A homogenization method for estimating the bearing capacity of soils reinforced by columns

The ultimate bearing capacity problem of a strip foundation resting on a soil reinforced by a group of regularly spaced columns is investigated in the situation when both the native soil and reinforcing material are purely cohesive. Making use of the yield design homogenization approach, it is shown that such a problem may be dealt with as a plane strain yield design problem, provided that the reinforced soil macroscopic strength condition has been previously determined. Lower and upper bound estimates for such a macroscopic criterion are obtained, thus giving evidence of the reinforced soil strong anisotropy. Performing the upper bound kinematic approach on the homogenized bearing capacity problem, by using the classical Prandtl's failure mechanism, makes it then possible to derive analytical upper bound estimates for the reinforced foundation bearing capacity, as a function of the reinforced soil parameters (volume fraction and cohesion ratio), as well as of the relative extension of the reinforced area. It is shown in particular that such an estimate is closer to the exact value of the ultimate bearing capacity, than that derived from a direct analysis which implicitly assumes that the reinforced soil is an isotropic material. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling large plastic deformations of cohesive soils using sequential limit analysis

This paper introduces sequential limit analysis (SLA) as a method for modelling large plastic deformations of purely cohesive materials such as undrained clay. The method involves solving a series of consecutive small‐deformation plastic collapse problems using finite element limit analysis, thus ensuring high levels of accuracy, efficiency, and robustness. The techniques needed to develop an SLA implementation for two‐dimensional (plane strain) problems are described in detail, including model geometry updating routines, treatment of rigid bodies, interfaces and boundaries, and periodic remeshing and interpolation of field variables. A simple total stress‐based constitutive model is used to account for strain softening and strain rate effects. Extensive verifications and validations are performed using analytical solutions and physical model test results, comparing both collapse loads and failure mechanisms, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the SLA approach. Additional solution quality checks on the bracketing discrepancy between lower‐bound and upper‐bound limit analysis solutions, and on the incompressibility of the rigid‐plastic material, are also presented.     

不同黏结剂配比条件下型煤力学及渗透特性试验研究

利用含瓦斯煤热-流-固耦合三轴伺服渗流装置,为使得型煤力学及渗透特性更接近原煤,选取水泥作为黏结剂,进行了不同黏结剂配比条件下的型煤和原煤三轴压缩试验对比研究。基于欧式距离的相似性度量方法对能反映型煤的力学及渗透特性的特征值指标进行定量评价。结果表明：随黏结剂含量的增加,型煤的峰值主应力差、弹性模量近乎呈正指数函数递增趋势,泊松比呈负指数函数递减趋势;随着黏结剂含量的增加,型煤的初始渗透率、最小渗透率基本呈负指数函数递减趋势,且其渗透率变化率随黏结剂含量的增加越来越小,表现为渗透率-轴向应变曲线越来越平缓;基于欧式距离的相似性度量方法得出水泥黏结剂配比为IV型的型煤在力学及渗透特性方面与原煤最为接近,可以作为模拟原煤的相似材料。     

δC and δD identification of sources of lipid biomarkers in sediments of Lake Haruna (Japan)

Organic materials in lacustrine sediments are from multiple terrestrial and aquatic sources. In this study, carbon (δ¹³C) and hydrogen isotopic compositions (δD) of phytol, various sterols, and major n-fatty acids in sediments at Lake Haruna, Japan, were determined in their solvent-extractable (free) and saponification-released forms (bound). The δ¹³C-δD distributions of these lipid molecules in sediments are compared with those of terrestrial C3 and C4 plants, aquatic C3 plants, and plankton to evaluate their relative contributions. δ¹³C-δD of free phytol in sediments is very close to that of phytol in plankton samples, whereas δ¹³C-δD of bound phytol in sediments is on a mixing line between terrestrial C3 plant and plankton material. Unlike phytol, no significant δ¹³C-δD difference between free and bound forms was found in sterols and n-fatty acids. δ¹³C-δD values of algal sterols such as 24-methylcholesta-5,22-dien-3β-ol in sediments are close to those of plankton, whereas δ¹³C-δD of multiple-source sterols such as 24-ethylcholest-5-en-3β-ol and of major n-fatty acids such as n-hexadecanoic acid in sediments are between those of terrestrial C3 plants and plankton samples. Thus, δ¹³C-δD distributions clearly indicate the specific source contributions of biomarkers preserved in a lacustrine environment. Free phytol and algal sterols can be attributed to phytoplankton, and bound phytol, multiple source sterols, and major n-fatty acids are contributed by both terrestrial C3 plants and phytoplankton.     

