基于禁忌搜索的点状注记研究

地图注记是为待定位注记求取注记位置的过程,它是自动地图制图中的一个重要的难题,其中点状注记问题可以看作是一个组合优化问题。解决优化组合问题,目前有许多成熟的算法,比如模拟退火法,遗传算法,神经网络优化算法以及禁忌算法等等。目前,模拟退火法,遗传算法和神经网络优化算法已经被用来优化点状注记的配置问题。本文将介绍禁忌算法在点状注记配置中的应用,并用国家1∶250000地形图点状居民地图层数据实验,证明该方法有较高的搜索效率,得到的注记结果基本上解决了压盖问题。     

基于蚁群算法的点状注记智能化配置

地图注记是为待定位注记求取注记位置的过程,它是自动地图制图中的一个重要的难题,其中点状注记问题可以看作是一个组合优化问题。目前,模拟退火法,遗传算法和神经网络优化算法已经被用来优化点状注记的配置问题。本文将引入蚁群算法在点状注记配置中的应用,经实验证明该方法有更高的搜索效率,得到的注记结果基本上解决了冲突问题。     

电子地图的自适应注记研究与实现

地图注记的自动配置是地图制图与GIS的难点之一,传统的注记自动配置,采用的算法过于复杂,难以满足电子地图实时响应的要求;而且传统地图采用的是静态注记,而电子地图的屏幕范围有限,往往导致地图视口边界的注记不完整。本文提出一种网格标记法实现注记压盖的快速检测,并基于此方法实现注记配置的压盖避让和动态调整,即注记的自适应配置。实践表明,此方法能有效改善电子地图的显示效果和运行效率,具有较高的实用性。     

A Practical Algorithm for the External Annotation of Area Features

One of the subtasks of automated map labelling that has received little attention so far is the labelling of areas. Geographic areas are often are represented by concave polygons which pose severe limitations on straightforward solutions due to their great variety of shape, a fact worsened by the lack of measures for quantifying feature-label relationships. We introduce a novel and efficient algorithm for labelling area features externally, i.e. outside their polygonal boundary. Two main contributions are presented in the following. First, it is a highly optimized algorithm of generating candidate placements utilizing algorithms from the field of computational geometry. Second, we describe a measure for scoring label positions. Both solutions based on a series of well-established cartographic precepts about name positioning in the case of semantic enclaves such as islands or lakes. The results of our experiments show that our algorithm can efficiently place labels with a quality that is close to the quality of traditional cartographic products made by human cartographers.     

一种顾及道路影响的点要素注记配置遗传禁忌搜索算法

为使地图上点要素注记配置更美观易读,利用遗传算法的全局寻优能力和禁忌搜索算法的"爬山能力",在考虑传统点要素注记配置约束条件的同时,考虑点要素与道路间的关系,提出了一种顾及道路要素影响的遗传禁忌搜索算法,并从解算精度、运行效率及稳健性3个方面对该算法进行评价。本文以福建省泉州市惠安县1：20万比例尺的乡村点状地形图数据进行试验,试验结果表明,与遗传算法、禁忌搜索算法和ArcGIS软件相比,该算法的算法精度和稳健性均有所提高,但是计算效率略低于禁忌算法,且点要素注记与点要素、道路要素的压盖量最少,与点要素、道路要素注记的交叉量最少。     

地图汉字注记的自动定位研究

注记是地图的重要组成部分，注记位置、方向选择恰当与否，与地图的易读性和使用价值有密切关系，注记速度也影响着地图的成图周期。可是注记效果不理想，注记速度慢却是计算机制图中的常见现象，即使是在计算机制图技术有了很大发展的今天，自动注记仍然没有得到很好解决。最近的研究表明，找到具有最佳效果的注记从时间上来讲是不可能的，因而自动注记算法都是希望在尽量短的时间内，得到尽可能好的注记效果。自动注记的主要难点在于自动定位。本文针对不同的地图要素，提出了基于回溯的自动定位算法，取得了较好的效果     

