MIS3中期以来北黄海中部陆架古环境演化

通过对北黄海中部陆架DLC70-2孔的岩性、粒度、微体古生物以及AMS14C年代学的分析,探讨了研究区MIS3中期以来的古环境演化。研究表明,北黄海中部陆架MIS3中期以来的沉积环境演化与海平面变化存在良好的对应关系,具有明显的阶段性特征:岩芯22.89~18.50 m段(43 639~42 558 cal yr B.P.)对应MIS3中期海平面上升过程中形成的河口湾相,与上覆地层之间存在明显的沉积间断;随着海平面的逐渐上升,海水自14 602 cal yr B.P. 开始侵入研究区,形成了18.50 m以上的沉积地层,自下而上可划分为末次冰盛期以来海平面上升过程中的河口充填相(18.50~10.02 m,14 602~12 602 cal yr B.P.)-新仙女木事件中晚期海平面停滞期间的河流泛滥平原相(10.02~5.10 m,12 602~10 357 cal yr B.P.)-全新世早中期海平面上升过程中的滨海、浅海相(5.10~0 m,10 357~4 913 cal yr B.P.)。岩芯10.02~5.10 m段(12 602~10 357 cal yr B.P.)记录的源自河流泛滥平原沉积的硬质黏土层与新仙女木事件的全球效应密切相关,可作为新仙女木事件在北黄海陆架响应的一个重要证据。     

Advances in Palaeoclimatic Research Recorded by Peat in China since the Last Deglaciation

泥炭记录的环境演变是过去全球变化（PAGES）研究的重要领域之一,分析了中国泥炭记录的古气候演化研究的区域范围,当前主要以东北哈尼、青藏高原的红原、神农架大九湖以及华南定南大湖四个位于东部季风区的研究工作最为集中。泥炭沉积高分辨率综合信息揭示了末次冰消期以来中国气候变化的时空特征：冷暖干湿变化既有一致性又表现出区域差异,末次冰消期东北地区、东部山地、华南地区都表现出冷偏湿的气候特点,而青藏高原却为冷偏干或凉偏干;Younger Dr-yas（YD）事件之后,全新世早期和中期青藏高原、东部山地、华南地区气候总体以温湿为主要特征,而东北地区有效降水减少,到全新世晚期,呈现出干旱的变化趋势。并对B～A事件,YD事件,8.2ka以及4.2 ka等重大气候突变事件研究工作进行了综述。最后指出今后应拓展与重建更多区域古气候环境变化序列的对比,加强泥炭沉积及环境指标的基础理论,重视和提高大气沉降泥炭档案以及气候变化背景下泥炭地碳循环机制等研究工作。     

赣北石笋记录的新仙女木事件

新仙女木事件(Younger Dryas,简称YD)是末次冰消期升温过程中发生的一次北半球急剧降温事件,目前全球范围多个地区的地质记录中均有发现该事件的印记.然而,受限于定年误差或采样分辨率等因素,关于YD事件的精确起止时间、精细内部结构和触发机制仍存在争议.本研究利用江西北部神农宫溶洞内一支文石石笋SN29(总长度426 mm,其中距离顶部220~388 mm用于本研究),通过高精度 230Th定年和氧、碳稳定同位素测试分析,建立了13614~10811 a B. P.期间平均分辨率12年的石笋氧同位素(δ18O)变化序列.该记录最为显著的特征是δ18O值在12851~11575 a B. P.时段偏正1. 7‰,指示了一次显著的弱季风突变事件,响应于北大西洋YD事件. SN29为高铀含量文石石笋且生长速率较快,精确界定了响应于YD事件的东亚弱季风事件的起止时间和精细内部结构.结果表明: YD期间, SN29记录的东亚弱夏季风事件的开始时间为 12851±16 a B. P.,经历了约249年;结束过程开始于11575±19 a B. P.,经历了约146年;整个YD弱季风事件共持续了 1276±35年.东亚季风区各石笋δ18O记录的YD弱季风事件在误差范围内基本一致,且与格陵兰冰芯δ18O记录和低纬度其他记录的发生时间一致,支持YD时期东亚夏季风减弱事件可能是对大量淡水进入北大西洋导致径向翻转流减弱、北半球变冷、ITCZ南移的快速响应的假说.     

