Lead isotope behaviour in a polyphased Pb-Zn ore deposit: Les Malines (Cévennes,France)

Les Malines Mine (Cévennes, France) provides an example of Pb-Zn ore bodies that underwent a polyphased evolution. On the Pb-Pb diagram, experimental points of the Les Malines ore types always plot in the central part of the field defined for the Cévennes metallogenic province. This homogeneity, the similarities with the Pb isotopic compositions of the surrounding rocks and the comparison with Pb isotopes evolution of whole rocks and minerals of the neighbouring continental lands, which emerged during Triassic and Liassic times, rule out the participation of extraneous Pb during the successive concentration stages and agree with an initial metal stock transformed and mobilized in a Pb closed system. Hercynian K-feldspars are the main source of the Pb preconcentrated during Triassic times. Most of the Cévennes Pb-Zn ore bodies could derive from this Triassic metal stock; nevertheless, local Pb isotopic anomalies suggest hydrothermal sources for some Pb-Zn ore bodies located along the Cévennes fault.     

广东大降坪硫(铅锌)矿床岩浆热液叠加作用——来自闪锌矿Rb-Sr年龄及硫同位素的证据

广东大降坪硫(铅锌)矿床位于与岩浆作用有关的大绀山多金属矿田的中部,主矿体为赋存在震旦纪变质岩中的层状、透镜状黄铁矿矿体,最近在两个不同产状的黄铁矿矿体下部又新发现了脉状及层状铅锌矿体。文章通过对铅锌矿体的年龄及硫同位素研究,探讨其与主矿体的成因关系,获得了脉状铅锌矿体中闪锌矿的Rb-Sr等时线年龄为(88.5±3.9)Ma,即晚白垩世,与上部黄铁矿矿体的年龄(约630 Ma)相差较大,而与整个大绀山多金属矿田的成矿作用时限一致。三种不同产状的矿体硫同位素组成差异明显:层状黄铁矿矿体富集硫的轻同位素(δ34S=-10.90‰~-25.55‰),且与围岩的硫同位素范围一致,说明硫来自生物的细菌还原硫;透镜状黄铁矿矿体δ34S组成范围较宽(-9.38‰~22.69‰),具多源性硫的特征;铅锌矿体的δ34S在-7.1‰~6.4‰之间变化,硫可能来自深源岩浆,并受围岩成分混染。多方面的证据表明,大降坪黄铁矿矿体下部的铅锌矿体形成于晚白垩世的岩浆热液成矿作用,透镜状黄铁矿矿体受到岩浆热液的叠加。     

滇西勐兴铅锌矿床热液方解石碳氧同位素组成及其意义

勐兴铅锌矿床是保山地块内浅成热液铅锌矿床中极具代表性的矿床,但有关成矿流体来源及演化方面的研究较为薄弱.因方解石与矿化关系密切,故对其C、O同位素组成进行了水岩反应、CO2去气、流体混合作用的理论模拟.结果表明,该矿床方解石的形成主要是由于水岩反应引起的,成矿流体可能来自赋矿地层中富含H2CO3的流体,其中阶段Ⅰ和阶段Ⅱ初始流体的δ13C、δ18O值分别为1.0‰和10.5‰、-0.8‰和7.5‰,方解石的形成温度分别集中于270～315℃和182～230℃之间,δ13C和518O值的降低表明在阶段Ⅱ成矿流体与围岩反应之前己经发生了CO2热液去气作用.     

