型、基础地物模型和地下管线模型;设计开发了三维校园地理信息系统,具有校园地上地下一体化三维浏览、地下管线管理等功能,提高了校园的数字化管理水平。     

Accurate 3D comparison of complex topography with terrestrial laser scanner: Application to the Rangitikei canyon (N-Z)

Surveying techniques such as terrestrial laser scanner have recently been used to measure surface changes via 3D point cloud (PC) comparison. Two types of approaches have been pursued: 3D tracking of homologous parts of the surface to compute a displacement field, and distance calculation between two point clouds when homologous parts cannot be defined. This study deals with the second approach, typical of natural surfaces altered by erosion, sedimentation or vegetation between surveys. Current comparison methods are based on a closest point distance or require at least one of the PC to be meshed with severe limitations when surfaces present roughness elements at all scales. To solve these issues, we introduce a new algorithm performing a direct comparison of point clouds in 3D. The method has two steps: (1) surface normal estimation and orientation in 3D at a scale consistent with the local surface roughness; (2) measurement of the mean surface change along the normal direction with explicit calculation of a local confidence interval. Comparison with existing methods demonstrates the higher accuracy of our approach, as well as an easier workflow due to the absence of surface meshing or Digital Elevation Model (DEM) generation. Application of the method in a rapidly eroding, meandering bedrock river (Rangitikei River canyon) illustrates its ability to handle 3D differences in complex situations (flat and vertical surfaces on the same scene), to reduce uncertainty related to point cloud roughness by local averaging and to generate 3D maps of uncertainty levels. We also demonstrate that for high precision survey scanners, the total error budget on change detection is dominated by the point clouds registration error and the surface roughness. Combined with mm-range local georeferencing of the point clouds, levels of detection down to 6 mm (defined at 95% confidence) can be routinely attained in situ over ranges of 50 m. We provide evidence for the self-affine behaviour of different surfaces. We show how this impacts the calculation of normal vectors and demonstrate the scaling behaviour of the level of change detection. The algorithm has been implemented in a freely available open source software package. It operates in complex 3D cases and can also be used as a simpler and more robust alternative to DEM differencing for the 2D cases.     

Augmented virtual environment: fusion of real-time video and 3D models in the digital earth system

ABSTRACT

An Augmented virtual environment (AVE) is concerned with the fusion of real-time video with 3D models or scenes so as to augment the virtual environment. In this paper, a new approach to establish an AVE with a wide field of view is proposed, including real-time video projection, multiple video texture fusion and 3D visualization of moving objects. A new diagonally weighted algorithm is proposed to smooth the apparent gaps within the overlapping area between the two adjacent videos. A visualization method for the location and trajectory of a moving virtual object is proposed to display the moving object and its trajectory in the 3D virtual environment. The experimental results showed that the proposed set of algorithms are able to fuse multiple real-time videos with 3D models efficiently, and the experiment runs a 3D scene containing two million triangles and six real-time videos at around 55 frames per second on a laptop with 1GB of graphics card memory. In addition, a realistic AVE with a wide field of view was created based on the Digital Earth Science Platform by fusing three videos with a complex indoor virtual scene, visualizing a moving object and drawing its trajectory in the real time.     

基于Argo浮标数据的水文特征三维可视化分析——以南大洋印度洋扇区为例

利用南大洋2009—2020年的Argo浮标温盐剖面数据,通过绘制温度和盐度空间分布图的定性分析以及三维聚类可视化分析等方法,揭示了南大洋印度洋扇区的多水团空间分布特征.结果表明,在60°S～67°S,60°E～80°E之间的海域,海水温度在-1.9～2.5℃之间,盐度在32～34.75 psu之间.整个研究区域海水温...