渤海湾西岸CZ01钻孔沉积物粒度端元分析及其气候—海平面变化响应*

沧州地区位于海陆交互的渤海湾西岸,易受到海平面变化和极端气候事件的影响,对于全球气候变化的响应十分敏感。应用非参数化端元分析模型将沧州地区CZ01钻孔中更新世晚期以来的沉积物粒度划分出6个端元并分析其物源,结合已有地质记录,揭示不同时间尺度下各端元对气候—海平面变化的响应。结果表明: (1)EM1(5.01 μm)主要为远源的风尘输入,EM2(13.18 μm)和EM3(39.81 μm)为古黄河所携带的沉积物,EM4(69.18 μm)和EM5(138.04 μm)为海相沉积物,EM6(275.42 μm)可能指示古洪水等极端气候事件。(2)深海氧同位素(MIS)Ⅰ 阶段,气候温暖湿润,EM4+5含量指示渤海海平面整体呈波动上升的趋势并逐渐接近现代海平面。该阶段内由于11.5 ka BP左右的新仙女木事件以及5.1 ka BP左右冷干事件的发生,渤海海平面在稳定上升状态后出现停滞或小幅下降的现象; 而在9.5 ka BP、7.5 ka BP、5.8 ka BP和1.7 ka BP左右,东亚夏季风增强导致降水增加,渤海海平面升高。(3)MIS Ⅵ 阶段北半球气候冷干,150~132 ka BP左右因喜马拉雅运动减弱造成的区域沉降中心转移致使渤海海面升高。MIS Ⅴ 阶段气候波动剧烈: 在间冰期暖期(5a、5c和5e)气候暖湿,渤海海平面上升; 而MIS5b和5d时期渤海海面高度较低。MIS Ⅳ 阶段较MIS5a末期海平面突然下降后趋于稳定,期间出现若干次小规模海侵事件,可能与东亚夏季风频繁变化有关。MIS Ⅲ 阶段至末次冰盛期海平面大幅度下降且存在周期性升降变化,并在46 ka BP左右出现大规模海侵事件。MIS Ⅱ 阶段较MIS Ⅲ 阶段海平面出现小幅度下降,为低海平面时期; 伴随15 ka BP左右冰盛期的结束,东亚夏季风增强,海平面开始上升。渤海海平面180 ka BP以来的变化记录与北半球乃至全球范围内的地质记录存在一致性,与太阳辐射波动引起的冰川消融及东亚夏季风变化密切相关。     

中国泥炭记录末次冰消期以来古气候研究进展

泥炭记录的环境演变是过去全球变化（PAGES）研究的重要领域之一,分析了中国泥炭记录的古气候演化研究的区域范围,当前主要以东北哈尼、青藏高原的红原、神农架大九湖以及华南定南大湖四个位于东部季风区的研究工作最为集中。泥炭沉积高分辨率综合信息揭示了末次冰消期以来中国气候变化的时空特征：冷暖干湿变化既有一致性又表现出区域差异,末次冰消期东北地区、东部山地、华南地区都表现出冷偏湿的气候特点,而青藏高原却为冷偏干或凉偏干;Younger Dryas（YD）事件之后,全新世早期和中期青藏高原、东部山地、华南地区气候总体以温湿为主要特征,而东北地区有效降水减少,到全新世晚期,呈现出干旱的变化趋势。并对B~A事件,YD事件,8.2 ka 以及4.2 ka等重大气候突变事件研究工作进行了综述。最后指出今后应拓展与重建更多区域古气候环境变化序列的对比,加强泥炭沉积及环境指标的基础理论,重视和提高大气沉降泥炭档案以及气候变化背景下泥炭地碳循环机制等研究工作。     

