Acoustic imagery using a multibeam bathymetric system

Historically, measurement and collection of deep‐ocean acoustic imagery are accomplished by towed sidescan systems. Recently, work has been performed to extract acoustic imagery from current hull‐mounted wide‐swath bathymetric sonars with minimal hardware modification. Past work of deriving acoustic imagery from swath sonars has been performed primarily with SeaBeam's sixteen 2^2/3 ° preformed beams. The Navy is investigating the feasibility of extracting an acoustic image from the Sonar Array Survey Systems (SASS), a high‐resolution (1^o beams) wide‐fan (90°) bathymetric system. Due to the large data volume (approximately 1 MB per ping), SASS normally discards the raw acoustic returns once bathymetry is calculated. In early 1991 the Naval Air Development Center (NADC) installed the hardware on board the USNS Maury to capture and record the raw acoustic signal (inphase and quadrature) from the SASS's 144 hydrophones for later inversion to a backscatter image. Preliminary qualitative mosaics of the sidescan images show promising results and warrant further development.     

Gravity Anomaly and Tectonics in the Northern Part of the North Fiji Basin - Preliminary Result of the 1994 NOFI Cruise under the NEW STARMER Programme

A surface ship gravity survey was carried out in the northern part of the North Fiji Basin during the NOFI cruise by the R/V l'Atalante in August-September, 1994. The two ridges inside the study area, the South Pandora Ridge and the Tripartite Ridge, present different structures and states of isostatic equilibrium in terms of gravity anomaly and its tectonic implications. The former is supported by a restoring force of an imaginary elastic plate in the crust and the latter by the Airy type isostasy. These characteristics can be derived from the difference in magmatic activity, as influenced by the difference in lithospheric structure. The latter is characterised by greater active magmatism and hydrothermalism underneath the ridge than the former. Such a difference in the magmatic activity and the horizontal scale of the shallow subsurface structure is derived from the difference in the stiffness or viscosity of the lithosphere beneath the two ridges.     

数字影像分析技术在海滩环境监测的应用

运用视频监测技术对青岛石老人海滩进行环境变化的监测,将基于高斯混合模型的聚类方法应用于数字影像中进行浒苔目标分割,并计算出浒苔的面积。分析结果表明,该项技术能够对海滩浒苔等海滩环境进行实时的监测,从而避免浒苔在海滩的堆积,对浴场海滩的环境及旅游业的发展都具有重要意义。     

应用FMI成像测井识别钙质结核及意义

结核属于一种矿物集合体,对于查明所赋存沉积物的沉积环境、沉积特征及演化历史等方面有重要意义,以往对于露头中出现的结核研究较为成熟。而对于井下发育的结核,缺乏有效手段对其形态、形成阶段及数量进行全面认识,致使结核理论在地质分析应用中受到极大限制。充分利用FMI成像测井纵、横向分辨率高、井眼覆盖率高、图像清晰等特点,对珠江口盆地琼海凸起珠江组大量发育的钙质结核形态及形成阶段做了详细研究,为认识研究区沉积环境及演化规律起到积极意义,同时也证明FMI成像测井资料为识别井下地层中发育的结核提供了一种有效手段。     

Structural styles and depositional architecture in the Triassic of the Ninian and Alwyn North fields: Implications for basin development and prospectivity in the Northern North Sea

Interpretation of well-calibrated three-dimensional seismic volumes, sedimentological analysis and electrical well-log correlations from the Ninian and Alwyn North fields challenge the long-held view that Mid-Late Jurassic extensional faults in the East Shetland Basin represent a simple reactivation of older (Triassic) fault systems. Restoration for the effects of the younger, predominantly eastward-dipping, Mid-Late Jurassic structures clearly demonstrates that Triassic precursors had a steep, westerly dip. In contrast to the eastern flank of the Viking Graben (e.g. Troll and Oseberg areas), where the west-dipping Triassic structures are reutilised in the Mid-Late Jurassic, those of the East Shetland Basin have largely been dissected and rotated during the later event. Those west-dipping faults that did see later movement appear to have simply acted as minor antithetic structures to the throughgoing east-dipping ones.The Triassic normal fault patterns actively controlled sediment thicknesses and facies distribution within the Lunde and Teist Formations in the basin. Use of seismic stratigraphic surfaces, calibrated by biostratigraphy and chemostratigraphic markers, provides strong evidence that the Triassic depocentres are spatially offset from their Mid-Late Jurassic counterparts. The combination of structural, stratigraphic and sedimentary effects reveal the existence of an emergent deeper Triassic play opportunity in footwall locations to the Mid-Late Jurassic normal faults, which has the potential to extend the life of what is otherwise mature acreage.     