Late Hercynian U-vein mineralization in the Alps: fluid inclusion and C,O, H isotopic evidence for mixing between two externally derived fluids

Late Hercynian U-bearing carbonate veins within the metamorphic complex of La Lauzière are characterized by two parageneses. The first is dominated by dolomite or ankerite and the second by calcite and pitchblende. Fluids trapped in the dolomites and ankerites at 350–400° C are saline waters (20 to 15 wt % eq. NaCl) with D –34 to –49. In the calcite they are less saline (17 to 8 wt % eq. NaCl) and trapped at 300–350° C with D –50 to –65. All fluids contain trace N₂, CO₂ and probably CH₄. The carbonates have ¹³C –8 to –14. and derived their carbon from organic matter. Evolution of the physico-chemical conditions from dolomite (ankerite) to calcite deposition was progressive.H and O-isotope studies indicate the involvement of two externally derived fluids during vein development. A D-rich ( –35) low fO₂, saline fluid is interpreted to have come from underlying sediments and entered the hotter overlying metamorphic slab and mixed with more oxidizing and less saline U bearing meteoric waters during regional uplift. This evidence for a sedimentary formation water source for the deep fluid implies that the metamorphic complex overthrusted sedimentary formations during the Late-Hercynian.     

西藏班公湖-怒江成矿带主碰撞期成矿作用:荣嘎钼矿岩石地球化学及同位素年龄的证据

荣嘎钼矿是新近在班公湖-怒江成矿带发现并证实的首例斑岩型钼矿床。为了查明班公湖-怒江成矿带主碰撞期的成岩成矿作用,探讨荣嘎钼矿的富Mo机制,对该矿床进行岩石地球化学以及同位素年代学的研究。本次研究获得荣嘎含矿二长花岗斑岩的锆石SHRIMP206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为99. 8±1. 9Ma (MSWD=2. 0),属晚白垩世早期。7件辉钼矿样品的模式年龄较为一致,介于98. 0±1. 6Ma～101. 8±1. 7Ma之间,加权平均年龄为99. 7±1. 1Ma。荣嘎含矿二长花岗斑岩样品主量元素表现为富硅(SiO_2=72. 83%～75. 49%)、富碱(Na_2O+K_2O=8. 12%～8. 55%)、过铝质(A/CNK=1. 08～1. 13)的高钾钙碱性系列岩石。样品明显富集Rb、K、Th、U等元素,中等亏损Nb、Ta,强烈亏损Ba、Sr、P、Ti等元素,具中等程度的负Eu异常(δEu=0. 53～0. 63),稀土元素配分曲线呈轻稀土相对较陡,重稀土较为平坦的右倾型。荣嘎含矿二长花岗斑岩样品的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i值为0. 7042～0. 7055,ε_(Nd)(t)值介于0. 03～0. 68之间,锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值介于+12. 4～+17. 9之间,两阶段模式年龄t_(DM2)较为年轻(31～314Ma)。基于以上同位素以及岩石地球化学特征研究,荣嘎含矿二长花岗斑岩很可能是幔源岩浆诱发了富Mo洋底沉积物的熔融并与壳源熔体混合形成母岩浆,再经历结晶分异作用而形成。结合本文以及区域上的研究资料,荣嘎钼矿可能形成于拉萨地块与南羌塘地块碰撞的大地构造背景,富Mo大洋沉积物熔体的加入及随后的结晶分异是荣嘎含矿岩浆中金属Mo富集的主要原因。班公湖-怒江成矿带南缘侏罗-白垩纪海相地层分布的地区,可能为勘查钼矿床的有利靶区,应重点评价晚白垩世早期高分异中酸性岩体的含矿性。     

湘南宝山铅锌矿床硫、铅、碳、氧同位素特征及成矿物质来源

宝山铅锌矿床是湘南地区代表性矿床之一。宝山铅锌矿床的成矿作用与156~158 Ma的宝山花岗闪长斑岩密切相关。花岗闪长斑岩主要由古老地壳部分熔融而成。为确定成矿物质来源,文章系统研究了宝山铅锌矿床的硫、铅、碳、氧同位素组成特征。矿床中硫化物黄铁矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿的δ34S值呈狭窄的塔式分布,变化在-2.17‰~6.46‰之间,平均值为3.13‰。δ34S值总体表现为δ34S黄铁矿δ34S闪锌矿δ34S方铅矿,表明硫同位素分馏基本达到了平衡。矿石、花岗闪长斑岩和赋矿地层硫同位素对比研究表明,矿石中的硫主要由岩浆分异演化而来,岩浆中的硫主要来自古老地壳。矿石206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb比值分别为18.188~18.844、15.661~15.843和38.562~39.912,赋矿地层206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb比值分别为18.268~19.166、15.620~5.721和38.364~39.952。矿石铅同位素组成比地层中的更富放射性成因铅,矿石中部分铅来自宝山花岗闪长质岩浆,在成矿流体运移过程中有部分地层铅参与了成矿,岩浆中的铅主要来自古老地壳。热液方解石的碳、氧同位素组成介于岩浆和赋矿碳酸盐岩的碳、氧同位素之间,主要是由于岩浆流体和碳酸盐岩不同比例的水岩反应所致,测水组有机碳的加入造成了部分热液方解石δ13CPDB值偏低。     