晚更新世末北黄海中部硬质粘土层的形成及其古环境意义

北黄海中部晚更新世末以来低海面时期发育的硬质粘土层是古环境变化信息的重要载体。文章运用沉积学、孢粉学和年代学等方法,从样品中提取出了可指示北黄海硬质粘土层成因的孢粉、藻类化石,并揭示了其记录的古环境和古气候特征。研究表明,该硬质粘土层的形成年龄介于12602~10357cal.a B.P.之间,年代上与发生在12.9~11.6ka期间的末次冰消新仙女木气候回冷事件相吻合,与不同沉积环境中形成的北黄海泥炭层为同一时期的沉积,可作为新仙女木事件在北黄海陆架响应的一个重要证据。高含量淡水藻类(环纹藻、盘星藻)与香蒲的存在表明北黄海硬质粘土层的形成环境主要为淡水水域,而硬质粘土层中藜科-蒿属的存在指示其形成期间间或受到海水的影响,其上下层段海生沟鞭藻含量的增加说明硬质粘土层沉积初期及形成后期海水作用的增强,淡水藻类与陆生植物孢粉此消彼长的变化规律反映了硬质粘土层形成的阶段性特征。硬质粘土层中蒿属-香蒲-松-禾本科-单缝孢和松-蒿属-禾本科-单缝孢-香蒲孢粉组合表明研究区当时处于寒冷而湿润的环境,低地为以河流湿地为主的平原草甸,周边山地有针阔叶混交林分布。北黄海晚更新世末期形成的硬质粘土层与长江三角洲地区同期形成的硬质粘土层孢粉藻类组合中均出现高含量的淡水藻类化石,而差异性体现在前者存在一定比例的蒿属藜科植物花粉,主要由两者所处的纬度不同所致。     

湖北神农架年纹层石笋记录的YD与8.2 ka事件转型模式研究

基于青天洞两支年纹层石笋QT16和QT40高分辨率δ18O序列,重建了Younger Dryas(YD)和8.2 ka期间季风突变细节过程。结果显示,亚洲季风强度在YD和8.2 ka事件内部并不稳定。在年层时标控制下,季风强度在YD早期最弱,随后缓慢上升,其间叠加三次百年尺度次级振荡;在8.2 ka期间,季风强度整体较弱,内部出现一次持续40 a左右的强季风事件,曲线形态类似"W"结构。运用"方差法"和"RAMPFIT"法分析显示,在两事件开始,季风衰减均表现出缓慢特征(转型时间占据事件整体历时的40%~50%),但在结束期间季风迅速增强,相似变化模式得到了同区其他石笋记录的支持。与格陵兰冰芯记录对比发现,尽管高、低纬气候在两事件结束时段变化特征基本类似,但在两事件开始,亚洲季风衰减过程却显著长于北高纬气温变化。与低纬记录对比显示,热带水文变化在两事件开始阶段均表现出与亚洲季风基本一致的演化趋势,表明亚洲季风的突变过程可能具有鲜明的低纬特色。这些细节差异若得到更多高分辨率地质记录验证,将有利于进一步认识亚洲季风对突变事件的响应方式及其动力学机制。     

17. 3 ka以来冲绳海槽中南部有机质来源

基于AMS14C测年、有机碳、氮含量及其同位素等指标分析,探讨了冲绳海槽中南部OKT-3孔末次冰消期以来沉积物有机质来源及其对古海洋环境演化的响应。结果显示,OKT-3孔沉积物中有机质主要由中国大陆和中国台湾等陆源有机质,以及海洋自生有机质组成。末次冰消期至全新世晚期（17.3~4 ka B.P.）,中国大陆源有机质贡献逐渐下降,中国台湾源有机质贡献逐渐上升,表明海平面变化、黑潮变动是该阶段有机质来源的主要控制因素。4~1.5 ka期间,陆源有机质供给变化趋势与黑潮变动不一致,表明该时期陆源输入非黑潮单一控制,还可能受季风降雨等变化影响。值得注意的是,OKT-3孔海源有机质贡献在B-A和PB时期高、YD时期低,与北太平洋地区的生产力变化相似,反映了北太平洋中层水（NPIW）对海水表层生产力的控制作用,NPIW是连通冲绳海槽与北太平洋的重要纽带。     

