海河基线检测场建设及观测墩施工放样方法

介绍了"中国地震背景场探测项目"中海河基线检测场的建立过程,对检测场的选择、建立、观测墩的平面放样和高程放样的两种施工放样方法分别进行详细阐述,最后对基线检测场建设的建议及工作体会进行了总结。     

“中国高分”科技重大专项在对地观测发展历程中的阶段研究

系统梳理1998年民用航天管理机构调整,特别是2005年天地一体化结构调整实施以及国家科技重大专项高分辨率对地观测系统(下称高分专项)从2007年开始论证到实施至今10余年发展历程,揭示行业发展基本规律,首次将中国民用遥感行业发展划分为4个阶段,阐述了每个阶段主要特征、面临的问题以及创新管理实践;首次将高分专项十年历程明确为一个发展阶段,提出本行业未来发展要在高分专项阶段成果基础上,推动遥感行业继"由试验应用型向业务服务型转变"成功后,向"体系效能型"转变,再次引领和推动中国对地观测新体系建设。     

The International GLONASS Service – Pilot Project

The International GLONASS Service – Pilot Project (IGLOS-PP), a project of the International GPS Service, was launched in order to underscore the importance and benefits of integrating data from multiple systmes and techniques within IGS products. At first this article summarizes the contributing organizations and the available infrastructure. Later on the GLONASS related modeling techniques at the involved IGS Analysis Centers are described and we conclude with some remarks concerning the advantages for the expected user commmunity. ? 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

基于Matlab的InSAR条纹图典型滤波算法研究与对比

合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)是测绘地理信息领域快速发展的一项大地测量技术,也是卫星应用领域广泛应用的一项空间对地观测技术。本文着重对InSAR中相位噪声滤波的几种典型算法进行研究与对比,为不同滤波场景下的算法选择提供一定的参考。     

Precise GPS Positioning by Applying Ionospheric Corrections from an Active Control Network

In this article, initial results are presented of a method to improve fast carrier phase ambiguity resolution over longer baselines (with lengths up to about 200 km). The ionospheric delays in the global positioning system (GPS) data of these long baselines mainly hamper successful integer ambiguity resolution, a prerequisite to obtain precise positions within very short observation time spans. A way to correct the data for significant ionospheric effects is to have a GPS user operate within an active or permanently operating network use ionospheric estimates from this network. A simple way to do so is to interpolate these ionospheric estimates based on the expected spatial behaviour of the ionospheric delays. In this article such a technique is demonstrated for the Dutch Active Control Network (AGRS.NL). One hour of data is used from 4 of the 5 reference stations to obtain very precise ionospheric corrections after fixing of the integer ambiguities within this network. This is no problem because of the relatively long observation time span and known positions of the stations of the AGRS.NL. Next these interpolated corrections are used to correct the GPS data from the fifth station for its ionospheric effects. Initial conclusions about the performance of this technique are drawn in terms of improvement of integer ambiguity resolution for this baseline. ? 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

南水北调西线工程区活动断裂构造遥感研究

根据断裂构造的判读标志,在南水北调西线工程区共存在NW,NE,SN和EW向四组断裂近200条,NW向断裂为区域性的断裂构造,控制工程区地貌、水系等的发育。其中,有22条断裂规模较大,对输水线路存在相对较大的影响。野外考察结果表明,区内有5条全新世时期的活动断裂和12条晚更新世时期的主干和区域性大断裂。通过综合分析发现,5条全新世时期的活动断裂因为离输水线路较远或未穿越输水线路,而12条晚更新世时期的断裂构造则因全新世以来没有活动,因而它们对工程区的影响总体上还是有限的,工程区处于一个相对稳定的区域,而区域构造分析的结果也说明工程区位于一个相对的安全岛内。     

中国遥感技术在考古中的应用与发展

遥感技术的日新月异以及考古学的新目标、新需要不断出现, 利用遥感技术进行田野考古研究的工作已经取得长足进展。回顾了遥感考古的历史, 介绍了遥感技术在大遗址探测中的优势与作用, 以当前遥感考古与虚拟考古研究为例, 对遥感考古发展中面临的问题进行了概述。     

云南及周边地区GNSS数据处理方法优化

采用麻省理工学院开发的GAMIT／GLOBK软件,将2015年-2016年全球347个IGS站观测数据分七个子网解算,得到一个固定的参考框架来解算云南及周边地区的35个全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）基准站的坐标,测站坐标均方根误差水平方向在0.7 mm以内,垂直方向在0.3 mm以内,水平方向的坐标重复性精度在5 mm以内,垂向坐标的重复性精度大多数在2.5 cm以内;与在ITRF2014下解算的测站坐标、基线长度、水平速度场结果对比表明:测站坐标存在系统误差,水平方向上的差异在8.5 mm以内,垂直方向上在3 cm以内;基线长度差异在2 mm以内,水平速度场在数值上存在毫米级的差异,方向上基本一致．      

