青藏高原东部及周边现时地壳运动

通过1991-2001年期间在青藏高原东部及周边地区的GPS测量,获得该地区不同参考框架下的地壳运动速度场,其测量的速度精度高于2mm/yr。印度板块与华北地块之间的地壳形变分为喜马拉雅及高原南部、高原中部(拉萨-格尔木)和高原北部(格尔木-金塔)三部分,它们分别吸收了印度板块与欧亚板块汇聚速率的43%、24%和32%。在欧亚框架下和相对于成都,印度板块和华南地块之间存在着以东喜马拉雅构造结为轴心的顺时针巨型涡旋构造——滇藏涡旋构造,运动速度分别为26~6mm/yr和24~7mm/yr,总体上从北东方向转变为南东和南西方向,有别于青藏高原中部的北东方向。滇藏涡旋和东喜马拉雅构造结的形成与南迦巴瓦阿萨姆"犄角"的楔入作用有关。     

Nine years of GPS measurements of crustal deformation at Imphal,Indo-Burmese wedge

We report results of 9 years of GPS measurements of crustal deformation at Imphal, Manipur, a site located in the Indo-Burmese wedge of northwest Sunda arc. The analysis of these measurements suggests that the site moves at a rate of about 36.3±0.5 mm/year towards N55° in the ITRF2008. With respect to the Indian plate it moves at a rate of 16.7 mm/year towards N222°, i.e., predominantly towards southwest. The site is located about 15 km east of the Churachandpur Mao fault (CMF), which is reported to accommodate part of the India-Sunda motion. The site motion is not significantly affected by the earthquakes that occurred in the nearby region. However, the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake caused a coseismic displacement of ～ 3–5 mm predominantly towards southwest. The site motion is almost linear, with some seasonal variation, and does not show any evidence of accelerated slip or slow earthquake on the CMF or along the plate boundary.     

Present-day crustal deformation along the Philippine Fault in Luzon,Philippines

The Philippine Fault results from the oblique convergence between the Philippine Sea Plate and the Sunda Block/Eurasian Plate. The fault exhibits left-lateral slip and transects the Philippine archipelago from the northwest corner of Luzon to the southeast end of Mindanao for about 1200 km. To better understand fault slip behavior along the Philippine Fault, eight GPS surveys were conducted from 1996 to 2008 in the Luzon region. We combine the 12-yr survey-mode GPS data in the Luzon region and continuous GPS data in Taiwan, along with additional 15 International GNSS Service sites in the Asia-Pacific region, and use the GAMIT/GLOBK software to calculate site coordinates. We then estimate the site velocity from position time series by linear regression. Our results show that the horizontal velocities with respect to the Sunda Block gradually decrease from north to south along the western Luzon at rates of 85–49 mm/yr in the west–northwest direction. This feature also implies a southward decrease of convergence rate along the Manila Trench. Significant internal deformation is observed near the Philippine Fault. Using a two dimensional elastic dislocation model and GPS velocities, we invert for fault geometries and back-slip rates of the Philippine Fault. The results indicate that the back-slip rates on the Philippine Fault increase from north to south, with the rates of 22, 37 and 40 mm/yr, respectively, on the northern, central, and southern segments. The inferred long-term fault slip rates of 24–40 mm/yr are very close to back-slip rates on locked fault segments, suggesting the Philippine Fault is fully locked. The stress tensor inversions from earthquake focal mechanisms indicate a transpressional regime in the Luzon area. Directions of σ₁ axes and maximum horizontal compressive axes are between 90° and 110°, consistent with major tectonic features in the Philippines. The high angle between σ₁ axes and the Philippine Fault in central Luzon suggests a weak fault zone possibly associated with fluid pressure.     