The San Jorge porphyry copper deposit, Mendoza, Argentina: a combination of orthomagmatic and hydrothermal mineralization

The San Jorge porphyry copper deposit (SJPCD) is hosted by Carboniferous clastic sedimentary rocks and Permian intrusions located within the Permo-Triassic belt of Chile and Argentina. Its hypogene mineralization and alteration are products of superposed orthomagmatic and hydrothermal events that were strongly fault controlled. Copper related to orthomagmatic processes includes disseminated chalcopyrite in the matrix of porphyritic granodiorite and andesite, and chalcopyrite with tourmaline and quartz in breccias, both of which have accompanying potassic alteration. Soon thereafter, disseminated chalcopyrite is associated with a structurally controlled silicification of the sedimentary sequence. Finally, multiple episodes of hydrofracturing, probably driven by a deep-seated intrusion, deposited sulfide minerals in veinlets throughout the sedimentary sequence; the centers of these systems are characterized by potassic alteration. Total sulfides, which include chalcopyrite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, and pyrrhotite, and pyrite:chalcopyrite form a linear NNE trend, parallel to the main faults. Quartz–sericite is the dominant alteration and is ubiquitous. Zones of potassic alteration can be delineated even though phyllic alteration can be superposed. Much of the system evolved under reducing conditions. Despite uplift along a reverse fault during the Tertiary, and subsequent erosion, the system is preserved at high levels. Supergene processes redistributed copper in secondary oxides and sulfides. These processes were more effective where the deposit is covered by unconsolidated alluvial sediments. The unique history of the San Jorge deposit renders it an important variation of porphyry copper-style mineralization.     

皖东凤阳地区中家山铅锌(金银)矿床硫铅同位素组成及意义

中家山铅锌(金银)矿床位于蚌埠隆起东部.通过矿石微观矿物分析、主要金属矿物电子探针分析及硫化物硫、铅同位素组成分析,探讨中家山铅锌(金银)矿床的成矿物质来源,初步分析了其成矿机制.研究表明,中家山铅锌(金银)矿床黄铁矿接近变质成因类型,Ag以类质同象形式存在,并可能包含银黝铜矿等独立银矿物,闪锌矿具有层控型特征;硫化物...     

Episodic mineralization of hydrothermal illite in the Soultz-sous-Forêts granite (Upper Rhine Graben, France)

Episodic and localized illite mineralization is documented in the hydrothermally altered Soultz-sous-Forêts granite (Upper Rhine Graben, France). Separated grain-size fractions of altered granite and argillite vein samples contain mixtures of 2M₁ and 1M trans-vacant illite varieties. The platy pseudohexagonal 2M₁ illite phases dominate the vein fillings, whereas the 1M illite occurs largely as a fibrous pore-filling variety, which is particularly abundant in the granite matrix. Multiple phases of fluid injections into the granite body have resulted in different illite assemblages, each sample containing a mixture of polytype generations formed during different crystal growth events. On the basis of mineralogical and K–Ar isotopic constraints, the ages of these vein-mineralizing events are determined by plotting the K–Ar values of the various grain-size fractions against polytype abundance and the fitted volume-weighted crystallite thickness distributions. The results suggest a Permian age for the formation of the studied argillite veins, characterized by successive injections of hydrothermal fluids. Secondary episodes of illite crystallization occurred during Jurassic and Cretaceous (or even younger times) in both the veins and the granite matrix. There are indications that the polytype structure and composition of illite were strongly influenced by variations in fluid chemistry and the degree of fluid–rock interaction as the granite was progressively sealed during post-Variscan, episodic hydrothermal activity.     