全站仪三角高程测量应用综述

随着全站仪的更新换代,全站仪三角高程的测量精度不断提高,其应用领域在不断地扩大和深化。本文着重对单向观测法、对向观测法、中间设站法等三种三角高程测量观测方法进行论述和精度分析,对主要误差来源进行综述,并对其应用领域进行了总结,得到了一些有益的结论。     

GPS单站定位的误差改正模型研究

GPS单站定位的作业方式、外业组织观测和数据处理等比较简单,同时,由于采用观测值不同、观测时间长短不同、定位模式和数据处理方式不同,其精度可以从毫米级到米级不等,实际应用中以伪距单点定位和精密单点定位为主。GPS单站定位不能通过求差方式来消除或消弱各项误差,为提高其定位精度,必须研究各项误差的改正模型,以便对其进行精细改正。本文用2010年10月31日CHAN站24小时的观测数据,确定各项误差在一天中的影响大小和变化规律,研究结果对精密单点定位的误差研究和GPS定位误差的教学工作等都有参考意义。     

老航片在考古中的应用研究

通过国家863计划项目“考古遥感与地球物理综合探测技术”和国家历史博物馆项目“周王陵历史变迁研究”的研究成果，介绍了老航片在考古研究中的应用方法和应用效果。     

First results from the PROBA/CHRIS hyperspectral/multiangular satellite system over land and water targets

The Project for On-Board Autonomy (PROBA) platform developed by the European Space Agency was launched on October 22, 2001. The instrument payload includes the Compact High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (CHRIS). The coupled system provides high spatial resolution hyperspectral/multiangular data, which represents a new-generation source of information for Earth observation purposes. The first results obtained from the preprocessing (noise removal and geometric/atmospheric correction) of two different datasets, collected over agricultural crops and inland waters, are presented in this letter. In situ measurements are used to assess the quality of the data and to validate the processing algorithms. The capabilities of this new kind of information for an improved analysis of the surface properties are shown, focusing on the advantages that the coupling between the spectral and the angular domains may have in future Earth observation systems.     

“Laser Discoverers” – Web‐based User‐generated Content in Heritage Detection in Poland

This article presents the results and potential of using volunteered geographic information (VGI) in heritage detection. Research was completed under the project entitled “Laser Discoverers – non‐invasive examination and documentation of archeological and historical objects in the ?wi?tokrzyskie Voivodeship”, carried out as a part of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education program entitled “The Paths of Copernicus”. Within the project, strong emphasis was placed on promotional and awareness‐raising activities, to involve as many voluntary users as possible. Project participants had at their disposal a web application, which provided access to a digital terrain model (DTM) where they identified possible heritage objects. All samples of data were additionally available in eight variants of sunshine, based on the simulation of sunlight from eight directions and at a constant angle. In total, 5,989 elementary areas with dimensions of 100 × 100 m were used for the project. After conducting a field inventory, Internet users together with specialists were able to recognize several thousands of potential archaeological and historic objects. During the project, approximately 10% of those features were verified through non‐invasive (field survey) work, with 75% success.     

顾及短基线同轴约束的指向性观测相机原型

针对相机大视场感兴趣目标分辨率不足的问题,提出短基线同轴约束模型并设计主从相机原型,大视场相机用于监视整个视场,主动相机用于对目标区域进行指向性高清观测。基本过程为：（1）利用短基线同轴约束模型简化相机外参矩阵,并构建大视场相机与主动相机间的映射关系,通过三角函数计算主动相机初始控制参数;（2）在近距离场景下,对主动相机控制参数进行补偿。实验结果表明,相机只需一次离线标定即可适应各种场景。观测目标与大视场相机距离3～10 m的近距离场景下,目标在主动相机图像中的实际位置与理论位置误差在30像素以内;远距离场景的有效距离内,误差在6像素左右。计算单一目标点对应主动相机控制参数的时间不超过0.2 ms。原型对目标场景、目标深度无依赖性,且用于较远目标观测时相对于其他方法在精度与时效性方面具有较高优势。     

Regional gravity modeling in terms of spherical base functions

This article provides a survey on modern methods of regional gravity field modeling on the sphere. Starting with the classical theory of spherical harmonics, we outline the transition towards space-localizing methods such as spherical splines and wavelets. Special emphasis is given to the relations among these methods, which all involve radial base functions. Moreover, we provide extensive applications of these methods and numerical results from real space-borne data of recent satellite gravity missions, namely the Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) and the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). We also derive high-resolution gravity field models by effectively combining space-borne and surface measurements using a new weighted level-combination concept. In addition, we outline and apply a strategy for constructing spatio-temporal fields from regional data sets spanning different observation periods.     

