A Hybrid System of Expanding 2D GIS into 3D Space

A hybrid system that integrates two-dimensional (2D) GIS and three-dimensional (3D) visualization has been developed to provide unique solutions to application domains where traditional 2D GIS and 3D visualization cannot alone provide a solution. In this paper, we focus on three key issues in realizing such an integrated system, including large-scale terrain rendering, 2D and 3D combination display (for example, rendering 2D GIS layers in 3D space), expanding traditional 2D GIS analysis functions into a 3D environment, and visualizing 3D geographical data. A generic framework is developed to integrate 3D visualization with various types of 2D GIS, such as commercial GIS software, open source GIS software and spatial databases. A prototype 2D and 3D hybrid system that seamlessly integrates 2D GIS (developed with ArcEngine) and 3D rendering engine (developed with DirectX) is then developed based on the framework. In this hybrid system, 2D and 3D data are viewed within the same scene. Multiple 2D GIS layers are overlaid on the base terrain using a Level of Detail (LOD) model. Advanced query functions, data accessing, data management and spatial analysis, which are executed in the traditional 2D GIS, are provided to users in a 3D environment by continuously transforming information between the 2D GIS subsystem and the 3D subsystem. The 3D data are organized and displayed by Keyhole Markup Language (KML) and textured 3D models in the COLLAborative Design Activity (COLLADA) format. The prototype demonstrates that this hybrid system has effectively addressed the three key issues identified above and that it can seamlessly integrate 2D GIS and 3D visualization. The hybrid system has great potential to be employed in many application domains, such as urban planning, landscape design and environmental decision making, among others, to enhance the 3D design capability and facilitate public participation in the planning, design and decision-making process.     

基于Cityengine平台的CGA规则室内三维建模方法研究

随着三维数字城市建设的兴起和不断发展,3D GIS技术逐渐被人们所重视,多种三维建模软件也已被大量应用在三维数字城市的设计和创建中。首先通过与传统建模软件的对比,分析了Cityengine城市引擎软件在快速批量建模和与GIS软件数据交互方面的优点,同时也指出了Cityengine在建筑物室内场景方面缺乏对建模规则的研究。因此本文利用二维GIS几何数据作为模型的底面基础数据,借助Cityengine软件特有的CGA语法编写规则文件,对Cityengine平台下创建建筑物室内三维场景的方法进行了初步探究。通过对该方法的研究旨在使三维室内外场景形成良好的整体,弥补之前Cityengine只能对大场景进行外部批量建模而缺乏对内部模型研究的不足,扩展Cityengine在三维建模领域的应用范围,为智慧城市的创建设计以及可视化分析提供了新的手段。     

基于CityGML的城市3维空间数据组织

当前的3维GIS重视3维空间方面的研究。重点是研究3维空间的几何对象的数据组织、操作方法以及查询分析等内容。本文通过对3维空间数据模型的研究,建立了一种基于CityGML语义的以建筑物为主的城市目标3维空间数据组织方法。这种方法丰富了城市3维空间数据建模,尤其对3维中的城市目标查询、统计和分析奠定了良好的基础。     

SuperMap 3D Designer关键技术及应用

三维数据采集技术及其在房产、建筑、水利、电力、交通等行业的不断发展和深入应用,对三维地理信息系统提出了新的挑战,三维空间信息在GIS平台中不再只停留在"看一看"的阶段,而需要从数据接入、处理、渲染到分析结果的输出,形成完整的闭环,为相关行业应用提供坚实的技术基础,为管理和决策提供可靠依据.本文以SuperMap GIS平台中三维地理设计(3D Designer)为基础,介绍多源异构的三维空间数据在地理信息平台中处理和应用的关键技术.首先,介绍了多源异构三维空间数据的主要来源和主要特征;然后重点阐述空间数据在三维地理信息平台中处理的和应用的难点及关键技术,包括采用快速建模方法解决传统二维数据资源在三维地理信息平台中的应用问题,采用实例化技术提升BIM数据的渲染性能问题,采用空间数据处理和分析关键算法解决模型和大场景的精确匹配问题等;最后,介绍了SuperMap 3 D Designer的主要应用方式.     