新疆阿尔泰大东沟铅锌矿床流体包裹体特征及成矿作用

大东沟铅锌矿床位于阿尔泰山南缘克兰盆地内,矿体呈层状展布,与地层产状一致,直接容矿围岩为下泥盆统康布铁堡组火山-沉积岩,矿石构造以条带状、浸染状、细脉状为主,矿石矿物成分相对简单,主要为方铅矿、闪锌矿和黄铁矿等.文章对大东沟铅锌矿床不同成矿阶段的石英、方解石和闪锌矿中的流体包裹体进行了测温,对石英和闪锌矿中的流体包裹体进行了激光拉曼光谱分析,并对部分石英样品进行了气相及离子色谱分析.结果表明,大东沟铅锌矿床流体包裹体主要有NaCl-H2O、CO2-H2O±CH4和CO2-H2O-NaCl三种类型;均一温度变化范围较大,为973～480℃,主要集中于140～300℃,流体盐度w(NaCleq)为02%～571%,主要集中于32%～148%;流体包裹体气相成分主要为CO2和H2O,含少量CH4、N2、H2等,液相成分以Na+、Ca2+、F-、Cl-为主,K+、SO42-次之,并含少量Mg2+、Br-和NO-3,计算所得的离子浓度为366%～580%.结合已有的稳定同位素资料,方解石中的δ13CV-PDB值为-42‰～04‰,石英流体包裹体中的δDV-SMOW为-89‰～-127‰,计算所得的石英及方解石的δ18O水值在-114‰～76‰之间,表明成矿流体主要为岩浆水与大气降水的混合物,流体中的碳主要来源于海相碳酸盐岩,成矿流体的物理化学条件的改变及流体的不混溶作用在成矿过程中起了重要作用.     

新疆磁海Fe(-Co)矿床:两个系列幔源岩浆复合的热液矿床

新疆东部的磁海是一个以Fe-Co组合为特色的矿床。对磁海矿区镁铁-超镁铁岩的年代学和地质地球化学、矿床共生Co的地质特征、黄铁矿的成分特征等研究发现,磁海矿床是一个同期两个系列(即铜镍系列和钛铁系列)幔源岩浆作用复合的岩浆热液型矿床。铜镍系列主要形成了橄榄辉长岩、橄长岩、辉长岩和角闪辉长岩等深成侵入相,辉长岩锆石U-Pb年龄为(279.1±1.4)Ma;岩石以较高的m/f值(多数>1.5)为特征;同时,岩石具有较高的Cu、Ni、Co含量,并赋存有Cu-Ni-Co矿化体,表明该系列与矿床中Co的来源关系密切。钛铁系列以火山-次火山作用为主,形成了玄武岩-辉绿岩等喷出相和超浅成侵入相,玄武岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为(276.2±2.2)Ma;岩石以较低的m/f值(多数<1.5)为特征;岩石中Cu、Ni含量较低而TiO2含量较高,并赋存了磁海矿床主要的磁铁矿体,表明与矿床中Fe的来源密切相关。磁海矿床矿体和矿石地质特征表明,主要磁铁矿(-Co)矿体的形成受控于热液作用,属于与基性-超基性岩浆有关的热液矿床。对不同类型黄铁矿的产出特征及成分特征研究显示,Co的成矿是在磁铁矿成矿之后,(次)火山热液活动继续对与磁铁矿共生的黄铁矿进行交代,形成了含钴黄铁矿和其他钴矿物。也就是说,矿床中Fe和Co是两种来源两个阶段复合形成的,磁海矿床的Fe-Co复合成矿作用实质上是钛铁系列与铜镍系列岩浆的复合。     

The Paleozoic Ozbak-Kuh carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposit of East Central Iran: Isotope (C,O, S,Pb) geochemistry and ore genesis