松嫩平原吕大火房垂直剖面中硒赋存形态及影响因素分析

吕大火房剖面位于松嫩平原东部,是研究松嫩平原富硒土壤带中硒来源的典型自然剖面.在白垩系嫩江组（K₂n）两条垂直剖面上共采集了33件样品,分析了硒及其赋存的7种形态、总有机碳（TOC）、pH等理化指标.结果表明,所采集的样品硒含量在0.01×10^-6～3.05×10^-6之间,平均含量0.56×10^-6,不同层位样品硒含量差异较大;剖面样品中硒以残渣态硒为主要赋存形式,残渣态硒平均含量0.092×10^-6,所占比例为51.98%.剖面样品硒含量主要受成土母质（油页岩）影响,相关分析结果表明,TOC和pH对剖面硒含量分布有一定的影响,TOC与强有机结合态硒、腐殖酸结合态硒、离子交换态硒、水溶态硒呈正相关关系,pH与各形态硒均呈负相关关系.     

公路桥涵台背回填稳定性极限分析上限解

运用塑性力学极限分析的上限定理,分析公路桥涵台背回填的稳定性问题。首先,由模型试验和数值分析结果确定回填区和地基的滑动模式;其次,根据位移协调条件建立滑动体的速度场,并计算各滑动楔块的位移速度;最后,运用虚功原理和优化算法寻找最不利滑动面位置,计算不同回填材料的土压力或临界填筑高度。研究发现：地基与回填材料的强度、性能以及加筋条件对台背回填稳定性的影响都非常显著。结果表明：增加地基与回填材料的强度,采用轻质回填材料,减小加筋间距和增加筋材强度,都有利于提高台背回填材料的稳定性。     

Organic geochemical studies of a recent Inner Great Barrier Reef sediment—I. Assessment of input sources

The concentration of solvent-extractable (SE) and bound hydrocarbons, ketones, alcohols, sterols, monocarboxylic acids, hydroxyacids and α,ω-dicarboxylic acids of a surface sample (0–2.5 cm) from a recent carbonate tropical sediment taken at 60ft (18m) depth north-west of the Low Isles, North Queensland, are reported in detail. n-Alkanes are a minor constituent in the SE and bound hydrocarbon fractions with the major component being unresolved complex hydrocarbon material which is not an anthropogenic input. 6,10,14-Trimethylpentadecan-2-one derived from chlorophyll, as well as phytol, were identified as major components of the ketone and alcohol constituents. No chlorophyll pigments or pigmented degradation products were present, implying degradation before incorporation into the sediment. This conclusion is consistent with evidence for higher-plant input in which all sensitive lipids have been degraded before incorporation. SE and bound fractions have been studied in detail and show considerable differences probably arising from the importance of viable biomass in the SE fraction. Inputs to the sediment are determined as higher plants, algae, bacteria, fungi and meiofauna in descending order of importance.     

寒区路堤边坡稳定性的力学分析

区路堤边坡,特别是由冻结的砾石填筑的路堤或含冻结的砂砾层的路堤边坡的破坏准则具有极高的非线性.假定冻土为理想弹塑性体,且符合相关联的流动法则,基于极限分析的上限理论,对非线性破坏准则的寒区路堤边坡稳定性问题,提出了一个既考虑了相关的非线性效应,又易于工程计算,且不失必要分析精度的实用方法.在实际工程应用时,可以利用已有的线性问题的分析结果或依据我们提出的方法使问题简化.     