新仙女木(YD)事件区域特征及动力机制研究新进展

新仙女木事件(Younger Dryasevent,YD事件)为末次冰消期发生的快速降温事件,作为典型突变气候事件,它一直是国际古气候关注热点,其研究的开展促进和深化了科学界对千年尺度突变气候事件的理解和认识。近年来,随着高分辨率地质记录涌现,YD事件时空差异性日益突出。对比和认识这些区域之间事件细节结构及转型模式异同有助于甄别其相位关系,探讨不同环境快速重组对高、低纬突变气候事件的响应方式,进而验证早期驱动—响应假说,为其动力学机制建立及未来相似边界条件下气候预测提供基本地质证据和理论模型。本文从YD事件区域响应方式入手,通过总结和对比模拟研究及地质记录,对YD事件已有研究存在的争议进行回顾,提出有待加强的研究区域和未来研究方向。     

30~10ka云南高山湖泊高分辨率生物记录与气候突变事件

通过对云南泸沽湖高分辨率沉积指标序列(硅藻、枝角类和孢粉)的对比分析,初步揭示了水生生物(硅藻、枝角类和水生孢粉)对末次冰盛期期间气候变化的快速响应过程.结果表明,硅藻群落组成首先响应末次冰盛期时期的开始变冷,枝角类滞后,水生孢粉则表现为渐进的响应过程.然而,泸沽湖沉积硅藻记录对末次冰期以来的短时间尺度气候快速变化的Heinrich和新仙女木事件并未有响应,揭示气候事件判别的准确性取决于指标直接响应气候的特征以及多指标的综合对比.综合西南季风区云南不同海拔湖泊沉积记录(硅藻、孢粉、摇蚊等)获得的2万年以来数据及序列表明,末次冰期千年尺度的气候突变事件( Heinrich 1、 B?lling/Aller?d暖期和新仙女木YD冷事件)在整个西南季风系统中都有反映,且气候事件变化区间及幅度存在区域差异,其根本原因是受不同气候系统、复杂地形(青藏高原)的制约.     

青藏高原东北部共和盆地风成沉积地球化学特征及其揭示的气候变化

通过对共和盆地东部风成沉积的地球化学分析,并结合14C和OSL年代,重建了区域末次盛冰期以来气候变化过程。21 ka BP之前气候寒冷偏湿,21～15.82 ka BP为末次盛冰期(LastGlacial Maximum,LGM),气候极为寒冷干燥;15.82～9.5 ka BP气候转暖且偏干,其中14.5～13.6ka BP和11.9～9.5 ka BP气候明显冷干,分别为老仙女木时期(Oldest Dryas,OD)和新仙女木时期(Younger Dryas,YD),而15.82～14.5 ka BP和13.6～11.9 ka BP(BФlling-AllerФd暖期,B/A)相对温暖;9.5～7.2 ka BP暖湿程度明显提高,7.2～5.1 ka BP气候波动频繁,相对冷干和相对暖湿多次更替。5.1～2.7 ka BP暖湿程度基本稳定,之后气候趋于寒冷但湿度明显较大。这些气候变化过程与青藏高原大量的古气候信息记录具有良好的一致性,表明共和盆地气候变化与青藏高原气候变化的高度一致性。     

Extent, timing, and climatic implications of glacier advances Mount Rainier, Washington, U.S.A., at the pleistocene/holocene transition

The North Atlantic Younger Dryas climatic reversal did not cause a glacier advance on Mount Rainier. The glaciers on Mount Rainier seem to have advanced in response to regional or local shifts in climate. However, the Younger Dryas climatic reversal may have affected the Mount Rainier area, causing a cold, but dry, climate unfavorable to glacier advances. Glaciers in the vicinity of Mount Rainier advanced twice during late glacial/early Holocene time. Radiocarbon dates obtained from lake sediments adjacent to the corresponding moraines are concordant, indicating that the ages for the advances are closely limiting. The first advance occurred before 11,300 ¹⁴C yr BP (13,200 cal yr BP). During the North Atlantic Younger Dryas event, between 11,000 and 10,000 ¹⁴C yr BP (12,900 and 11,600 cal yr BP), glaciers retreated on Mount Rainier, probably due to a lack of available moisture, but conditions may have remained cold. The onset of warmer conditions on Mount Rainier occurred around 10,000 ¹⁴C yr BP (11,600 cal yr BP). Organic sedimentation lasted for at least 700 years before glaciers readvanced between 9800 and 8950 ¹⁴C yr BP (10,900 and 9950 cal yr BP).     