Lead and zinc mineralization occurs in dolostones of the Middle Devonian Sibzar Formation at Ozbak-Kuh, which is located 150 km north of Tabas city in East Central Iran. The ore is composed of galena, sphalerite and calcite, with subordinate dolomite and bitumen. Wall-rock alterations include carbonate recrystallization and dolomitization. Microscopic studies reveal that the host rock is replaced by galena and sphalerite. The Pb–Zn mineralization is epigenetic and stratabound. The δ¹³C values of hydrothermal calcite samples fall in the narrow range between ?0.3‰ and 0.8‰. The δ¹⁸O values in calcite display a wider range, between ?14.5‰ and ?11.9‰. The δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values overlap with the oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions of Paleozoic seawater, indicating the possible important participation of Paleozoic seawater in the ore-forming fluid. The δ¹⁸O signature corresponds to a spread in temperature of about 70 °C in the ore-bearing fluid. The δ¹³C values indicate that the organic materials within the host rocks did not contribute significantly in the hydrothermal fluid. The δ³⁴S values of galena and sphalerite samples occupy the ranges of 12.2‰–16.0‰ and 12.1–16.8‰, respectively. These values reveal that the seawater sulfate is the most probable source of sulfur. The reduced sulfur was most likely supplied through thermochemical sulfate reduction. The sulfur isotope ratios of co-precipitated sphalerite–galena pairs suggest that deposition of the sulfide minerals took place under chemical disequilibrium conditions. The ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios of the galena samples represent average values of 18.08, 15.66, and 38.50, respectively. These ratios indicate that galena Pb likely originated from an orogenic source in which supracrustal rocks with high ²³⁸U/²⁰⁴Pb and ²³²Th/²⁰⁴Pb ratios are dominant. The average lead isotope model age portrays Cambrian age. This model age is not coeval with the host rocks, which are of middle Devonian age. It is probable that the pre-Middle Devonian model age shows the derivation of Pb from older sources either from host rocks of Cambrian age or from deposits previously formed in these rock units. The Pb isotopic composition of galena accords with the occurrence of an orogenic activity from Late Neoproterozoic to Lower Cambrian in Central Iran. The proposed genetic model considers the fact that mineralization formed in fractured and brecciated host rocks along shear zones and faults from metal-bearing connate waters that were discharged due to deformational dewatering of sediments.     

The roles of magmatic and hydrothermal processes in PGE mineralization,Ferguson Lake deposit,Nunavut, Canada

The Ferguson Lake Ni–Cu–Co–platinum-group element (PGE) deposit in Nunavut, Canada, occurs near the structural hanging wall of a metamorphosed gabbroic sill that is concordant with the enclosing country rock gneisses and amphibolites. Massive to semi-massive sulfide occurs toward the structural hanging wall of the metagabbro, and a low-sulfide, high-PGE style of mineralization (sulfide veins and disseminations) locally occurs ~30–50 m below the main massive sulfide. Water–rock interaction in the Ferguson Lake Ni–Cu–Co–PGE deposit is manifested mostly as widespread, post-metamorphic, epidote–chlorite–calcite veins, and replacement assemblages that contain variable amounts of sulfides and platinum-group minerals (PGM). PGM occur as inclusions in magmatic pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite in both the massive sulfide and high-PGE zones, at the contact between sulfides and hornblende or magnetite inclusions in the massive sulfide, in undeformed sulfide veins and adjacent chlorite and/or epidote halos, in hornblende adjacent to hydrothermal veins, and in plagioclase–chlorite aggregates replacing garnet cemented by sulfide. The PGM are mostly represented by the kotulskite (PdTe)–sobolevskite (PdBi) solid solution but also include michenerite (PdBiTe), froodite (PdBi₂), merenskyite (PdTe₂), mertieite II (Pd₈[Sb,As]₃), and sperrylite (PtAs₂) and occur in variety of textural settings. Those that occur in massive and interstitial sulfides, interpreted to be of magmatic origin and formed through exsolution from base metal sulfides at temperatures <600°C, are dominantly Bi rich (i.e., Te-bearing sobolevskite), whereas those that occur in late-stage hydrothermal sulfide/silicate veins and their epidote–chlorite alteration halos tend to be more Te rich (i.e., Bi-bearing kotulskite). The chemistry and textural setting of the various PGM supports a genetic model that links the magmatic and hydrothermal end-members of the sulfide–PGM mineralization. The association of PGM with magmatic sulfides in the massive sulfide and high-PGE zones has been interpreted to indicate that PGE mineralization was initially formed through exsolution from base metal sulfides which formed by magmatic sulfide liquid segregation and crystallization. However, the occurrence of PGM in undeformed sulfide-bearing veins and in their chlorite–epidote halos and differences in PGM chemistry indicate that hydrothermal fluids were responsible for post-metamorphic redistribution and dispersion of PGE.     