帕米尔高原瓦恰盆地黄土的石英光释光测年

中亚黄土对研究亚洲内陆干旱化、亚洲粉尘来源、亚洲季风和西风环流变化以及两者在中亚相互作用历史均具有重要意义。中亚南部帕米尔高原不同地貌面上广泛发育有厚约1~2 m的风成黄土沉积,文章对高原东北部瓦恰盆地的两个黄土剖面进行了细颗粒石英光释光测年。结果表明,瓦恰盆地黄土样品石英光释光信号主要源于325℃热释光信号所对应陷阱电子,以快速组分为主。每个样品分别采用石英光释光信号标准生长曲线法（SGC）和全球石英光释光标准生长曲线法（gSGC）获得的等效剂量与其单测片再生剂量法（SAR）实测等效剂量值在误差范围内是一致的,说明SGC法与gSGC法适用于瓦恰盆地的黄土测年。两个剖面黄土样品石英SAR法光释光年龄界于4.7~14.3 ka,沉积速率由早期的0.11 mm/a加速至全新世的0.15~0.18 mm/a。据沉积速率估算剖面1黄土堆积于17.2 ka至2.7 ka之间,主要堆积于末次冰盛期末至全新世晚期,且远比其所在地貌面要年轻。本研究为进一步开展帕米尔高原黄土古环境研究提供了年代框架。

     

GPS观测结果反映的南迦巴瓦地区地壳形变特征

正本文将南迦巴瓦构造结地区(经度:88～104°E、纬度:20～34°N)共400多个GPS站点的速度资料通过球面相似变换,归化到"印度板块整体固定"参考框架下,整合后的GPS站点速度矢量通过选用印度板块上相对稳定的21个IGS站点(BELP、ISRR、MABU、DHAR、IITB、UDAI、DELH、BHOP、KODI、BAN2、PLNI、IISC、CHEN、MANP、HYDE、IITK、LUCK、BHUP、BHUB、DHAN、DURG)     

帕米尔构造结结构特征与构造演化

位于印度—欧亚大陆碰撞造山带西段的帕米尔构造结,自震旦纪以来经历了长期的地体裂离、寒武纪至古新世俯冲增生、始新世的最终造山及始新世至全新世大型走滑—伸展、逆冲推覆及构造隆升,记录了最完整的特提斯演化及新特提斯洋关闭后陆内隆升过程。然而,对帕米尔不同地体的构造属性、原特提斯洋俯冲极性、古特提斯阶段是否存在双向俯冲、新特提斯洋俯冲导致的盆山耦合效应以及新生代大规模碱性岩浆活动的地球动力学背景等关键科学问题,仍存在很大争议。本文全面总结了前人对帕米尔构造结的研究成果,结合野外地质调查,对帕米尔构造结显生宙以来的构造演化过程做了概括性总结。研究表明,北帕米尔既不是塔里木前寒武纪基底的一部分,也不是三叠纪增生杂岩,它的主体是寒武纪原特提斯洋南向俯冲形成的巨厚增生杂岩（530~500Ma）。与昆仑—阿尔金不同的是,帕米尔地区的原特提斯洋在早古生代晚期并没有关闭,这一残留洋盆在古特提斯阶段再次扩张,形成了石炭纪—早中生代有限洋盆。随着古特提斯洋的双向俯冲,中、南帕米尔相继与北帕米尔地体发生汇聚,最终拼合的时间在180Ma左右。古特提斯洋俯冲、关闭伴随着新特提斯洋的打开和扩张,从晚侏罗世开始新特提斯洋沿Shyok缝合带北缘北向低角度或近水平俯冲（开始时间约为160~130Ma）,形成了南帕米尔—喀喇昆仑宽阔的岛弧岩浆岩带,并在中帕米尔及北帕米尔地区,发育与弧后伸展有关的地堑或半地堑沉积及具有板内特征的基性岩浆活动。新特提斯洋最终在始新世关闭（60~50 Ma左右）,导致南帕米尔与洋内俯冲形成的科西斯坦—拉达克洋内弧及印度板块的最终拼合,形成了帕米尔雏形。40Ma左右,由于俯冲板片的拆离,形成这一时期造山后碱性岩浆活动。此后,由于印度板块和欧亚板块的大陆岩石圈不断汇聚,帕米尔构造结的岩石圈厚度急剧增加,沿中帕米尔一带,可能是印度板块与欧亚板块岩石圈地幔的分界,近水平的相向俯冲导致了加厚岩石圈的拆沉,形成沿中帕米尔分布的巨量新生代碱性岩带（25~9 Ma）。     