城市轨道交通示意图注记质量评价模型研究

以城市轨道交通示意图为对象,利用AHP方法构建了一个注记质量评价模型。在考虑可辨阈限、注记-要素压盖度、优先级、注记-要素关联性4个独立指标的基础上,补充了单位面积注记量和偏移量两个修正指标。选取上海、伦敦、莫斯科、米兰和圣保罗5个城市的轨道交通示意图进行实例验证,结果显示两个修正指标的提出具有合理性,可为注记配置的自动化提供基本参考。     

一种组合优化的多边形化简方法

以多边形轮廓为目标 ,依据曲线特征点将其分解为一系列的弯曲特征 ,并对此弯曲特征集实施组合优化 ,将入围弯曲首尾相连 ,即可得到最终的化简结果     

地图可视化系统中图标设计研究

图标是地图可视化系统一个重要组成部分,图标设计是实现用户和地图可视化系统交互的关键环节,但对这一情况目前地图学界还没有给予足够的重视。文中阐述了图标在普通软件中的应用、作用以及用户如何去认知图标,并对地图可视化系统中图标设计常见的问题进行了分析,提出了地图可视化系统中图标设计的一般原则,并给出了图标设计实现的一个实例。     

宗地图专题注记配置算法研究

宗地图是土地调查最重要的成果之一。宗地图专题注记的配置美观程度直接影响着宗地图输出质量。本文从地籍权属要素语义出发,针对宗地图专题注记特点分别提出基于角平分线的界址点点号注记、基于空间位置修正的界址边长注记以及基于等分点的宗地四至注记配置算法。针对界址点点号注记易产生的压盖情况,提出基于近似圆的压盖检测算法。最后通过系统实例验证了本文提出的宗地图专题注记配置算法具有较好的标注效果和较高的运算效率,提高了宗地图注记自动配置智能化程度。     

顾及空间分布与注记相关性的点要素注记配置算法EI北大核心CSCD

点状要素注记自动配置问题是数据可视化研究的难点之一。稠密型点状要素注记之间往往存在着较大的相关性和冲突性,从而导致注记效率低下及配置结果不合理的问题。本文通过充分挖掘稠密型点状要素的空间分布特征和注记相关性,提出了一种顾及空间分布与注记相关性的点要素注记配置算法。首先,充分挖掘点要素的局部空间分布特征和注记间的相关性构建注记关联度模型;其次,利用基于注记关联度模型的空间聚类算法对其整体空间分布特征进行描述和分析,将单一数据集划分为若干个独立的子数据集,以消除整体求解中独立数据集产生的干扰性和模糊性;最后,利用点要素的局部空间分布特征和注记相关性构建基于增序注记关联度模型的注记次序规则,并采用多层次元启发算法求解注记配置的近似最优解。试验结果表明:在5%~40%注记密度下的点要素注记配置,新算法较传统元启发式算法的求解效率提高10.41%~28.92%,注记质量评价函数值下降5.5~35.9,有效提升了点要素注记配置的效率和质量。     

基于禁忌搜索算法的点状要素注记的自动配置

提出了禁忌搜索算法,用于解决点状要素的注记自动配置问题.在Yammoto研究的基础上,依据制图规则,引入了地图目标的级别等限制条件,建立了一个较完善的目标函数.通过一个简单的示例,阐述了禁忌搜索算法在点状要素注记配置中的应用.     

城市街道注记离散化定位的自动推理方法

在线状要素注记配置规则的基础上，分析了城市街道注记自动配置规则，研究了从图面注记到空间目标名称属性的自动转换方法。结合Arc／Info平台的特点，给出了城市街道注记离散化定位的自动推理策略和计算方法，在Arc／Info平台上编程实现了该算法。     

