TOWARD AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE INTERCONNECTEDNESS OF WOMEN'S LIVES: THE "RACIAL" REPRODUCTION OF LABOR IN LOW-INCOME URBAN AREAS

The “racial” reproduction of labor forms the central concern of this paper, which comprises an investigation of low-income African-American and Anglo-American wome's engagement in waged and unwaged reproductive activities in a downtown area of Grand Rapids, Michigan. A snowball sample was conducted with 97 women. n“Race” was shown to structure options in relation to occupations, access to transportation, and child care provision, as well as formal and informal community networks. An emphasis on the practices underlying the creation of social constructions of gender and “race” reveals that even within the same geographical location women have different experiences of urban poverty.     

TOWARD AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO THE GEOGRAPHY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

An increased global interdependence poses both opportunities and obligations for a revitalized geography of international trade. THis subject area has never acquired a satisfactory focurs because its practitioners have taken a limited view of their topic, have neglected related work in other disciplines, and have failed to consider the policy implications of their study. As a remedy, this paper proposes a geography of international trade based upon three interrelated problem areas: the decision-making processes, the spatial fabric, and the space-time metric of world trade.     

PUNCTUATED DRAINAGE OF AN ICE-DAMMED QUATERNARY LAKE IN SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA

A chain of east‐west elongated lakes fringes the eastern flank of the Andes Mountains between 39 and 52°S in southern Chile and Argentina. These deep lakes fill valleys left by the retreat of outlet glaciers of the Patagonian Icefield about 16000 years ago. Two of the lakes, Lago General Carrera/Buenos Aires and Lago Cochrane, represent the shrunken remnants of a much larger lake (called here the predecessor lake) that developed in a moat alongside the icefield. A series of seven stepped lacustrine braid deltas on the southeastern shore of Lago General Carrera/Buenos Aires mark the progressive, punctuated drainage of the predecessor lake. The deltas were formed by the build‐out of fans of sand and gravel into the lake. They have the form of Gilbert deltas, with virtually flat subaerial topset beds and steeply inclined subaqueous foreset beds. The exposed delta fronts are marked by a series of small terraces produced by wave erosion during falling lake levels. On either side of the fans are embayments with beaches formed by deposition in the lee of the pro‐grading fans. These embayments are filled with ridges of well‐sorted gravel deposited by wave‐driven long‐shore drift. About 13 000 years ago the regional drainage underwent a remarkable change. Rivers flowing eastwards into the Atlantic reversed their direction to flow westwards through the Andes Mountains and into the Pacific Ocean. The watershed moved some 200 km to the east. The cause of this change, and the falling lake levels, was melting of the Patagonian Icefield. As the ice retreated the icefield split into north and south components. This broke the ice dam that impounded the western end of the predecessor lake. The stepped, progressive fall of the lake level suggests that as the ice melted a series of lower overflow sills of hard rock were exposed. Each of the major episodes of sudden drop in lake level was followed by a long period of up to thousands of years when lake level remained constant. Terraces on the delta fronts indicate that each major episode of fall in the lake level was punctuated by up to ten minor episodes possibly representing major storm events or annual cycles of freezing and melting, blocking the overflow sills.     

苏南地区土地利用结构变化分析

利用航片、城市平面图及城市用地调查等资料，分析了苏锡常地区城镇用地扩展和结构变化特点，发现苏南地区城镇用地扩展及土地利用结构变化呈现为以下特征：大城市用地扩展速度由80年代前的缓慢发展转变为80年代后的快速发展，其主导因素是新区开发建设；其用地结构变化以居住及公建性用地扩展占用地扩展的第一位，工业用地扩展由80年代前第一位退居第二位。县城镇的用地发展基本与大城市相同，但其发展速度快，工业用地扩展居次的时间也比大城市迟。小城镇的大量兴起和小城镇用地的大规模扩展造成苏南乡村景观巨变，其主因是乡镇企业的异军突起；目前用地扩展居主导地位的仍是工业用地的扩展。交通用地的扩大及耕地面积的减少是苏南区域用地景观80年代以来的变化主流。     

AN EVALUATION OF THE STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE PROGRAM OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY*

The United States Department of Energy is required by law to plan, acquire, store, and maintain a Strategic Petroleum Reserve of crude oil and petroleum products. This is to be used if there is an interruption in crude oil supply. The plan is described and then analyzed with a linear programming model. The results show that the plan is generally well formulated.     