基于3D产品制作三维地形数据模型

随着GIS和3D打印技术的革新与进步,打印三维地形图已具备可行的条件。基于已有的3D产品(DLG、DOM、DEM),使用现有的专业GIS软件,可以快速地制作三维地形图数据模型,配以色彩丰富、样式美观的三维地图符号,即可输出3D打印格式的三维地形数据模型,并选择合适的打印材料和打印机进行制作,可以丰富测绘产品的形式,促进3D打印地形图产业的迅速发展。     

输电线路三维模型的构建与数据组织

提出了一种以二维输电线路GIS和DEMs数据为基础,通过三维扩展构建输电线路三维模型的方法;针对虚拟地形环境的特点,采用地形几何与纹理数据一体化组织的策略,以提高实时数据调度的效率。实例证明了该方法的科学性和实用性。     

新一代三维GIS关键技术研究与实践

文中阐述的新一代三维GIS技术体系是以二三维一体化GIS技术体系为基础框架,融合了倾斜摄影三维技术、激光点云三维技术、BIM与GIS结合的三维技术等.其中,倾斜摄影全自动化建模技术大幅度提高了三维数据获取的精度,降低了采集成本,并促进了三维数据标准化的发展,促进了三维GIS更广泛的应用;BIM与GIS的融合,使得三维GIS进入很多新兴应用领域.在数据模型层面,三维实体数据模型的定义与发展,促进了三维GIS理论体系的完善.VR/AR、3 D打印、WebGL等IT新技术的发展,也推动着三维GIS软件技术的发展.     

基于Java/Java 3D的地层3维建模与可视化

利用Java 3D技术建立一个地层可视化3维建模系统,实现地层3维模型漫游、旋转、剖切等功能,并以某地区地下水资源调查评价中采集的地质钻孔数据为例,验证该系统的有效性。该系统将不仅为地下水模型的3维实体建模提供理论支持,而且将推动WebGIS在地下水模型中的应用。     

Automatic reasoning for geometric constraints in 3D city models with uncertain observations

This paper presents a novel approach to automated geometric reasoning for 3D building models. Geometric constraints like orthogonality or parallelity play a prominent role in man-made objects such as buildings. Thus, constraint based modelling, that specifies buildings by their individual components and the constraints between them, is a common approach in 3D city models. Since prototyped building models allow one to incorporate a priori knowledge they support the 3D reconstruction of buildings from point clouds and allow the construction of virtual cities. However, high level building models have a high degree of complexity and consequently are not easily manageable. Interactive tools are needed which facilitate the development of consistent models that, for instance, do not entail internal logical contradictions. Furthermore, there is often an interest in a compact, redundancy-free representation. We propose an approach that uses algebraic methods to prove that a constraint is deducible from a set of premises. While automated reasoning in 2D models is practical, a substantial increase in complexity can be observed in the transition to the three-dimensional space. Apart from that, algebraic theorem provers are restricted to crisp constraints so far. Thus, they are unable to handle quality issues, which are, however, an important aspect of GIS data and models. In this article we present an approach to automatic 3D reasoning which explicitly addresses uncertainty. Hereby, our aim is to support the interactive modelling of 3D city models and the automatic reconstruction of buildings. Geometric constraints are represented by multivariate polynomials whereas algebraic reasoning is based on Wu’s method of pseudodivision and characteristic sets. The reasoning process is further supported by logical inference rules. In order to cope with uncertainty and to address quality issues the reasoner integrates uncertain projective geometry and statistical hypothesis tests. Consequently, it allows one to derive uncertain conclusions from uncertain premises. The quality of such conclusions is quantified in a way which is sound both from a logical and a statistical perspective.     

基于云计算的三维地理空间信息服务的表达

当前云计算的发展已能支持高性能的地理空间服务,比如在数字城市和电子商务等行业。Apache基金支持下的开源软件框架Hadoop,可以用来构建一个云环境的集群用来存储和处理高性能的地理空间数据。开放地理空间联盟(OGC)的Web三维服务(W3DS)就是这样一个很好的三维的地理空间数据服务标准。在标准的云计算环境下将是一个更好的应用示范。基于此,本文研究了OGC的W3DS服务在云计算环境下的实验结果。实验采用Apache的Hadoop框架作为三维地理空间信息服务实验展示的基础。实验结果对展示高性能的三维地理空间信息提供了有价值的参考。     

基于三维空间的电力设施灾害数据挖掘

近年来,随着电子、计算机等技术的飞速发展,三维GIS的应用渐趋成熟,以往设想中的许多应用逐渐成为了现实。比如城市应急反应、虚拟旅游、智能交通、城市规划与设计等领域中,三维GIS都有广泛成熟的应用。尤其是在电力行业的应用中,三维技术除了能更好地展现三维场景、电力模型等,还能够和灾害模型相结合,进行电力设施灾害结果预测等。本文提出的基于三维空间的灾害数据挖掘方法,涉及灾害分布空间分析和空间数据挖掘的方法,是一种在三维地理信息技术下灾害分布情况对于电力设施影响程度的数据挖掘方法。     