我国海洋溢油事故特征与趋势分析

文章通过对1971—2011年期间发生在我国沿海海域内溢油量在50t以上的海洋溢油事故数据的收集调查,分析了海洋溢油事故的年际变化、事故原因、油品种类、事故发生地区、事故等级等的统计特征。结果表明:1971—2011年我国50t以上海洋溢油事故共发生81起,溢油总量为49 667t;碰撞是造成海洋溢油事故的最主要原因,占总溢油次数的48.2%;污染物类型主要为燃油、原油和柴油;广东省和山东省是发生溢油事故的大省;特别重大溢油事故发生频率为0.32次/a。     

礼乐盆地碳酸盐岩时空分布特征及构造意义

对碳酸盐岩(台地与生物礁)的研究具有重要的油气地质意义和科学价值。渐新世以来, 礼乐盆地及周缘开始了大规模的碳酸盐建造, 至今还有一定规模生物礁持续发育。文章通过拖网约束、井震对比和地震相类比方法对礼乐盆地周缘碳酸盐岩的发育特征、构造背景和时空分布规律进行系统研究。结果表明, 礼乐盆地主要发育孤立、前隆、掀斜断块型台地及生物礁。碳酸盐岩时空发育特征为: 1) 渐新世—早中新世以构造前隆和掀斜断块控制的开阔台地为主, 生物礁零星发育; 2) 早中新世—中中新世表现为大量孤立台地和生物礁; 3) 中中新世之后, 发生台地和礁的淹没, 盆地内主要发育点礁。结合构造背景和重磁特征分析表明, 古隆起、掀斜断块、前隆迁移和岩浆活动为控制礼乐盆地不同时期碳酸盐岩发育的主要构造要素。现今礼乐盆地及周缘大量生长的珊瑚礁, 主要发育在上新世—更新世岩浆活动形成的海山之上。     

Basin assemblages and tectonic evolution in the Bohai Gulf and its neighbors

According to multi-disciplinary research advances in recent years, three blocks which named Jiaoliao-Bohai block, central North China block and Ordos block are divided.The differences of the tectonic association, types, styles and features in the space, and ewlution fmm Archaean to Cenozoic in the time, between the former two blocks are discussed.Tectonic features and evolution in the four tectonic stages of Precambrian, Indo-China, Yanshanian and Cenozoic are emphasized especially here.All of them described above have inherit and neogenic property.The temporal-spatial change and interaction among basin assemblages in the above four stagers are analyzed.Escape tectonic model is employed to interpret coeval compressive and extensional basins in the study area.     

南海中建南盆地速度资料分析与应用

在大量速度谱解释的基础上,分别计算了南海中建南盆地的层速度、时深转换和砂岩百分含量,并对盆地5套地层的层速度平面图进行了分析。结果表明,中部坳陷的层速度最大,北部坳陷和南部坳陷次之,北部隆起的层速度最小,反映了地层的构造走势;利用砂岩百分含量资料进行岩性分析,发现西北部和西南部的砂岩百分含量大于75%,属于砂岩相沉积,推测盆地的物源主要来自西北和西南方向,为沉积相解释和油气资源评价提供了依据。     

Constructing a 3D structural block diagram of the Central Basin in Marmara Sea by means of bathymetric and seismic data

In this study we made a comparative interpretation of multibeam bathymetric and seismic reflection data with different resolutions and penetration properties collected in the Central Basin of the Marmara Sea. Our main objectives were (i) to investigate and compare the active tectonic deformation observed on the sea bottom and within the uppermost sedimentary layers to that of the deep-seated deformation within the limits of resolution and penetration of the available geophysical data and (ii) to build a three-dimensional (3D) block diagram of the active tectonic and buried features by means of a sliced mapping technique. In this approach, we produced slice maps of the active and buried structural features at selected depths and then combined them to form a 3D structural block diagram. Motivation for our work was to produce a 3D structural diagram to derive a more detailed image of the structural features in the Central Basin where there is no available 3D seismic data. The observations from the bathymetry and seismic data and developed 3D diagram support the presence of a through-going strike-slip fault that forms a rotational depression zone against a right-stepping strike-slip faulting causing a pull-apart basin in the Central Depression zone.     