帕米尔构造结结构特征与构造演化

位于印度—欧亚大陆碰撞造山带西段的帕米尔构造结,自震旦纪以来经历了长期的地体裂离、寒武纪至古新世俯冲增生、始新世的最终造山及始新世至全新世大型走滑—伸展、逆冲推覆及构造隆升,记录了最完整的特提斯演化及新特提斯洋关闭后陆内隆升过程。然而,对帕米尔不同地体的构造属性、原特提斯洋俯冲极性、古特提斯阶段是否存在双向俯冲、新特提斯洋俯冲导致的盆山耦合效应以及新生代大规模碱性岩浆活动的地球动力学背景等关键科学问题,仍存在很大争议。笔者等全面总结了前人对帕米尔构造结的研究成果,结合野外地质调查,对帕米尔构造结显生宙以来的构造演化过程做了概括性总结。研究表明,北帕米尔既不是塔里木前寒武纪基底的一部分,也不是三叠纪增生杂岩,它的主体是寒武纪原特提斯洋南向俯冲形成的巨厚增生杂岩（530~500 Ma）。与昆仑—阿尔金不同的是,帕米尔地区的原特提斯洋在早古生代晚期并没有关闭,这一残留洋盆在古特提斯阶段再次扩张,形成了石炭纪—早中生代有限洋盆。随着古特提斯洋的双向俯冲,中、南帕米尔相继与北帕米尔地体发生汇聚,最终拼合的时间在180 Ma左右。古特提斯洋俯冲、关闭伴随着新特提斯洋的打开和扩张,从晚侏罗世开始新特提斯洋沿Shyok缝合带北缘北向低角度或近水平俯冲（开始时间约为160~130 Ma）,形成了南帕米尔—喀喇昆仑宽阔的岛弧岩浆岩带,并在中帕米尔及北帕米尔地区,发育与弧后伸展有关的地堑或半地堑沉积及具有板内特征的基性岩浆活动。新特提斯洋最终在始新世关闭（60~50 Ma左右）,导致南帕米尔与洋内俯冲形成的科西斯坦—拉达克洋内弧及印度板块的最终拼合,形成了帕米尔雏形。40 Ma左右,由于俯冲板片的拆离,形成这一时期造山后碱性岩浆活动。此后,由于印度板块和欧亚板块的大陆岩石圈不断汇聚,帕米尔构造结的岩石圈厚度急剧增加,沿中帕米尔一带,可能是印度板块与欧亚板块岩石圈地幔的分界,近水平的相向俯冲导致了加厚岩石圈的拆沉,形成沿中帕米尔分布的巨量新生代碱性岩带（25~9 Ma）。     

Present-day trends of vertical ground motion along the coast lines

Vertical ground motion (VGM) rates stand as crucial information, either for predicting the impact of the actual sea level rise along low-lying coasts or refining geodynamic problems. Because present day VGM rates have a magnitude smaller than 10 mm/yr, they remain challenging to quantify and often elusive. We focus on the quantification of global-scale VGM rates in order to identify global or regional trends. We computed VGM rates by combining tide gauges records and local satellite altimetry, which yield a new dataset of 634 VGM rates. We further compare this database to previous studies that use geodetic techniques and tide gauges records in order to evaluate the consistency of both our results and previous ones. The magnitudes differ by less than 5 mm/yr, and similar subsidence and uplift general tendencies appear. Even if the asset of our database stands in the greater number of sites, the combination of all studies, each with different pros and cons, yields a hybrid dataset that makes our attempt to extract VGM trends more robust than any other, independent study. Fennoscandia, the West coast of North America, and the eastern coast of Australia are uplifting, while the eastern coast of North America, the British Isles and Western Europe, the eastern Mediterranean Sea, Japan, and the western coast of Australia are subsiding. Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) is expected to provide a major contribution to the present-day signal. Aside from Fennoscandia, observed VGM often depart from the GIA model predictions of Peltier (2004). This either results from an underestimate of the model predictions or from the influence of other processes: indeed, the influence of the geodynamic setting appears in particular along the coasts of western North America or Japan, where the alternation of transform faults and subduction zones makes it possible to assign contrasted behaviours to the local geodynamic context. Local mechanisms like anthropogenic processes or sediment compaction, also contribute to VGM. This remains true for the critical cases of Venice, the Gulf of Mexico, the Ganges delta, and the Maldives, which are particularly exposed to the current sea level rise.     