基于交互式3维平台的3维GIS数据可视化方法

3维GIS是目前GIS发展的新趋势之一,本文通过分析比较各种3维平台的功能,探讨了利用它们进行交互式数据交换的方法,为展示、发布3维成果提供数据支撑,并展望了利用交互式平台设计3维GIS系统的前景。     

Performance study of various spatial indexes on 3D geo-data in Geo-RDBMS

In the emerging era of information and communication technologies, geotechnology is one of the fastest growing fields. Geo-RDBMS is very important and evolving aspect for GIS, as it can manage large volume of spatial data inside RDBMS. The utilization of RDBMS for geospatial data was one of the important focuses of GIS professionals in last decades to store and manage 2D geo-data. However, the support for 3D geo-data inside RDBMS is still limited and is a challenging task for RDBMS providers. In this study, data organization and performance assessment of 3D geo-data inside RDBMS are carried out. In this process, various file-based 3D data models such as CityGML, COLLADA and KML are migrated to geo-RDBMS to bring entire 3D geo-data in common platform. Various spatial indexing techniques viz. R-Tree, B-Tree, GiST, etc. are applied on these 3D data models and best indexing techniques are studied for 3D GIS operations.     

校园三维景观建模及其飞行漫游的实现

三维景观建模技术是地理信息系统的重要发展领域。文中以AutoCAD格式的施工设计图为基础,利用三维可视地理信息系统软件IMAGIS 2.3,通过数据的预处理、三维建模、纹理映射,建立了福建师范大学新校区理工楼群模型,并就有关技术问题进行了讨论。     

基于SketchUp和ArcGIS的城市3维建模技术研究

城市3维模型数据是指计算机对一个城市内所有固定对象的3维表达,是数字城市建设的一种重要框架数据。ESRI公司的ArcGIS系列软件作为一款功能强大的GIS软件,虽然在ArcGIS 9.2版本中对ArcGIS 3D分析扩展（包括ArcScene和ArcGlobe应用）的很多功能上进行了显著的改进,但是在制作3维对像数据上还是存在不足,需要借助其他专业软件辅助创建3维对象。而与专业3维模型软件之间的结合使用,例如,Google SketchUp,将为3维数据的实时和交互分析提供更多选择和机会。     

A novel approach for constructing a 3D model based on registering a mono image on a 3D model,applicable in Digital Earth

The effect of Digital Earth on our life is vital. Developing and updating Geospatial data in Digital Earth is also essential. This paper presents the application of a new approach of image registration in Digital Earth. The approach was developed based on registering a mono photograph on a master 3D model. The result is a 3D vector model, which can be broadly applied in visualisation, mapping, geographic information system (GIS), planning, change detection, as well as Digital Earth. The approach does not require parameters of correction for transformation. The accuracy of the output depends on the accuracy of the master data. This approach is very versatile and able to register any image on the digital elevation model, digital surface model and topographic 3D model.     

3维地理信息Web服务集成研究

随着空间信息技术和网络技术的发展,地理信息系统（GIS）也在不断地从2维世界走向3维世界,从GIS应用走向GIS服务。在此基础上,本文提出了3DGIS Web服务,并设计了基于SOA的3DGIS Web服务多层体系结构、3DGIS Web服务的数据源和API框架,论述了3DGIS Web服务和现有的2维GIS Web服务集成需要解决的关键技术问题。     

三维GIS关键技术的研究

主要从三维GIS的特点、三维GIS的可视化、三维GIS的数据结构与数据模型、三维GIS的空间分析等几方面所涉及的技术进行了总结和研究,最后指出了存在的当务之急需要解决的问题。     

From 2D and 3D GIS for CyberCity

In order to understand the 3D landscape with many high buildings in a city, the 2D GIS has to be extended to 3D GIS. The further development of CyberCity has to include various applications of 3D scenes from the outdoor scenes to the indoor ones. In thispaper, some key techniques, such as data management method and dynamicalvisualization method for the outdoor and the indoor scenes, are discussed. The indoor scene is compared with the outdoor one. The idea of integratedrepresentation of the outdoor and the indoor scenes in CyberCity GIS is discussed. Funded by the open research fund program of LIESMARS (No. 010302).     

3维GIS面向对象数据模型的研究与应用

3维数据模型是3维GIS研究中亟待解决的一个核心问题。在充分分析现有3维数据模型的基础上，从实际应用出发，针对传统模型的不足，提出1种3维GIS面向对象数据模型，以解决空间不规则实体本身，以及实体间复杂关系的描述、表达和组织等关键问题，并给出此模型应用实例，证明此模型的可行性和实用性。