无人机平台的沙漠场地BRDF特征观测方法及建模

目标双向反射分布函数BRDF（Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function）不仅是陆面遥感的关键地球物理参数,也是星载光学遥感仪器基于地面目标的场地辐射校正重要参量,是影响定标精度的关键要素。传统野外地物多角度测量使用的观测设备,一般其结构较为复杂,重量体积较大,而且运输和组装过程繁琐,观测目标时容易受地形和交通限制,难以进行高效快速精确的野外测量。近年来,无人机由于其设备操作简便、运输和观测方式灵活等方面的优点,可作为新的观测平台应用于当前遥感试验中。本文设计了一种基于无人机平台的地表BRDF测量装置、观测方案和数据处理流程。利用多旋翼低空无人机和云台的组合,搭载野外地物光谱仪和跟拍相机,通过对地面目标多角度观测和高精度定位及角度控制,实现针对固定目标的多方位角和天顶角观测。本文采用上述设计方案和观测流程,在敦煌辐射校正场开展多次稳定均匀沙漠目标的多角度光谱观测试验,并利用实验观测数据,基于Ross-Li核驱动模型推算了场地BRDF模型参数,并与MODIS的陆表BRDF产品（MCD43C1）及反射率产品（MOD/MYD09）进行对比验证。通过开展野外实验,核验了这种新的BRDF观测手段的可靠性,获取的敦煌地表BRDF参数与MODIS遥感产品有良好的一致性,各波段的相对偏差在5%以内。本研究表明,基于多旋翼无人机的BRDF观测系统,提供了一种全新的地物目标方向反射特性观测方法,可用于自动化高频次场地特性观测以及卫星同步定标等野外实验活动。在保证观测精度的同时,极大地减轻人力物力的投入,值得广泛推广应用。     

植被冠层日光诱导叶绿素荧光塔基自动观测方法及系统介绍

植物光合作用所提供的物质和能量是人类赖以生存的关键因素,而日光诱导叶绿素荧光SIF(Sun-Induced chlorophyll Fluorescence)是植物光合作用的副产品,与光合作用关系密切,深入研究SIF将对于更加深入理解光合作用机制有着重要的意义.目前,近地面植被冠层SIF遥感观测发展迅速,但不同SIF观...     

利用多源重力观测数据反演渤海湾地区构造应力场

以最小二乘配置为基础,推导了基于观测信号的自适应融合算法。对渤海湾地区航空重力、陆地重力和卫星测高3类实测数据进行了基于观测信号的自适应融合处理,提高了融合区域重力观测数据精度。采用融合后的重力异常数据反演了渤海湾地区构造应力场,并结合地震历史资料进行初步分析,总结了该地区构造应力场的总体特征。反演结果表明,渤海湾地区构造应力场方向整体上呈现朝北方向,构造应力场清晰显现出郯庐断裂带和张家口-蓬莱断裂带分布,并且在郯庐和张家口-蓬莱断裂带唐山至张家口段构造应力聚集程度高、构造应力值也较大,表明该地区构造运动活跃,与该地区地震活动历史资料相符。     

工程方案的GIS系统评价模型应用研究

本文对工程设计中工程方案比选的GIS系统分析进行了探讨研究,着重阐述了工程方案的GIS评价方法和评价模型,并以南水北调西线工程雅砻江调水渠线方案的系统评价为例作了试验。     

A modified Wiener-type filter for geodetic estimation problems with non-stationary noise

 One of the most basic and important tools in optimal spectral gravity field modelling is the method of Wiener filtering. Originally developed for applications in analogue signal analysis and communication engineering, Wiener filtering has become a standard linear estimation technique of modern operational geodesy, either as an independent practical tool for data de-noising in the frequency domain or as an integral component of a more general signal estimation methodology (input–output systems theory). Its theoretical framework is based on the Wiener–Kolmogorov linear prediction theory for stationary random fields in the presence of additive external noise, and thus it is closely related to the (more familiar to geodesists) method of least-squares collocation with random observation errors. The main drawback of Wiener filtering that makes its use in many geodetic applications problematic stems from the stationarity assumption for both the signal and the noise involved in the approximation problem. A modified Wiener-type linear estimation filter is introduced that can be used with noisy data obtained from an arbitrary deterministic field under the masking of non-stationary random observation errors. In addition, the sampling resolution of the input data is explicitly taken into account within the estimation algorithm, resulting in a resolution-dependent optimal noise filter. This provides a more insightful approach to spectral filtering techniques for noise reduction, since the data resolution parameter has not been directly incorporated in previous formulations of frequency-domain estimation problems for gravity field signals with discrete noisy data. Received: 1 November 2000 / Accepted: 19 June 2001