Crustal motion and deformation in Greece from a decade of GPS measurements, 1993–2003

The Hellenic plate boundary region, located in the collision zone between the Nubian/Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates, is one of the seismo-tectonically most active areas of Europe. During the last 15 years, GPS measurements have been used to determine the crustal motion in the area of Greece with the aim to better understand the geodynamical processes of this region. An extended reoccupation network covering whole Greece has been measured periodically in numerous GPS campaigns since the late eighties, and a continuous GPS network has been operated in the region of the Ionian Sea since 1995. In this paper, we present a new detailed high-quality solution of continuous and campaign-type measurements acquired between 1993 and 2003. During the GPS processing, a special effort was made to obtain consistent results with highest possible accuracies and reliabilities. Data of 54 mainly European IGS and EUREF sites were included in the GPS processing in order to obtain results which are internally consistent with the European kinematic field and order to allow for a regional interpretation. After an overview of the results of the IGS/EUREF sites, the results from more than 80 stations in Greece are presented in terms of velocities, time series, trajectories and strain rates. Previous geodetic, geological and seismological findings are generally confirmed and substantially refined. New important results include the observation of deformation zones to the north and to the south of the North Aegean Trough and in the West Hellenic arc region, arc-parallel extension of about 19 mm/yr along the Hellenic arc, and compression between the Ionian islands and the Greek mainland. Due to continuous long-term observations of 4–8 years, it was possible to extract height changes from the GPS time series. In Greece, we observe a differential subsidence of the order of 2 mm/yr between the northern and central Ionian islands across the Kefalonia fault zone. The differential subsidence of the central Ionian islands with respect to the northwestern Greek mainland amounts to 4 mm/yr.     

Rigid Indian plate: Constraints from GPS measurements

We analyze GPS data from 26 sites located on the Indian plate and along its boundary. The large spatial coverage of the Indian plate by these sites and longer data duration helped us in refining the earlier estimates of the Euler pole for the Indian plate rotation. Our analysis suggests that the internal deformation of the Indian plate is very low (< 1–2 mm/year) and the entire plate interior region largely behaves as a rigid plate. Specifically, we did not infer any significant difference in motion on sites located north and south of the Narmada Son failed rift region, the most prominent tectonic feature within the Indian plate and a major source of earthquakes. Our analysis also constrains the motion across the Indo-Burmese wedge, Himalayan arc, and Shillong Plateau and Kopili fault in the NE India.     

帕米尔弧东段逆冲推覆构造特征

帕米尔弧形构造带是青藏高原碰撞挤压表现最明显的地区之一。通过构造剖面和地震剖面解释,认为帕米尔弧东段逆冲推覆构造具有分带性特点,自南西向北东方向可以划分为逆冲推覆构造的根带、中带、锋带与锋前带,相应地发育叠瓦状逆冲断层、冲断褶皱、断层相关褶皱、单斜构造等不同的构造组合。对逆冲推覆锋带中苏盖特和阿克陶生长背斜、生长地层及形成时序分别进行了研究,确定了帕米尔弧形逆冲推覆构造以前展式（背驮式）向前陆方向扩展,逆冲推覆始于上新世,并一直持续到早更新世。弧形构造东西两段逆冲推覆运动方式和地层缩短量有很大差异：西段为与挤压方向垂直的逆冲,而东段为斜冲兼顺时针走滑;西段地层缩短量大于东段。     

Constraints on crustal hydration below the Colorado plateau from Vp measurements on crustal xenoliths

Seismic velocities have been measured as a function of confining pressure to 8 kbar for crustal xenoliths from the Moses Rock Dike and Mule Ear Diatreme, two kimberlite pipes on the Colorado Plateau. Rock types measured include rhyolite, granite, diorite, metasedimentary schists and gneisses, mafic amphibolites and granulites. Many of our samples have been hydrothermally altered to greenschist facies mineral assemblages during transport to the earth's surface. The velocity of compressional waves measured on altered amphibolites and granulites are too low by 0.1–0.3 km/s for such rock types to be characteristic of deep crustal levels. A direct correlation exists between progressive alteration and the presence of microcracks extending into the xenoliths from the kimberlitic host rock. Velocities of pristine samples are compatible with existing velocity profiles for the Colorado Plateau and we conclude that the crust at depths greater than 15 km has probably not undergone a greenschist facies metamorphic event. The xenolith suite reflects a crustal profile similar to that exposed in the Ivrea-Verbano and Strona-Ceneri zones in northern Italy.     