Palaeoceanographic changes in the northern Barents Sea during the last 16 000 years – new constraints on the last deglaciation of the Svalbard–Barents Sea Ice Sheet

The sediment core NP05‐71GC, retrieved from 360 m water depth south of Kvitøya, northwestern Barents Sea, was investigated for the distribution of benthic and planktic foraminifera, stable isotopes and sedimentological parameters to reconstruct palaeoceanographic changes and the growth and retreat of the Svalbard–Barents Sea Ice Sheet during the last ～16 000 years. The purpose is to gain better insight into the timing and variability of ocean circulation, climatic changes and ice‐sheet behaviour during the deglaciation and the Holocene. The results show that glaciomarine sedimentation commenced c. 16 000 a BP, indicating that the ice sheet had retreated from its maximum position at the shelf edge around Svalbard before that time. A strong subsurface influx of Atlantic‐derived bottom water occurred from 14 600 a BP during the Bølling and Allerød interstadials and lasted until the onset of the Younger Dryas cooling. In the Younger Dryas cold interval, the sea surface was covered by near‐permanent sea ice. The early Holocene, 11 700–11 000 a BP, was influenced by meltwater, followed by a strong inflow of highly saline and chilled Atlantic Water until c. 8600 a BP. From 8600 to 7600 a BP, faunal and isotopic evidence indicates cooling and a weaker flow of the Atlantic Water followed by a stronger influence of Atlantic Water until c. 6000 a BP. Thereafter, the environment generally deteriorated. Our results imply that (i) the deglaciation occurred earlier in this area than previously thought, and (ii) the Younger Dryas ice sheet was smaller than indicated by previous reconstructions.     

Prompt transgression and gradual salinisation of the Black Sea during the early Holocene constrained by amino acid racemization and radiocarbon dating

The restricted environment of the Black Sea is particularly sensitive to climatic and oceanographic fluctuations, owing to its connection with the Mediterranean Sea via the narrow Bosphorus Strait. The exact mechanism and timing of the most recent connection between these water bodies is controversial with debate on the post-glacial history of the Black Sea being dependent on radiocarbon dating for numerical ages. Here we present new 23 accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) radiocarbon ages on peat and bivalve molluscs, supported by the first amino acid racemization (AAR) dating of bivalve molluscs (n = 66) in the Black Sea. These data indicate infilling of the Black Sea during the early Holocene from an initial depth 107 m below sea-level, and 72 m below that of the Bosphorus Sill. These data combined with a review of previous radiocarbon ages has enabled a unique perspective on the post-glacial Black Sea. A sea-level curve based on conventional and AMS radiocarbon ages on peat and AMS-based ages on Dreissena sp. shells indicate the water-level in the earlier lake phase continued, until the early Holocene, to be lower than the Bosphorus Sill after the Younger Dryas ended. However, the absence of AMS-dated mollusc ages from the shelves of this basin older than the Younger Dryas is suggestive of sub-aerial exposure of the shelves, and comparatively lower water-levels when the Younger Dryas began. Thus post-glacial outflow from the Black Sea occurred through a lowered or open Bosphorus seaway. Basin-wide radiocarbon ages on peat indicate a prompt increase in water-level from that of the pre-existing and unconnected palaeo-lake during the earliest Holocene (9600–9200 cal a BP). Mass colonisation of the Black Sea by Mediterranean taxa did not occur until salinity had risen sufficiently, a process which took 1000 a or more from the initial transgressive event. This gradual change in salinity contrasts with the prompt transgression which would have taken ～400 a to occur.     

The Weichselian Late-glacial in southwestern Europe (Iberian Peninsula,Pyrenees, Massif Central,northern Apennines)

This paper presents a summary of Late-glacial environmental changes in southwestern Europe (lberian Peninsula, Pyrenees, Massif Central and the northern Apennines). The emphasis is on palaeoclimatic interpretations inferred from key sites in the region from which the most detailed records are available and which have been radiocarbon dated. The earliest evidence for climatic improvement following the end of the last glacial stage is dated to ca. 15 ka BP and is found at a few sites only. By 13 ka BP, a more widespread and marked climatic improvement is evident, although it is difficult to be precise in the timing and magnitude of the event. There are significant variations in detail between the Late-glacial records, but evidence for a significant cooling correlated with the Younger Dryas event is widespread throughout the region. Just two sites in the region provide evidence for an earlier, less emphatic phase of climatic cooling, which is tentatively equated with the ‘Older Dryas’ of continental northern Europe. Dry conditions appear to have predominated throughout the region in the later part of the Younger Dryas and the early Holocene.     