Lincang superlarge germanium deposit in Yunnan Province,China: Sedimentation,diagenesis,hydrothermal process and mineralization

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Lead-isotope evidence for a Hercynian origin of the Salsigne gold deposit (Southern Massif Central,France)

The Salsigne gold deposit contains a complex association of sulphide layers, gold-rich disseminations, quartz-bearing veins and flat reefs, which are hosted by folded and slightly metamorphosed Paleozoic sediments on both sides of a major thrust zone. It is demonstrated that these various Au-As ore types have similar lead-isotope compositions (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.22–18.56), which are characteristic of Hercynian ore deposits in the southern Massif Central. The Lower Cambrian to Devonian host rocks and associated Pb-Zn-Ba occurrences display distinctly less radiogenic corrected isotopic signatures (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 17.83–17.98), which are characteristic of Cambrian lead in the Montagne-Noire. Concerning the controversial origin of the Salsigne gold mineralization, these results disagree with the former syngenetic hypothesis and support a new model of Hercynian syntectonic gold concentration.This work was supported by BRGM'S scientific program: Le gisement de Salsigne: caractérisation du modèle et évaluation du potentiel aurifère du district     

Rb-Sr study of Au-Ag Shkol'noe deposit (Kurama Mountains, north Tadjikistan): age of mineralization and time scale of hydrothermal processes

The epithermal Au-Ag Shkol'noe deposit is located in the Kandjol ore field, Kurama Mountains. This region is a part of the east-west trending Late Hercynian Bel'tau-Kurama volcanic belt, an Andean-style collisional margin. The deposit comprises a number of quartz-carbonate veins hosted by the syn-subductional Middle Carboniferous Karamazar granodiorites. The Au-Ag mineralization is considered to be the result of the earliest hydrothermal event in the region. The Rb-Sr isochron age 296.3 ± 1.3 Ma and an initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr₀=0.7071 ± 2 ratio were obtained for an adularia-sericite-quartz-calcite sample from Au-Ag mineralization. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio range from 0.70645 ± 10 to 0.70741 ± 10 was obtained for the calcites from the earlier and later mineral assemblages. The Rb-Sr age is interpreted as a real geological age of the Au-Ag mineralization. It corresponds to the initial stage of the Late Carboniferous – Early Permian collision following the main syn-subduction stage of Bel'tau-Kurama volcanic belt evolution. The comparison of the Rb-Sr age with previously obtained ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar and K-Ar data for adularia from the Au-Ag mineralization implies that gangue minerals of the Shkol'noe deposit bears the fingerprint of at least three events in its history. They are (1) Au-Ag mineralization at 296.3 ± 1.3 Ma; and (2) two subsequent thermal pulses at 277 ± 4 and 263–267 ± 8 Ma. The minimum time scale for the hydrothermal activity within the Shkol'noe deposit is thus approximately 30 million years. A general uniformity of the strontium source during the hydrothermal processes within the Au-Ag Shkol'noe deposit (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr₀=0.70645 ± 10 to 0.70741 ± 10) is suggested as well as within the Bel'tau-Kurama belt (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr₀=0.7051–0.707). The slight shift into a higher strontium isotope composition of the hydrothermal minerals of the Shkol'noe deposit in comparison with other deposits and rocks of the Bel'tau-Kurama belt may be ascribed to the contribution of relatively radiogenic strontium from the Karamazar-type granitoids. The mobilization of low radiogenic strontium during propylitic alteration of diabase dikes emplaced after the Au-Ag mineralization could be responsible for comparatively low ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios in some of the latest post-dike carbonates. Received: 4 August 1998 / Accepted: 25 August 1998     