Estimates of motion and strain rates across active faults in the frontal part of eastern Himalayas in North Bengal from GPS measurements

Within the 2500 km stretch of the Himalayas, a narrow window between longitudes 88.185°E and 88.936°E in the frontal Himalayas in North Bengal, crisscrossed by several active fault traces, presents an interesting region for crustal deformation study. We have estimated velocities of 8 GPS stations located in this area and the accumulating strain rate by two different methods. A total shortening of 11.1 ±1.5 mm yr⁻¹ is occurring across a set of four E–W running faults: Gorubathan, Matiali, Chalsa and Baradighi. The strain rate becomes higher in the NE part of the network, reaching −(0.25 ± 0.12) μstrain yr⁻¹ with azimuth 21°. A statistically significant extension of 10.9 ± 1.6 mm yr⁻¹ is estimated across the Gish transverse fault with a maximum strain rate of 0.36 ± 0.08 μstrain yr⁻¹ with azimuth 103°. The accumulating strain will be probably released through future earthquakes.     

Present-day Block Movement and Fault Activity on the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau

The geology and tectonics in the eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau are complex. The main tectonic framework is composed of blocks and faults. Using discontinuous global positioning system survey data for 2008–2014, the velocity field for the Eurasia reference framework was obtained. Based on the velocity field, the present-day velocities of the blocks and boundary faults were estimated. The results reveal that the movement rates of the Chuan-Qing, South China, Chuan-Dian and Indo-China blocks are(17.02±0.60) mm/a,(8.77±1.51) mm/a,(13.85±1.31) mm/a and(6.84 ± 0.74) mm/a, respectively, and their movement directions are 99.5°, 120.3°, 142.9° and 153.3°, respectively. All blocks exhibit clockwise rotation. The displacement rates of the Xianshuihe, Longmenshan, Anninghe, Zemuhe, Xiaojiang and Red River faults are(7.30±1.25–8.30±1.26) mm/a,(10.07±0.97–11.79±0.89) mm/a,(0.96±0.74–2.98±1.73) mm/a,(2.03±0.49–3.20±0.73) mm/a,(3.45±0.40–6.02±0.50) mm/a and(6.23±0.56) mm/a, respectively. The Xianshuihe, Anninghe, Zemuhe and Xiaojiang faults show leftlateral strike-slip movement, while the Longmenshan and Red River faults show right-lateral strikeslip. These characteristics of the blocks and faults are related to the particular tectonic location and dynamic mechanism.     

青藏高原东缘区域地壳稳定性评价

青藏高原东缘新构造运动复杂而强烈,地震与地质灾害多发,区域地壳稳定性评价工作意义重大。基于地质力学和大陆动力学相互补充的区域地壳稳定性评价理论,选择深部地球物理场、区域构造变形、地震活动、区域构造应力场作为内动力因素,地形地貌、降雨量、河流冲蚀组合计算所产生的地质灾害条件作为外动力因素,地层岩性和活动断裂影响带作为介质因素,进行了区域地壳稳定性评价。结果表明,采用地质要素梯度来反映内动力作用和通过地质环境要素综合分析表现外动力作用是提高评价准确性的有效手段;青藏高原东缘可分为8个构造特征差异显著的一级分区,75个综合因素差别较大的二级分区,653个外动力条件有一定差别的三级分区;总体而言,龙门山断裂、鲜水河断裂和安宁河断裂带构成的Y字型构造格架断裂带附近的地壳稳定性最差,西部次之,东部最好,北部区块较完整,南部复杂破碎。     

巽他弧北部掸邦高原地壳变形、长期块体运动和发震过程:来自大地测量研究结果的约束

本文通过约束大地测量研究来探索掸邦高原及其周围地区现今的地壳变形和长期块体运动,以期提供该地区地球动力学和相关地震危险状况的最新状态。掸邦高原在横向上由西侧的萨干(Sagaing)断裂和东侧的红河断裂这两条主要断裂包围。其中,青藏高原地壳的韧性流挤压被认为是该夹层变形单元变形的主要因素。大地测量清楚地表明,萨干断裂和红河断裂段分别具有约18 mm/a和约45 mm/a右旋运动走滑速率。此外,掸邦高原内部断层体系大地滑移累积表现为1213 mm/a的整体左旋运动速率。我们认为相对于刚性巽他古陆,研究区域的形变分布和长期块体运动主要受区域书架型断层作用控制,其原因是掸邦高原两侧的主断裂(萨干断裂和红河断裂)存在差异性断裂活动。     