Scratch hardness–strength solutions for cohesive‐frictional materials

In this paper we develop analytical solutions for scratch hardness–strength relations for cohesive‐frictional materials of the Mohr–Coulomb and Drucker–Prager type. Based on the lower bound yield design approach, closed‐form solutions are derived for frictionless scratch devices, and validated against computational upper bound and elastoplastic finite element solutions. The influence of friction at the blade–material interface is also investigated, for which a simple computational optimization is proposed. Illustrated for scratch tests on cement paste, we show that the proposed solutions provide a convenient way to determine estimates of cohesion and friction parameters from scratch data, and may serve as a benchmark to identify the relevance of strength models for scratch test analysis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Centrifuge modelling of plutons intruding shear zones: application to the Fürstenstein Intrusive Complex (Bavarian Forest,Germany)

Models consisting of a thick overburden resting on a buoyant layer were sheared and centrifruged in order to study the relationship between strike-slip shear zones and intrusions of buoyant material. Three experiments were carried out: In model 1, where the overburden consisted of a viscous material, no diapirs formed even after shearing for 40 mm (? = -1.07) and 27 min centrifuging. In models 2 and 3, where the overburden was semi-brittle, prescribed cuts at two different orientations (model 2: parallel to s1; model 3: perpendicular to s1) were initiated in the overburden in order to see whether such cuts acted as pathways for intrusion. In model 2 the prescribed cuts were used by the buoyant material as pathways when the cuts opened during shearing. Continued shearing widened the cuts and allowed the buoyant material to extrude on the surface of the model forming a coalesced elliptical sheet. In model 3. the cuts were closed during shearing and prevented the intrusion of the buoyant material. During further shearing, the cuts rotated and activated as strike-slip faults bounding pull-apart basins. Such pull-apart basins were not deep enough to tap the buoyant material. Nevertheless, the results of the experiments suggest that magma ascends in shear zones not as diapirs, but rises along preexisting pathways as dykes. Model results were used to evaluate emplacement of the Fürstenstein Intrusive Complex (FIC) in the Bavarian Forest, whose magnetic and structural inventory have been investigated in detail. The pluton consists of 5 magma batches, each with distinct magnetic fabrics. which are interpreted as the result of magma intrusion along opening and rotating tension gashes within the BPSZ stress field. Shear failure of the crust in the FIC area due to thermomechanical weakening provided the space for the emplacement of the last and biggest granite magma batch. Overall, the emplacement history of the FIC fits perfectly with the observations made during experiment 2 and indicates that magma ascent in shear zones is bound to tension gashes.     

Effects of humus on the environmental activity of mineral-bound Hg: Influence on Hg volatility

The effects of three humus fractions (fulvic acid, brown humic acid and grey humic acid) on the volatility of five types of mineral-bound Hg were investigated. Fulvic acid was found to strongly promote the volatilization of Hg bound by Fe₂O₃, MnO₂ and kaolinite, but suppressed the volatilization of Hg bound by bentonite and CaCO₃. Brown humic acid was found to enhance the volatilization of Hg bound from all the tested minerals, except for Fe₂O₃. Grey humic acid had the weakest effect in promoting or suppressing Hg volatilization. The influence of the various humus fractions on the volatilization of mineral-bound Hg is closely related to the complexing capacity and complex stability of the particular humus material. The higher the complexing capacity and the lower the complex stability, the more prominent is the humus material in promoting Hg volatility. The Hg sorption capacity and sorption strength of the minerals, as well as their Hg speciation characteristics, limit the effect that humus has to volatilize Hg.     