青藏高原腹地湖泊沉积纪录的“仙女木期”古气候颤动事件

通过对青藏高原腹地钻孔岩心剖面的最新研究,用层序地层学与年代地层学和气候地层学相结合的方法,分辨出可可西里地区苟弄措湖泊沉积记录(孔深7.25 m)约30 ka BP以来的古气候变化,并在孔深3.32～1.98 m处识别出“仙女本期”的3个气候颤动事件,即:①老仙女术事件(孔深3.32～2.62 m);②中仙女本事件(孔深2.62～2.43 m);③新仙女本事件(孔深2.43～1.98 m)。这3个气候颤动事件都是以冷干时段开始、以冷湿时段结束的,并有越向后期其冷干的时段越长的变化趋势,而其后的冷湿时段却具有等时的变化趋势。岩心沉积物的有机碳、有机氮和磁化率以及化学元素含量的变化,都与仙女本期气候变化具有十分吻合的变化态势。仙女术期气候在湖泊沉积物中的响应,在青藏高原环境演化中还是首次发现,为研究第四纪末次冰期冰消期以来的气候变化提供了新的信息。     

末次冰消期以来东海内陆架古环境演化

通过对位于浙—闽沿岸泥质带的EC2005孔岩性、粒度以及AMS14C年代分析,探讨了研究区自末次冰消期以来的古沉积环境演化,认为是湖水或海水深度、气候变化等综合影响的结果。岩芯底部60.20～41.00 m（17.3～13.1 ka BP）为湖泊三角洲沉积序列,可划分为前三角洲—三角洲前缘—三角洲平原三个沉积亚相,物质来源主要是湖盆流域物质的输入。随着海平面的逐渐上升,海水自13.1 ka BP开始侵入研究区,形成了41.00 m的海相沉积地层,可划分为前滨—近滨—浅海三个沉积亚相,与海平面变化曲线具有良好的对应。自12.3 ka BP开始,研究区受到沿岸流影响,长江物质开始影响研究区,7.3 ka BP以来主要是来自长江的悬浮体在沿岸流作用下输送沉积而形成,稳定的泥质沉积物开始形成。全球性重要气候事件如新仙女木事件、8.2 ka冷事件在东海内陆架沉积物中也得到了良好揭示。     

Climatic oscillations in central Italy during the Last Glacial–Holocene transition: the record from Lake Accesa

This paper presents an event stratigraphy based on data documenting the history of vegetation cover, lake‐level changes and fire frequency, as well as volcanic eruptions, over the Last Glacial–early Holocene transition from a terrestrial sediment sequence recovered at Lake Accesa in Tuscany (north‐central Italy). On the basis of an age–depth model inferred from 13 radiocarbon dates and six tephra horizons, the Oldest Dryas–Bølling warming event was dated to ca. 14 560 cal. yr BP and the Younger Dryas event to ca. 12 700–11 650 cal. yr BP. Four sub‐millennial scale cooling phases were recognised from pollen data at ca. 14 300–14 200, 13 900–13 700, 13 400–13 100 and 11 350–11 150 cal. yr BP. The last three may be Mediterranean equivalents to the Older Dryas (GI‐1d), Intra‐Allerød (GI‐1b) and Preboreal Oscillation (PBO) cooling events defined from the GRIP ice‐core and indicate strong climatic linkages between the North Atlantic and Mediterranean areas during the last Termination. The first may correspond to Intra‐Bølling cold oscillations registered by various palaeoclimatic records in the North Atlantic region. The lake‐level record shows that the sub‐millennial scale climatic oscillations which punctuated the last deglaciation were associated in central Italy with different successive patterns of hydrological changes from the Bølling warming to the 8.2 ka cold reversal. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.