High-resolution record of tectonic and sedimentary processes in growth strata

Growth strata are used to determine the kinematics of synsedimentary structures such as faults. Classical methods of analysis such as thickness versus throw plot consider that the available space created by fault slip in the hanging wall of faults is instantaneously filled up by sediments. This has lead many previous works to identify a cyclic activity for growth faults. Here we perform a careful analysis of the variation of strata thicknesses on each side of a very well documented normal growth fault in the Niger delta. We show that these thickness variations are induced by the alternation of sedimentary processes during continuous fault slip. Suspended-load processes induce either uniform or slightly variable thickness of a large majority of mudstone layers. Bedload processes result in a preferential thickening of sand layers in the hanging wall. These high quality data thus provide strong grounds for doubting the polycyclic growth diagnosed for some faults at the scale of sedimentary cycles and supports the notion that fault displacement rates can be very well behaved. Our study emphasizes the important conclusion that stable fault growth, and related displacement rates, can appear to be punctuated when viewed at the scale of sedimentary cycles. It follows that care should be taken when attempting to derive displacement rates on temporal scales equivalent to those of alternating sedimentological cycles.     

Comparative mitochondrial genome analysis of Sesarmidae and its phylogenetic implications

Here, we sequenced the complete mitogenome of Parasesarma eumolpe (Brachyura: Grapsoidea: Sesarmidae) for the first time. The characteristics of this newly sequenced mitogenome were described and compared with other Sesarmidae species. The 15 646-bp mitogenome contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and an A-T rich region. All of the PCGs are initiated by the start codon ATN and terminated by the standard TAN codon or an incomplete T. The pairwise Ka/Ks ratio analysis shows that all 13 PCGs are under purifying selection, whereas the ATP8 gene is an outlier, with pairwise comparison values ranging from neutral selection (0.000) to positive selection (1.039). The gene arrangement of P. eumolpe compared with ancestral Decapoda shows the translocation of two tRNAs (tRNA-His and tRNA-Gln), which is identical to other Sesarmidae species. Phylogenetic analyses show that all Sesarmidae species are placed into one group, and the polyphyly of Eriphioidea, Ocypodoidea, and Grapsoidea is well supported. The relationship between gaps in the QIM region and the phylogeny of Sesarmidae is analyzed. It is obvious that both the G5 (the gap between Q and I) and G6 (the gap between I and M) decrease progressively with the evolution process. These results will help to better understand the genomic evolution within Sesarmidae and provide insights into the phylogeny of Brachyura.     

渤海海冰现场监测的数字图像技术及其应用

在渤海冰区油气开发中,海冰给平台结构、油气运输和施工作业带来很大影响.油气作业区海冰参数精确、连续、实时的现场监测对分析油气开发的可靠性、检验海冰数值模式、校正海冰卫星遥感数据具有重要意义.针对渤海油气作业区的海冰运动和分布特性,通过数字图像技术对海冰的厚度、运动速度和密集度三个参数的提取进行了算法开发和软件研制.在2...     

渤海海冰现场监测的数字图像技术及其应用

在渤海冰区油气开发中,海冰给平台结构、油气运输和施工作业带来很大影响。油气作业区海冰参数精确、连续、实时的现场监测对分析油气开发的可靠性、检验海冰数值模式、校正海冰卫星遥感数据具有重要意义。针对渤海油气作业区的海冰运动和分布特性,通过数字图像技术对海冰的厚度、运动速度和密集度三个参数的提取进行了算法开发和软件研制。在2009-2010年采用该海冰数字图像监测软件对渤海辽东湾JZ20-2油气作业区的海冰参数进行了全冰期的连续监测,获得了翔实可靠的海冰厚度、密集度和冰速等海冰监测资料。现场监测应用表明,该海冰数字图像监测软件具有操作性强、精确度高、可靠性好的优点。该监测技术进一步完善后可广泛应用于渤海油气作业区的海冰现场监测,成为海冰业务化现场监测的重要组成部分。     

