VERTICAL FREQUENCY EFFECT SOUNDING IN INDUCED POLARIZATION AND GALVANIC RESISTIVITY METHODS *

It has been shown that for a polarizable layer as a transmission medium there is an indirect proportionality between the frequency effect (fe) in induced polarization (IP) and the wave number of the electrical induced field. Making use of this relationship for a two layered earth a polarization transform function has been obtained. Since the mathematical expression for the polarization transform function is the same as that of the resistivity transform function, it is possible to make direct interpretation for IP frequency effect field curves. Thus, AA or QQ type resistivity sequences can be interpreted from induced polarization response of a horizontally stratified earth without resistivity extrema. A depth factor has been defined in order to obtain the true depth using the apparent depth. In this way, some electromagnetic effects between horizontal layers with different polarizabilities can partly be eliminated.     

The polarization of Pc5 ULF waves around dawn: A possible ionospheric conductivity gradient effect

In this study over 100 Pc5 events observed on the SAMNET magnetometer array have been catalogued. The ground horizontal polarization of these waves has been investigated and it has been shown that there are large differences between the polarization azimuth distributions on either side of noon. In the morning the azimuth distributions are spread evenly across all possible orientations whereas in the afternoon they are predominantly in a North-South orientation. The difference appears to be the result of a specific polarization pattern that occurred across the SAMNET array for 31 of the Pc5 events. These 31 Pc5 events all occurred in the morning sector, close to the dawn terminator. It is suggested that this special polarization pattern is a consequence of ionospheric conductivity gradients that occur at around dawn. This theory is reinforced by the comparison of the local times of these polarization variations with the local time of sunrise. By employing ionospheric conductivity data from the EISCAT radar for two of these Pc5 events, this connection has been studied in more detail.     

EM AND IP RESPONSE OF A STEEL WELL CASING FOR A FOUR-ELECTRODE SURFACE ARRAY. PART II: NUMERICAL RESULTS*

Some numerical results for the apparent resistivity of a homogeneous half space containing a vertical steel well casing as measured by a dipole-dipole array are presented. The basic model includes the electromagnetic and induced polarization effects by allowing for frequency dependent eddy currents and an electrochemical boundary of the well casing. It is shown that the well casing produces an apparent complex resistivity response that could be mistaken for an induced polarization anomaly existing above a hydrocarbon deposit. This response of the well casing is strongly dependent on frequency.     

天然场源激电法的可行性

基于对现有天然场源激电法观测方案的分析和对沿横向和垂向电性都不均匀的二维地 电断面的数值模拟结果指出,天然（大地）电磁场由于地下导电性不均匀所引起的异常强度 远大于激电效应引起的异常;提取被强大导电和电磁效应异常“淹没”的弱小激电异常的难 度极大,现有方案都不具有普遍的可行性. 天然场源激电法的实际应用前景不容乐观. 人工 源“长偏移距”的激电法本质上和天然场源激电法一样,都是在“远区场”中作激电观测, 其前景同样不乐观.     

Seismic Anisotropy Observations in the Mexicali Valley,Baja California,México

A study of seismic anisotropy was performed using data from earthquakes of the Mexicali Valley. The investigated region encompasses the Cerro Prieto Geothermal Field (CPGF), one of the most important fields in the world. The results showed that at most of our stations the average polarization directions of the fast S waves range from N14°W to N17°E. A N-S polarization direction was obtained for the whole area by averaging the polarization directions from all stations used. In terms of the EDA hypothesis, this average trend agrees with the postulated state of stress for southern California, and with fault plane solutions for events of the Mexicali Valley. Notorious deviations from the N-S global trend were found southeast of the CPGF, with polarization trends between N25°E and N67°E, and in the geothermal field, with polarization directions between N7°W and N14°W. The polarization results for these zones indicated stress conditions that are different from the more regional stress pattern. The delay times that were measured between the fast and slow shear waves reached values of up to 0.6 sec, with a mean value of 0.35 sec. Consistent with our polarization results, the larger delay times (0.2–0.6 sec) were found in the CPGF. Smaller or null values were observed at the periphery of the study area. No temporal trends in the delay times were apparent, as shown by data from the two stations that recorded the larger number of events. Overall, we conclude that the splitting effects of this study result from a shallow anisotropy volume. The splitting results are thus interpreted as caused by the preferred orientation of vertical fluid-filled microcracks aligned in a direction that is parallel to the regional stress field. The stronger splitting effects that were observed in the area of the CPGF were found consistent with the geothermal reservoir that is embedded in the sedimentary cover of the zone, at depths of 1 to 4–5 km from the surface. We thus believe that such marked splitting effects have a direct relation with the reservoir of the CPGF.We are grateful to Miguel Navarro, Tito Valdez, and Manuel Luna for their contribution in the operation of RANM and for processing and cataloguing the strong-motion data. Ignacio Méndez and Francisco Farfán helped us with data from the RESNOM system. The study benefited from funding provided by CICESE and from grants awarded by CONACYT to Luis Munguía (Grants F195T and PCCNCNA-031339).     