The crustal structure of the axis of the Great Valley,California, from seismic refraction measurements

In 1982 the U.S. Geological Survey collected six seismic refraction profiles in the Great Valley of California: three axial profiles with a maximum shot-to-receiver offset of 160 km, and three shorter profiles perpendicular to the valley axis. This paper presents the results of two-dimensional raytracing and synthetic seismogram modeling of the central axial profile. The crust of the central Great Valley is laterally heterogeneous along its axis, but generally consists of a sedimentary section overlying distinct upper, middle, and lower crustal units. The sedimentary rocks are 3–5 km thick along the profile, with velocities increasing with depth from 1.6 to 4.0 km/s. The basement (upper crust) consists of four units:

• 1.(1) a 1.0–1.5 km thick layer of velocity 5.4–5.8 km/s,
• 2.(2) a 3–4 km thick layer of velocity 6.0–6.3 km/s,
• 3.(3) a 1.5–3.0 km thick layer of velocity 6.5–6.6 km/s, and
• 4.(4) a laterally discontinuous, 1.5 km thick layer of velocity 6.8–7.0 km/s. The mid-crust lies at 11–14 km depth, is 5–8 km thick, and has a velocity of 6.6–6.7 km/s. On the northwest side of our profile the mid-crust is a low-velocity zone beneath the 6.8–7.0 km/s lid. The lower crust lies at 16–19 km depth, is 7–13 km thick, and has a velocity of 6.9–7.2 km/s. Crustal thickness increases from 26 to 29 km from NW to SE in the model.

Although an unequivocal determination of crustal composition is not possible from P-wave velocities alone, our model has several geological and tectonic implications. We interpret the upper 7 km of basement on the northwest side of the profile as an ophiolitic fragment, since its thickness and velocity structure are consistent with that of oceanic crust. This fragment, which is not present 10–15 km to the west of the refraction profile, is probably at least partially responsible for the Great Valley gravity and magnetic anomalies, whose peaks lie about 10 km east of our profile. The middle and lower crust are probably gabbroic and the product of magmatic or tectonic underplating, or both. The crustal structure of the Great Valley is dissimilar to that of the adjacent Diablo Range, suggesting the existence of a fault or suture zone throughout the crust between these provinces.     

Statistical analysis of geodetic measurements for the investigation of crustal movements

Geodetic networks are designed to obtain data that can be used to monitor crustal movements. The relative position on the earth's surface is determined from these networks by means of coordinates. The coordinates of stations and its variance—covariance matrix are based on the computational model. In spatial networks at least three points, the base points, should be chosen to define the coordinate system “fixed” to the earth. In monitoring crustal movements these base points are considered to be stationary over the time span of the motion involved. A procedure for testing the stability of the base points, together with other stable points, is described.The coordinate differences between two time epochs, t₀ and t₁ are considered to investigate crustal movements. A statistical test is introduced to determine whether crustal movements have actually occurred.The reliability, i.e., the influence, of nondetected errors in the observations or computations, should be considered. Two types of decisions can be made which may lead to incorrect conclusions. These conclusions are as follows:

1. (1) That no movement has taken place, although a nondetected error leads to the opposite conclusion.

2. (2) That a movement has occurred, although a nondetected error in the observations leads to the opposite conclusion.

The chance of arriving at these conclusions can be computed. Boundary values for assumed crustal motion in specified latitudinal and longitudinal directions give a better insight into the desired specifications for geodetic networks.The testing procedure and the above-mentioned method of computing boundary values can be used for all types of networks e.g., those obtained by conventional triangulation or by a satellite-borne ranging system.     

Evidence of site amplification from ground motion of the last two large crustal earthquakes in central-western Argentina

Natural Hazards - The present study has investigated site amplification effects from the analysis of peak ground accelerations (PGA) and spectral accelerations (SA) of the last two major crustal...