一个与岩浆作用有关的独立铅锌成矿系统的建立——以西藏纳如松多铅锌矿床为例

通过对西藏纳如松多铅锌矿床4套矿化型式的系统梳理,根据地质事实和相关同位素证据,初步建立了一个独立的和岩浆作用相关的热液铅锌成矿系统模式。纳如松多铅锌矿化和石英正长斑岩密切相关,目前已发现了产在斑岩外围的古新世典中组凝灰岩地层中的隐爆角砾岩型矿化、产在斑岩与二叠纪下拉组灰岩接触带上的矽卡岩型矿化、产在斑岩外围典中组凝灰岩与二叠纪昂杰组砂板岩岩性分界面上的矿层型矿化以及产在凝灰岩或砂板岩内部先存裂隙中的脉型矿化等4种铅锌矿化型式。它们均以绿帘石绿泥石化、硅化绢云母化和碳酸盐化为主要围岩蚀变类型,矿石矿物为方铅矿+闪锌矿,主要脉石矿物为黄铁矿+黄铜矿+石英+绢云母+方解石,蚀变和矿物组合特征指示它们发育在同一矿化系统中,但成矿热液温度逐渐降低。隐爆角砾岩型和矽卡岩型矿化成矿流体δDV-SMOW值分布范围较大(-177‰~-118‰和-164‰~-139‰),δ18OV-SMOW值分布范围较小(-2.76‰~3.29‰和-5.46‰~-4.58‰),反映其主要来自发生了去气作用的岩浆水,并混合了少量大气降水。4种矿化型式的S同位素值按照隐爆角砾岩型(4.15‰)、矽卡岩型(7.92‰)、矿层型(8.49‰)和脉型(8.80‰)的顺序逐渐增大,反映其主要来自发生了H2S去气作用的残余岩浆相。矿区成矿斑岩与冷水坑斑岩型铅锌矿床的成矿斑岩极为相似,推测矿区深部也有斑岩型铅锌矿化的可能。一个独立的和岩浆作用相关的铅锌成矿系统模式由此建立,它包括了发育在挤压环境中所有和岩浆作用相关的铅锌矿化类型,可简述如下:新特提斯洋壳俯冲回转,地幔楔及上覆地壳部分熔融,纳如松多独具特色的斑岩岩浆形成;岩浆上升侵位,H2O及H2S去气,流体初溶,岩浆内部和顶部分别汇集了富氧化性质S和金属物质及富还原性质S和金属物质的残余岩浆流体;岩浆进一步侵位,温度降低,矿物结晶,SO2水解,斑岩型铅锌矿化形成;岩浆侵位到凝灰岩地层中,凝灰岩高压致爆,硫化物沉淀,隐爆角砾岩型铅锌矿化形成;富成矿物质残余岩浆水向外运移,伴随H2S进一步去气,矽卡岩型、矿层型、脉型铅锌矿化在不同岩性地层和构造位置中形成。     

The nature, origin and physicochemical controls of hydrothermal Mo-Bi mineralization in the Cadillac deposit, Quebec, Canada