QUASI-STATIC ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS OF A HORIZONTAL ELECTRICAL DIPOLE ON THE SURFACE OF A POLARIZABLE HALF-SPACE *

The expressions for quasi-static electromagnetic fields of a horizontal electrical dipole placed on the surface of a polarizable half-space have been derived for low and high values of induced polarization parameter and presented along with numerical results. It has been observed that the polarity of the mutual impedance function is negative for low values and positive for high values of the induced polarization parameter in the entire time domain, whereas the induced voltage function is positive for low values of induced polarization parameter and becomes negative for high values. In the case of low values of induced polarization parameter the transient electromagnetic field in the beginning increases with time, later on it starts to decay with time. The present study shows that the decay rate of electromagnetic field is highly dependent upon the induced polarization parameter. In the light of the present study the conductivity of the polarizable medium may be determined more accurately.     

Effects of polarization calibration on aerosol optical depth retrieval: An ocean case sensitivity analysis

Reflectance measurements of both the visible and infrared bands of passive remote sensing sensors are widely used to retrieve aerosol optical depth(AOD) information. This is performed commonly for data obtained over both ocean and land, and these measurements allow for the off line development of a lookup table using radiative transfer models. Owing to molecular and aerosol effects, the reflected light received by the sensor is usually highly polarized. The linear polarization effect may be up to 100%, and the polarization factor of a sensor optical system will change the total intensity as well as the polarization status of the signal reaching the detector. The detector response will be different when the incident light polarization status changes, even if the total intensity remains constant. However, if the polarization calibration is neglected, it will cause obvious errors in the aerosol data retrieval. This is especially true for aerosol optical depth retrieval over an ocean. This measurement relies directly on the reflectance output of the sensor. Cases involving land surfaces are not discussed herein because the inhomogeneous properties conceal the error due to polarization. Taking the 550 and 860 nm bands as examples, the difference between the real top-of-atmosphere(TOA) reflectance and the reflectance reaching the detector is calculated using three different sensor polarization standards according to the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor(Sea Wi FS) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) standards. The differences in AOD retrieval are also demonstrated using the lookup table developed previously from a vector radiative transfer code. The results reveal that under a normal situation in which the AOD is 0.15, the maximum AOD retrieval error could reach 0.04 in 550 nm but only 0.02 in 860 nm for the dust aerosol model. For the soot aerosol model, the maximum AOD retrieval error is 0.1 in 550 nm and 0.12 in 860 nm, indicating that the lack of polarization calibration will lead to large errors in aerosol retrieval over an ocean.     

三维激发极化法反演研究及其在金属矿勘探中的应用

激发极化法在金属矿、硫化矿等资源勘探方面应用较广.随着勘探设备与计算机硬件的发展,所采集到的数据具有观测数据量大、布极方式多样等特点.针对实测数据的特点,我们研究完成了基于并行技术的激发极化法对数反演算法,该算法具有如下特点：（1）通过压缩存储技术和并行技术的集成实现了可以处理大数据特征的反演算法;（2）利用对数反演来约束每次计算得到新模型的电导率恒为正,充电率在0到1之间变化,从而保证反演的稳定性和可靠性.本文首先设计了两组对比模型进行试验,通过对不同区块数据采用不同加权的方式来减弱噪声对反演结果影响的效果;其次,采用并行技术提高了反演的计算速度,并利用理论模型分析了不同电极装置对反演分辨率的影响.最后,在甘肃某金属矿开发前景区利用激发极化法开展了中梯装置的采集工作,利用加权后的观测数据反演推断出了测区金属矿开发靶区的大致位置及分布特征.     

2017年8月8日九寨沟7.0级地震前地磁垂直强度极化短期异常特征分析

对2017年8月8日九寨沟7.0级地震前后四川及其邻区地磁台站数据进行垂直强度极化方法计算, 使用5~100 s周期发现震前地磁极化计算结果存在如下的显著异常特征: ① 2017年3月震中附近地磁台站同步存在极化超阈值异常, 时间上显示为短期异常; ② 同步异常台站出现最大幅度的时间较一致; ③ 九寨沟地震发生在异常阈值线附近, 对该方法预测地点有一定指示意义; ④ 对比异常时段内的Dst指数, 认为此次同步超阈值异常不是空间电流体系所造成的; ⑤ 3月18日地磁台站出现极化异常的台站数量较多, 异常分布区域面积较大, 异常主要集中在西北地区可能反映了该区域的应力作用。     