Stylistic Diversity in European State 1 : 50 000 Topographic Maps

Abstract

To what extent do European state topographic maps exhibit unique styles of cartography? This paper describes an investigation to classify and analyse stylistic diversity in the official 1 : 50 000 topographical mapping of 20 European countries. The method involves the construction of a typology of cartographic style, based upon the classification of distinct graphical legend symbols into mutually exclusive thematic categories. In order to identify stylistic similarities between national symbologies, hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to compare the relative proportions of symbols within each category. This was complemented by a qualitative analysis of various aspects of cartographic design: colour, 'white' space, visual hierarchy, and lettering. The results indicate a high degree of stylistic diversity throughout Europe, with the symbologies of Great Britain and Ireland demonstrating the strongest example of a supranational style. The typology of cartographic symbologies is shown to be an effective method for determining stylistic association among maps of differing geographical (and potentially historical) origins and it is suggested that the cartographic language paradigm should be revisited as a means for understanding why national differences persist in state cartography. A version of this paper was presented at the Twenty-third International Cartographic Conference in Moscow.     

基于模拟退火算法的自动地图注记配置研究

本文将求解大规模组合优化问题最优解的一种新型算法模拟退火算法应用于地图注记的自动配置。该算法将地图各要素注记的配置作为一个统一的整体来对待,从而避免了一般局部搜索法可能终止于一个局部最优解的缺点,这样可使自动注记配置的结果更趋合理化。用模拟退火算法进行注记自动配置,理论体系完整,机理简单,通用性强,编程容易,而且与一般局部搜索法相比,超常规注记配置出现的数目大大降低,其缺点在于配置速度较慢     

基于规则库和网格算法的土地利用现状图自动数字注记

图形自动注记可极大地提高制图的工作效率。针对土地利用现状图数字注记的特点,本文从地图认知角度出发,建立注记自动配置的规则库,提出面状要素自动注记的一种新的算法——网格法。该算法最大的优点是容易实现、效率高,可方便地解决注记压盖冲突等问题。通过开发一个程序实例,对图斑要素进行了自动数字注记,实验表明95％以上的图形注记效果都较为理想。     

An Automated Method of Scale Selection and Sheet Configuration for Multiple Sheet Census Maps with Insets

In order to create a useful map, the cartographer must select a scale at which the map reader can distinguish features shown on the map and read their labels. However, the choice of scale for a paper map is also constrained by the size of the map sheet and by the cost of working with a large number of sheets. When the feature density pattern allows, space can be conserved by making the map at more than one scale: a small scale suitable for most of the map, while dense features are shown on inset maps at larger scales. Creating inset maps requires the cartographer to make a series of complex, interrelated decisions regarding the most effective overall sheet configuration, which is dependent upon the scale chosen for the main map and how the inset maps are created. The Census Automated Map Production System (CAMPS) applies cartographic logic and density analysis to make these decisions in a fully automated mapping environment.     

Establishing Classification and Hierarchy in Populated Place Labeling for Multiscale Mapping for The National Map

Current standards for federal mapping call for use of the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) point layer for placement of United States populated place labels. However, this point layer contains limited classification information and hierarchy information, resulting in problems of map quality for database-driven, multi-scale, reference mapping, such as maps served by The National Map Viewer from USGS. Database-driven mapping often relies simply on what labels fit best in the map frame. Our research investigates alternative sources for labeling populated places, including polygons defined by the U.S. Census Bureau, such as incorporated place, census designated place (CDP), and economic place. Within each of these polygon layers we investigate relevant attributes from the decennial and economic censuses, such as population for incorporated places and CDPs, and the number of employees for economic places. The data selected are available for the entire country to serve national mapping requirements. This combination of data allows a more refined classification of populated places on maps that better represents relative importance. Visual importance on maps through scale should derive from more than simply residential population, but also economic importance, though comparison is made to this simpler case. We differentiate a fourth category of GNIS populated place points, essentially “neighborhoods” and related features—which are not incorporated places, CDPs, nor economic places. Populated places in this fourth class do not have federally defined boundaries, necessitating an alternative method for determining hierarchy in label presentation through scale.     

地图线状符号图案单元的优化配置方法

在分析地图线状符号的分解与组合等特征的基础上，提出了线状符号的优化配置方法和常见的线状符号之间的空间关系的处理方法，并着重讨论了顾及格式塔理论的虎线型线状符号优化配置算法。