莺歌海盆地新生代构造沉积演化及动力学机制分析

南海西北陆缘构造演化极其复杂,受到红河断裂、海南地幔柱和南海形成演化等多种因素的控制。莺歌海盆地位于南海西北部,发育了巨厚的新生代沉积物,详细记录了南海西北陆缘新生代的演化历史。但是莺歌海盆地新生代以来主要受到何种构造因素的控制目前还不太清楚。本文在莺歌海盆地较为均匀地选择了7口钻井和23口模拟井,通过空盆构造沉降方法重建了莺歌海盆地的构造沉降量、构造沉降速率和沉积速率,同时运用重力反演方法模拟了莺歌海盆地深部地壳结构,并结合前人研究成果进行了综合分析。结果发现莺歌海盆地在裂陷期（45～23 Ma BP）,盆地北部和中部沉降速率较大,南部沉降速率较小;在裂后期（23～0 Ma BP）, 盆地北部和中部沉降速率存在两期“台阶式”上升,分别为23～11.7 Ma BP和11.7 Ma BP至今,北部裂后期构造沉降速率最大可达80 m/Ma,中部最大可达110 m/Ma;南部地堑和隆起裂后期分别在11.7～5.7 Ma BP和15.9～11.7 Ma BP构造沉降速率最大可达70 m/Ma。莺歌海盆地新生代整体上表现为沉降速率与沉积速率变化基本一致,说明构造沉降对沉积速率具有显著的控制作用。重力反演发现莺歌海盆地可能存在下地壳高密度异常体,结合盆地沉积物内部钻遇玄武岩,我们推测下地壳高密度异常体为基性侵入体。通过与南海周边其他沉积盆地沉降速率对比发现,几乎所有盆地都在中中新世−晚中新世（15.9～11.7 Ma BP）发生了加速沉降事件,我们认为这可能跟南海海盆停止扩张导致大陆边缘次生地幔对流消失有关。莺歌海盆地5.7 Ma BP至今的加速沉降则可能与红河断裂右旋走滑活动有关。     

PACMANUS 热液区Si-Fe-Mn 氧化物的显微结构特征及意义

用显微镜、电子探针和扫描电镜等分析技术,对2008年"KX08-973"航次中国首次在东马努斯海盆PACMANUS热液区用拖网取得的少量Si-Fe-Mn氧化物海底热液产物样品进行显微结构特征研究。研究表明,显微镜下,样品呈隐晶质结构;扫描电镜下可见已石化的硅藻;电子探针分析结果显示,Fe和Mn的分布具有明显的分带性,呈现出Si-Mn质层被Si-Fe质层包裹的特征,反应了Si-Fe-Mn氧化物的形成具有多期多阶段性特征。样品是富Si,Fe和Mn的低温热液流体直接沉淀产物。本研究结果对该区热液氧化物的进一步研究,如Si-Mn质层和Si-Fe质层中Si与Mn和Fe的化合方式、微生物在热液氧化物形成过程中的作用具有指导意义。     

Active spreading and hydrothermalism in North Fiji Basin (SW Pacific). Results of Japanese French Cruise Kaiyo 87

The aim of the Japanese-French Kaiyo 87 cruise was the study of the spreading axis in the North Fiji Basin (SW Pacific). A Seabeam and geophysical survey allowed us to define the detailed structure of the active NS spreading axis between 16° and 22° S and its relationships with the left lateral motion of the North Fiji Fracture Zone. Between 21° S and 18°10′ S, the spreading axis trends NS. From 18°10 S to 16°40 S the orientation of the spreading axis changes from NS to 015°. North of 16°40′ S the spreading axis trends 160°. These two 015° and 160° branches converge with the left lateral North Fiji fracture zone around 16°40′ S to define an RRFZ triple junction. Water sampling, dredging and photo TV deep towing give new information concerning the hydrothermal activity along the spreading axis. The discovery of hydrothermal deposits associated with living communities confirms this activity.     

运用调和分析方法分离卫星高度计资料中的潮汐信息

针对TOPEX／POSEIDON卫星高度计资料中的潮汐高频混淆现象，采用潮汐调和分析方法，通过比较卫星上、下行轨道交叉点两组资料分析的分潮振幅和分离潮汐后的海面高度；同时比较潮位站实测资料与遥感资料分析的分潮振幅，结果表明：采用潮汐调和分析可以有效地分离高度计资料中的潮汐信息。     

Reconstruction of subsurface DIC and alkalinity fields in the North Pacific using assimilation of upper ocean data

The subsurface water beneath the summer mixed layer is important to air–sea carbon flux, while its geochemical properties are not frequently observed. A data assimilation method is applied to determine the geochemical fields in the subsurface (i.e., 100 m) from the data collected at the surface in the North Pacific. This method, in the family of the inverse methods, is constructed on a one-dimensional bulk mixed layer model. In addition to temperature and salinity, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and alkalinity are also considered as model variables, whereas biological productivity is omitted. The geochemical properties increase from the fall to the winter, which is the period simulated by the model, as the mixed layer develops and entrains subsurface water rich in DIC and alkalinity. Consequently, the geochemical fields in the mixed layer must have extremely sharp north–south gradients in the western region of the North Pacific and can be reproduced only by enhancing the north–south gradients in the subsurface. The fields reconstructed by the data assimilation provide useful information about the biogeochemical cycles. It is suggested that the large difference in DIC between the surface and the subsurface in the northwestern region is produced by transporting DIC from the mixed layer to the subsurface in the summer, implying extremely high biological productivity. Furthermore, it is suggested that high DIC in the ambient water is maintained by the upwelling of lower layer water.