Mo-Bi mineralization occurs in subvertical and subhorizontal quartz-muscovite-± K-feldspar veins surrounded by early albitic and later K-feldspathic alteration halos in monzogranite of the Archean Preissac pluton, Abitibi region, Québec, Canada. Molybdenite is intergrown with muscovite in the veins or associated with K-feldspar in the alteration halos. Mineralized veins contain five main types of fluid inclusions: aqueous liquid and liquid-vapor inclusions, aqueous carbonic liquid-liquid-vapor inclusions, carbonic liquid and vapor inclusions, halite-bearing aqueous liquid and liquid-vapor inclusions, trapped mineral-bearing aqueous liquid and liquid-vapor inclusions. The carbonic solid in frozen carbonic and aqueous-carbonic inclusions melts in most cases at −56.7 ± 0.1 °C indicating that the carbonic fluid consists largely of CO₂. All aqueous inclusion types and the aqueous phase in carbonic inclusions have low initial melting temperatures (≥70 °C), requiring the presence of salts other than NaCl. Leachate analyses show that the bulk fluid contains variable proportions of Na, K, Ca, Cl, and traces of Mg and Li. The following solids were identified in the fluid inclusions by SEM-EDS analysis: halite, calcite, muscovite, millerite (NiS), barite and antarcticite (CaCl₂ · 6H₂O). All are interpreted to be trapped phases except halite which is a daughter mineral, and antarcticite which formed during sample preparation (freezing). Aqueous inclusions homogenize to liquid at temperatures between 75 °C and 400 °C; the mode is 375 °C. Aqueous-carbonic inclusions homogenize to liquid or vapor between 210 °C and 400 °C. Halite-bearing aqueous inclusions homogenize by halite dissolution at approximately 170 °C. Aqueous inclusions containing trapped solids exhibit liquid-vapor homogenization at temperatures similar to those of halite-bearing aqueous inclusions. Temperatures of vein formation, based on oxygen isotopic fractionation between quartz and muscovite, range from 342 °C to 584 °C. The corresponding oxygen isotope composition of the aqueous fluid in equilibrium with these minerals ranges from 1.2 to 5.5 per mil with a mean of 3.9 per mil, suggesting that the liquid had a significant meteoric component. Isochores for aqueous fluid inclusions intersect the modal isotopic isotherm of 425 °C at pressures between 590 and 1900 bar. A model is proposed in which molybdenite was deposited owing to decreasing temperature and/or pressure from CO₂-bearing, moderate to high salinity fluids of mixed magmatic-meteoric origin that were in equilibrium with K-feldspar and muscovite. These fluids resulted from the degassing of a monzogranitic magma and evolved through interaction with volcanic (komatiitic) and sedimentary country rocks. Received: 6 February 1997 / Accepted: 28 January 1998     

湘西花垣李梅铅锌矿床C、O、S、Pb同位素特征及成矿物质来源

李梅铅锌矿床位于扬子地块的东南缘,是湘西-鄂西成矿带花垣矿田中较早发现的超大型铅锌矿床之一,矿体呈层状、似层状产于寒武系清虚洞组藻灰岩中。文章通过对其进行C、O、S、Pb同位素地球化学及流体包裹体激光拉曼的研究,探讨了成矿流体和成矿物质的来源及演化。研究结果表明:成矿期热液方解石的δ~(13)CPDB为-2.79‰~1.11‰,δ~(18)OSMOW为14.59‰~23.05‰,表明成矿流体中的CO_2主要来自于寒武系碳酸盐岩的溶解,部分成矿期及成矿后的热液方解石与有机质的热化学还原作用有关。激光拉曼研究显示包裹体气相成分中含大量的CH_4、H_2S、N_2及其他烃类,推测已经演化到高成熟阶段的有机质可能以古油气藏的形式参与了成矿作用,闪锌矿中气态含碳质沥青包裹体的出现暗示有机质的热化学还原反应参与了铅锌成矿过程。矿石中硫化物的δ~(34)SCDT值为+26.30‰~+34.66‰,平均值为+30.52‰,表明还原S主要来自成矿流体中海水硫酸盐充分的热化学还原作用。矿石硫化物的Pb同位素组成变化范围较小,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb分别为17.999~18.235、15.584~15.789、38.147~38.576,推测成矿物质主要来源于元古界浅变质基底板溪群和寒武系下统牛蹄塘组黑色页岩,部分来自于清虚洞组赋矿围岩。