边坡稳定极限分析的单元集成法

提出的单元集成法为采用塑性力学上限定理分析边坡的稳定性提供了一种通用性较强的手段。它采用类似于有限元网格划分的方式离散边坡计算区域,并设定一个机动许可的滑动机构（包括滑裂面位置和速度场,它与网格划分方式无关）,在此滑动机构下可以很方便地计算每个单元贡献的外力功率和内能耗散率。把所有单元的能量相加就是滑坡体的总能量。然后,根据上限定理求得安全系数,并通过非线性数学规划方法找到最小值。对于直线滑裂面或对数螺旋滑裂面的单滑块机制,几个典型算例说明了该方法的有效性。     

酸性条件下红壤中铝的活化及环境意义

利用动态反复浸提模拟实验研究了4种红壤中固相铝的活化过程。结果表明，红壤酸化程度与土壤表面变换性铝呈正相关关系。当高强度外源H^ 输入土壤后，有机铝和无机铝均可活化。浸提初期以弱键合的有机铝活化为主，当浸提到一定程度时，弱键合有机铝亏损，无机铝活化的相对重要性显示出来。20次浸提后，宁海红壤，嵊县红壤及永春红壤的铝总活化量中无机铝占主要部分。当土壤酸化到一定程度时（如屯溪红壤）有机铝和无机铝均亏损，铝的活化量很低。酸性条件下弱键合有机铝的快速活化产生高浓度的可溶性铝以及随后的快速亏损都将对生态环境产生重要影响。     

Fatty acids and Pb-210 geochronology of a sediment core from Buzzards Bay,Massachusetts

Four sections of a Pb-210 dated core of 62 cm length from Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, were analyzed for fatty acids. A comparison of fatty acids extracted by Soxhlet extraction (unbound fatty acids) with fatty acids extracted by subsequent saponification extraction of the same sample (bound fatty acids) showed the former did not undergo diagenetic loss any faster than the latter. However, compositional differences between bound and unbound fatty acids were apparent in the top section of 1–2 cm and were less apparent in the 54–58 cm section. At least 14% of the bound fatty acids are esterified to non-solvent extractable material. The net conversion of fatty acids to other compounds is 32 μ/g dry weight sediment over the first 30 yr after deposition.     

PreMDB, a thermodynamically consistent material database as a key to geodynamic modelling

We present a tool for coupling thermochemistry with mechanics. Thermodynamic potential functions are used to calculate reversible material properties such as thermal expansion coefficient, specific heat, elastic shear modulus, bulk modulus and density. These material properties are thermodynamically self consistent. Transport properties such as thermal conductivity (diffusivity) and melt viscosity are also included, but these are derived from laboratory experiments. The transport properties are included to provide a reference database as a common standard of material properties necessary for comparing geological, geodynamic and geotechnical calculations. We validate the chemically derived elastic material properties by comparing computed seismic velocities for a pyrolitic composition to the seismic models PREM and ak135.     

推移质输沙率的非线性研究

目的是从非线性科学角度探讨泥沙运动的规律。通过分析非均匀沙起动的影响因素得到了尖点突变模型的状态变量和控制变量,建立了能描述推移质运动的尖点突变模型。在尖点突变标准方程的基础上,应用尖点突变理论的坐标变换和拓扑变换,导出了输沙强度和水流参数的函数关系式。将输沙强度作为状态变量,水流参数和床沙密实系数作为控制变量。用水槽实验资料和其它推移质输沙率公式进行了对比验证。验证结果表明,计算值与其它推移质输沙率公式和水槽实验结果基本相符,误差一般在-90%～80%之间。说明建立的推移质输沙率公式是合理的,能够反映泥沙的起动和输移规律。     

Hydropyrolysis of algae, bacteria, archaea and lake sediments; insights into the origin of nitrogen compounds in petroleum