体极化介质激发极化法理论研究

本文首先根据实验结果和对体极化介质激发极化机理的分析,并由极化率的定义出发,采用与以往不同的方法,提出等效电阻率概念。其次,根据位场的叠加原理,给出在稳定电流场中二次极化场欧姆定律的微分形式。然后,根据电量不灭定律,提出稳定电流场中二次极化电流密度法向分量连续的边界条件式。最后,给出几种典型条件下的理论计算结果。     

青藏高原东北缘地壳各向异性的构造含义

青藏高原东北缘记录了印度—欧亚大陆板块碰撞和汇聚的远场效应,且仍正处于侧向生长阶段.而地壳各向异性则反映了高原地壳的形变特征.为此,本文主要利用甘肃数字地震台网(2001年1月—2010年10月)波形记录资料,采用SAM方法进行剪切波分裂研究,得到青藏高原东北缘地壳各向异性的平均剪切波分裂参数及剩余地震各向异性参数,两个参数分别反映了区域构造和应力场特征及局部构造和局部断裂特征.研究结果表明:快剪切波2个优势偏振方向分别为NE47.72°±21.83°和121.65°±22.07°,慢剪切波平均时间延迟为2.63±1.31ms·km-1.快剪切波平均偏振方向反映了该区域的水平主压应力方向,快剪切波偏振方向的第二优势取向揭示了NWW的局部构造意义,表明应力环境受本区NWW深大断裂带的影响.各个台站的剩余快剪切波偏振方向的优势取向与断裂走向一致,表明活动断裂控制着剩余快剪切波偏振方向.剩余慢剪切波时间延迟变化反映了断裂引起地震各向异性程度,形变具有区域特征.     

Geomagnetic factor of Dst variations in the selective generation of ionospheric characteristic waves

HF Waves of rotating polarization have been experimentally studied on the Magadan-Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskii path. It has been obtained that the degree of suppression of one of the characteristic waves during the selective polarization generation depends on the Dst value and sign. It has been established that changes in the amplitude ratio of the signals received from the antennas of clockwise and counterclockwise polarization are maximal at a quiet geomagnetic field when Dst is positive. Under the conditions of medium disturbance of the geomagnetic field and small-scale negative Dst values, it has not been ruled out that the second characteristic wave can be observed at a receiving point in the case when one of the characteristic waves is generated. Selective polarization generation of one of the characteristic waves can be mainly masked by an increase in small-scale irregularities of ionospheric plasma.     

The nonlinear effects on the characteristics of gravity wave packets: dispersion and polarization relations

By analyzing the results of the numerical simulations of nonlinear propagation of three Gaussian gravity-wave packets in isothermal atmosphere individually, the nonlinear effects on the characteristics of gravity waves are studied quantitatively. The analyses show that during the nonlinear propagation of gravity wave packets the mean flows are accelerated and the vertical wavelengths show clear reduction due to nonlinearity. On the other hand, though nonlinear effects exist, the time variations of the frequencies of gravity wave packets are close to those derived from the dispersion relation and the amplitude and phase relations of wave-associated disturbance components are consistent with the predictions of the polarization relation of gravity waves. This indicates that the dispersion and polarization relations based on the linear gravity wave theory can be applied extensively in the nonlinear region.     

TRANSIENT ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD OF A POLARIZABLE HALF-SPACE DUE TO VARIOUS CURRENT PULSES *

In this paper, the expressions for the induced voltage function V(T) and mutual impedance function Z_m(T) have been derived for specific range of time T and specific values of induced polarization parameters a for ramp and saw-tooth type of current pulses. The computed results for various cases are also presented. The low values of induced polarization parameter a represent the medium possessing membrane polarization, whereas high values exhibit electrode polarization medium. The method has practical applicability and is best suited for the interpretation of transient electromagnetic fields over a polarizable half-space.     

ENERGY DENSITY SPECTRUM AND AUTOCORRELATION FUNCTION OF ANOMALIES DUE TO SIMPLE MAGNETIC MODELS*

Formulae of the energy spectrum and autocorrelation function have been derived for magnetic anomalies due to four classes of bodies which can be represented in turn by (a) poles, (b) line of poles, (c) dipoles and (d) line of dipoles. The effects of the depth and dimensions of the magnetized sources on the spectrum and the autocorrelation function have been studied. In the case of the dipole models, the orientation of the polarization vector casts a significant influence on the characteristics of the two functions. In all cases, however, the functions change in size and shape as the inclination and declination of the geomagnetic vector are varied.     