AMERICAN NATIONAL IDENTITY AND THE PROGRESS OF THE NEW SOUTH IN NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE*

ABSTRACT. This article examines how National Geographic Magazine's coverage of the U.S. South contributed to the production of an exalted American national identity. The framework of internal orientalism is employed to explain the role of the South as an internal other in the national discourse and to show how even positive representations of the South are often implicated in this othering. In the pages of National Geographic, the New South's progress is measured by the steps it takes away from the Old South. In highlighting the improvements made within the South, the articles provide subtle hints that the legacy of segregation, intolerance, racism, and poverty continues to haunt the region. The articles set up a spatial distinction that construes these evils as inherently southern problems, which implies that however far the New South moves away from the problematic legacy of the Old South, it will never quite reach the American ideal.     

APARTHEID WITHIN APARTHEID: AN ASSESSMENT OF OFFICIAL INTRA-BLACK SEGREGATION ON THE WITWATERSRAND,SOUTH AFRICA

Apartheid in South Africa operates at several levels, notably in the policies of state partition and urban residential segregation. The Black population of South African cities resides in racially exclusive townships where the various linguistic groupings are further separated as part of the apartheid policy of state partition. The extent to which linguistic segregation has been enforced in the complex Witwatersrand townships is measured in this paper. The policy has been less effective than other forms of urban segregation, suggesting constraints by the inherited township structures and management problems.     

APARTHEID WITHIN APARTHEID: AN ASSESSMENT OF OFFICIAL INTRA-BLACK SEGREGATION ON THE WITWATERSRAND,SOUTH AFRICA

Apartheid in South Africa operates at several levels, notably in the policies of state partition and urban residential segregation. The Black population of South African cities resides in racially exclusive townships where the various linguistic groupings are further separated as part of the apartheid policy of state partition. The extent to which linguistic segregation has been enforced in the complex Witwatersrand townships is measured in this paper. The policy has been less effective than other forms of urban segregation, suggesting constraints by the inherited township structures and management problems.     

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT ON VANCOUVER ISLAND: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE CORE-PERIPHERY MODEL *

This paper examines tourism development on Vancouver Island, B.C. in terms of the core-periphery approach to regional planning. It examines whether a core area (Victoria) is willing to share its tourism business with the rest of the island, and then focuses on the situation in a peripheral region (the Cowichan Valley Regional District–CVRD). A discriminant analysis of CVRD residents reveals they have different views regarding tourism's potential and future in their region. A follow-up analysis, reflecting a change in the scale of enquiry and local core-periphery conditions, shows residents'perceptions and priorities will change according to their respective area groupings. This analysis reveals that residents of a peripheral region, who are expected to participate in and welcome tourism development initiatives developed by senior levels of government, will in fact have different opinions regarding the industry and its potential. These differences are linked to present levels of tourism activity within the periphery and the varying community aspirations linking tourism's development potential with local needs and priorities.     

THE ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSFORMATION OF AN APPALACHIAN VALLEY, 1850–1906*

ABSTRACT. The physical environment of the George's Creek Valley in western Maryland was altered dramatically during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as coal mining and associated activities expanded and intensified. Although mineral extraction was the chief agent of change, forest and water resources were also affected by other industrial and commercial activities, as well as by the region's growing population. Examining the environmental alteration that took place in the valley, this work also considers attitudes and motivations that contributed to the transformation.     

THE USE OF CITATION INDICES IN COMPARING GEOGRAPHY PROGRAMS: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY*

Citation information is discussed as a means for ranking the research and publication visibility of eleven graduate programs in geography. It is suggested that the ranks produced by this objective method correspond better to the peer-based ranks of the 1982 NRC survey of graduate programs than those derived from publication counts. Citation information also provides a means of evaluating the differences between programs' inter- and intradisciplinary visibility.     

AIDS NORTH AND SOUTH: DIFFUSION PATTERNS OF A GLOBAL EPIDEMIC AND A RESEARCH AGENDA FOR GEOGRAPHERS *

Apart from the tragic certainty of death which accompanies AIDS everywhere, the means of its transmission, the spatial patterns of its diffusion, and the groups at highest risk of infection vary considerably among world regions. This paper reviews the disease and its transmission, then proposes three models of AIDS diffusion to assess the implications of the epidemic on various regions. AIDS North, of North America and western Europe, is urban based and primarily confined to homosexuals and IV drug abusers. AIDS South, in central Africa and the Caribbean, is spreading from cities into rural regions and affects primarily heterosexuals. The third, an AIDS North/South hybrid, is postulated as a model of diffusion of the disease in other Third World regions. The final section addresses the potential contribution of geographic research to policy-makers in attempting to cope with the diffusion of AIDS and in curbing the epidemic's advance.