Nitrogen compounds are ubiquitous in fossil fuels and yet our understanding of their origins in the geosphere is limited. In this study, high hydrogen pressure pyrolysis was performed on sample material representing potential contributors to sedimentary organic matter (algae, bacteria and archaea) and sediments representing early diagenetic accumulations from Lake Pollen (Norway) and Priest Pot (UK). Previous workers demonstrated the structurally conservative nature of high hydrogen pressure pyrolysis in that the technique maximizes the yields of covalently bound hydrocarbon biomarkers from organic matter without adversely affecting their stereochemistry (Love et al., 1995). Release of covalently bound biomarkers in high yields from kerogen via catalytic hydropyrolysis. In this study, the types and distributions of organic nitrogen compounds in the hydropyrolysates were characterised under similar conditions to such experiments where biomarker hydrocarbons undergo minimal rearrangement. Compounds identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry included alkyl-substituted indoles, carbazoles, benzocarbazoles, quinolines and benzoquinolines.Indoles are present in all hydropyrolysates, suggesting a common origin. A potential source of indoles is represented by tryptophan which was shown to degrade through a series of alkylated intermediates to indole. Carbazole, quinoline and benzoquinoline were also found in the hydropyrolysates of algae, bacteria and archaea. The presence of these petroleum-related nitrogen compounds in hydropyrolysates generated from biomass suggests an early origin for petroleum nitrogen compounds. A potential source of naturally occurring nitrogen compounds such as that in the alkaloids has yet to be realised.Benzocarbazoles were absent from hydropyrolysates of algae, bacteria and archeae, but present in those from recent sediments, suggesting their presence may be related to processes occurring during early diagenesis at, or immediately below, the sediment–water interface. In sediments from Lake Pollen, changes in the benzocarbazole ratio [a]/([a] + [c]) ratio coincides with the interval described as a transition from fjord to lake environment, suggesting that benzocarbazoles are sensitive to changes in depositional environment and may have potential to act as a marker for environmental conditions.     

有侧向压力的岩石材料动态直接拉伸试验装置

岩石材料的动态拉伸力学特性是评价爆炸以及地震等动荷载作用下岩体工程响应以及安全的基本参数。介绍了一种有侧向压力的岩石动态直接拉伸试验研究装置,同时采用石膏和花岗岩材料对试验装置进行了尝试性试验。研究结果表明,岩石类脆性材料的抗拉强度随应变速率以及侧向压力的变化规律,与前人进行的岩石间接动态拉伸试验和及岩石类脆性材料（混凝土）双轴试验的变化规律具有一定相似性,因此所介绍的试验装置可以应用于岩石类脆性材料动态直接拉伸试验研究。     

Rate of sediment accumulation in lakes of Udaipur,Rajasthan, India,using the210Pb method

Sediment accumulation rates have been determined in Udai Sagar, Fateh Sagar and Pichola lakes, which lie in the arid climatic zone, using the²¹⁰Pb method. The rate of sedimentation estimated in these lakes is 8.9, 3.42, and 2.80 mm/yr, respectively. River inflow, mining activity, and lithology contribute to controling the sediment deposition pattern in Udai Sagar Lake, whereas in Fateh Sagar and Pichola lakes, anthropogenic activity and erosion of loosely bound terrigenous material through wave action and varying lithology are the major contributors. Furthermore, a contribution from atmospheric fallout has not been ruled out due to occurrence of frequent duststorms, owing to strong wind conditions aided by barren hills devoid of vegetation as well as dumping of mining wastes in the area. The higher TDS and lower sedimentation rate in Pichola Lake compared to Fateh Sagar are due to the limestone lithology and better maintenance in the former, such as construction of parks, graveled roads, etc., to check the flow of silt into the lake. Fluctuations in metal content, for example, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Sr, and sedimentation rates are due to the variation in the sediment input at different time intervals.     

Uranium and Thorium in Phosphatic Bone Debris from the Ocean Bottom

Uranium and thorium content, as well as their distribution patterns are studied in biogenic phosphates from the Atlantic and Indian oceans. The material studied is represented by differently lithified fish remains (bones, scales, teeth) and marine mammal bones (ribs, vertebras, earbones) collected from both reduced shelf sediments and oxidized pelagic ones. The U content in the material varies from 0.7 to 700 ppm, and the Th content ranges from less than 0.5 to 14 ppm. The U/Th ratio varies from 0.16 to 400. Contents of both elements increase with the lithification of biogenic phosphates. The U concentration is more intense on shelves, whereas the thorium concentration increases in pelagic areas. A partial positive correlation of U and Th with Fe but a negative correlation of U with organic carbon are noted. The latter corresponds to increasing lithification of biogenic phosphates. Calcium phosphate, which is transformed from hydroxyapatite to fluorcarbonate-apatite serves as the main carrier of U, while transformed organic matter is a minor agent. Thorium is mainly bound with Fe.