Investigation of Schumann resonance polarization parameters

The Earth–ionosphere cavity is characterized by a number of disturbances which cause departures from the behaviour expected for the spherical symmetric case usually applied in model calculations. The main effects are the inhomogeneity of the upper atmosphere which is characterised by different conductivity profiles during day and night, and the conductivity anisotropy introduced by the Earths magnetic field. Standing waves, excited by the global thunderstorm activity, with an eigenfrequency of ≈8 Hz develop in this cavity. This phenomenon, which is called Schumann resonance, suffers a frequency splitting due to the removal of the spherical symmetry.At the Institut für Geophysik we measured the electromagnetic field components for a whole year at frequencies up to 20 Hz. We present the results of the analysis of the polarization of individual events of the horizontal magnetic field components. With the help of the polarization parameters as indicators, we show the existence of the aforementioned splitting. A frequency difference of 0.1–0.2 Hz between the two elliptical modes has been estimated.     

乌拉嘎金矿主要控矿因素与激电法找金效果

乌拉嘎金矿主要控矿因素是构造破碎带及裂隙带、斜长花岗斑岩体和老基底变质杂岩.其中构造破碎带是最主要控矿因素.矿化富集与含金玉髓状石英细脉或细网脉、黄铁一白铁矿脉和碳酸盐脉的发育程度密切相关.含金热液脉体的形态产状受构造破碎带和裂隙带控制,经过多期次叠加,往往造成矿化的进一步富集.矿体呈脉状、复脉状、扁豆状等形态.上述特点为该区电法找金提供了先决条件.金矿石是本区主要极化体.在乌拉嘎金矿区的张才沟靶区获得低阻高极化和高阻高极化异常,可望找到含金石英脉及含矿破碎带.     

A METHOD FOR CALCULATING IP ANOMALIES FOR MODELS WITH SURFACE POLARIZATION*

A numerical method is given for calculating resistivity and induced polarization anomalies produced by a surface polarization model. Surface polarization is generated when a purely electronic conductor is located in an electrolyte environment. The system that develops on the boundary between the conductor and the electrolyte is described macroscopically by a net surface charge distribution and an electric double layer. An integral equation is derived for the potential by assuming that the electronic conductor forms an equipotential system and that the polarization impedance across the boundary is linear. The integral equation is solved by means of the method of subsections. As an application some numerical modeling results are presented. The surface impedance values used in calculations are based on laboratory measurements that are briefly described. Implications of the results for scale modeling are discussed.     

VARIATION OF REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENTS WITH CRACK STRIKE AND CRACK DENSITY IN ANISOTROPIC MEDIA1

Recent observations show that the differential amplitudes between the faster and slower split shear-waves in reflection surveys contain information about lateral variations of crack density in cracked reservoirs. However, the variation of amplitude with crack geometry when the crack strike changes with depth has not been reported previously. In this paper, we derive expressions for reflection and transmission coefficients of plane split shear-waves at vertical incidence at an interface separating two cracked (anisotropic) media with different crack strikes. We examine the effects on these coefficients as crack strike and crack density vary. For interfaces with large velocity-contrasts, the reflection coefficients carry little information about crack geometry, and the effects of crack strike varying with depth are negligible. In such cases, the polarization and time-delay of the split shear-waves are the only features which reliably diagnose anisotropy and contain information about the variation of crack strike and density. However, for interfaces with small velocity-contrasts, the effects of any variation of crack strike with depth cannot be neglected. In such cases, in addition to the polarization and time-delays of split shear-waves, both the differential amplitude of faster and slower shear-waves and the amplitude ratio of the two off-diagonal elements in the reflected data matrix after separation of split shear-waves, contain information about the variation of crack strike and crack density. In contrast, effects of crack strike changing with depth on transmitted waves are more sensitive regardless of the velocity-contrast and the degree of anisotropy.     

Regional character of induced magnetic variations in India

Variations recorded simultaneously at eight Indian stations during a magnetic storm are analysed to obtain the power spectra for each component using the fast Fourier transform. For two selected peaks, observed for H at all stations, at 49.5- and 70-min periods, a complex demodulation is performed for each component. From the variations thus obtained, horizontal polarization ellipses are drawn for four events of 49.5-min period. The variation of the demodulates and polarization ellipses at the stations shows a regional character which coincides with the physiographic grouping of the stations. Anomalously large Z variations are observed at the equatorial stations, which are near the sea. A distinct feature is the suppression of H at Trivandrum where the polarization ellipses confirm the E-W trend of the induced currents in this region. The overall similarity of the horizontal variations is demonstrated by these ellipses. Horizontal disturbance vectors at Annamalainagar, Trivandrum and Sabhawala confirm channelled currents located previously. At Shillong, the induced effects are evident and the currents are deduced to flow eastward, directly beneath the station.The overall regional similarities in variations are clearly manifested.