非饱和介质中热能传输及水分迁移的数值积分解

在给出非饱和介质热能-水分传输的耦合质量控制方程和基于Fourier热传导定律的热能平衡方程的基础上,对热能传输及水分迁移的基本特征和机理进行了分析。其中,考虑了温度势、吸力势和重力势的耦合作用影响。给出有热源时控制方程的简化形式,并对半无限体自由表面作用平面热源条件下介质内非稳态温度场、体积含水率分布场进行数值积分求解。利用这些解答给出常热源强度和变热源强度两种情况下,温度场随时间的变化特征以及水分迁移的演化过程,并分析了重力项对计算结果的影响。     

非饱和冻土水汽迁移与相变过程的光滑粒子法模拟

为了研究多年冻土表层的水热分布情况,在非饱和冻土的能量守恒方程和水分迁移的质量控制方程的基础上考虑冰水相变和水汽相变过程,并考虑水汽运移传热及温度势对水汽迁移的影响,建立了非饱和冻土的水-热-汽耦合模型。采用光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particle hydrodynamics,简称SPH)方法可方便地计算它们的演化过程。为此,在计算中先求解能量守恒方程的含冰量及气态水含量,再对未冻水含量和温度场进行求解,从而实现了温度场与水汽场的耦合。在此基础上,模拟计算了第1类热边界条件下半无限空间介质内非稳态温度场、体积含水率及水汽通量的分布情况,并将计算结果与未考虑耦合的解析解进行比较,结果显示水汽耦合的作用不容忽略。最后,针对处于季节性周期温度边界下路基的水热场的分布情况进行计算。研究表明,相比于水-热耦合模型,所建立的水-热-汽耦合模型得到的计算结果更为接近实际监测结果,可很好地揭示非饱和冻土中的水热汽迁移特征及其相变过程。     

水蒸气增湿非饱和黄土热湿迁移规律研究

温度梯度、含水率梯度和压力梯度对非饱和土体中的水热迁移有重要影响。用非饱和黄土填筑室内模型,通入0.10MPa高温水蒸气,研究蒸汽压梯度、温度梯度和含水率梯度耦合作用下的水热迁移规律。结果表明:在水蒸气迁移范围之内,土体的升温速率、增湿速率和增湿程度较大,以蒸汽传热和压力梯度驱动的水蒸气增湿为主。而在水蒸气未到位置,以温度梯度引起的热传导和含水率梯度与温度梯度耦合驱动的水热迁移为主;水蒸气迁移时,受土颗粒阻碍和蒸汽压消散的影响,土体升温速率、增湿速率和温度传导速率均随径向距离的增大而减小,且增湿速率小于升温速率;水蒸气增湿土体的最大含水率接近最优含水率,增湿效果较好,可有效提高一定范围内土体的压实性能;基于模型试验边界条件,确定含湿毛细多孔介质中二维热湿迁移方程的一组代数显式特解,并以20 cm测点为例,将温度和含水率实测值和计算值进行对比分析。研究结果可为非饱和黄土水-汽-热耦合传输规律和水蒸气增湿新技术研究提供理论支持。     

Soil thermal behavior in different moisture condition: an overview of ITER project from laboratory to field test monitoring

The thermal properties of soils can be considered one of the most important parameters for many engineering projects designing. In detail, the thermal conductivity plays a fundamental role when dimensioning ground heat exchangers, especially very shallow geothermal (VSG) systems, interesting the first 2 m of depth from the ground level. However, the determination of heat transfer in soils is difficult to estimate, because depends on several factors, including, among others, particle size, density, water content, mineralogy composition, ground temperature, organic matter. The performance of a VSG system, as horizontal collectors or special forms, is strongly correlated to the kind of sediment at disposal and suddenly decreases in case of dry-unsaturated conditions in the surrounding soil. Therefore, a better knowledge of the relationship between thermal conductivity and water content is required for understanding the VSG systems behavior in saturated and unsaturated conditions. Key challenge of ITER project, funded by European Union, is to understand how to enhance the heat transfer of the sediments surrounding the pipes, taking into account the interactions between the soil, the horizontal heat exchangers and the surrounding environment. In detail, changes of soil moisture content in the same climatic conditions and under the same thermal stress for five different soil mixtures have been monitored in the ITER test site. The relationship with precipitation and natural/induced ground temperature variations, reaching also water freezing point, are here discussed.     

基于SPH方法的非饱和多孔介质相变耦合研究

在考虑相变的热能平衡方程和非饱和水分迁移质量控制方程的基础上,建立温度场-水分场的耦合模型,并采用一种无网格粒子算法（SPH）进行数值求解。其中,耦合方程中考虑了水流传热以及温度势对水流的直接驱动,在不考虑相变的情况下,该耦合模型可退化为常温下的水-热耦合模型,故可用于模拟冻融循环的相关问题。从求解热能平衡方程中的含冰量出发,实现解耦并对半无限单向冻结条件下介质内非稳态温度场和体积含水率分布场进行模拟,将耦合作用下的温度场与不耦合的解析解进行对比,反映出水分迁移对温度场存在较大影响。最后,求解了路基边坡在季节性周期温度边界下,温度场、水分场分布的演变规律,并评估了边坡阴阳面受热不均对水热两场分布的影响。计算结果基本能反映土冻结相变的实际物理过程,光滑粒子算法可以用于尝试解决冻土领域的其他相关问题。     

Coupled heat and mass transfer in unsaturated soil—a potential-based solution

An analysis of coupled heat and moisture movement in unsaturated soil in terms of the fundamental potentials for flow is examined. The approach adopted is based on the assumption that the total potential for liquid flow consists of two components, the elevation and the capillary potential. The fundamental potentials employed in the work are, therefore, temperature and capillary potential. The full theoretical formulation of the problem is presented, together with full details of the solution algorithm employed. Spatial discretization is achieved via the use of the finite element method, with the time-varying behaviour described by a finite difference technique. Soil parameter variations as functions of both temperature and moisture content are included in a one-dimensional approach. The work is applied to a practical engineering problem, namely heat and mass transfer in the upper layers of a soil stratum. This problem is of importance to the utilities, since many services are buried in this zone. Material parameters obtained from an associated programme of experimental work are employed. Moisture content and temperature profiles indicating the extent and rate of penetration of drying and heating fronts are produced.     

表层岩溶带土壤温度和体积含水率对夏季暴雨事件的响应

为揭示表层岩溶带土壤温度和体积含水率对暴雨事件的响应机制,利用HOBO土壤温度和体积含水率监测仪,连续监测2014年7-8月20 cm和70 cm土壤温度与体积含水率。结果表明:研究区域20 cm土壤温度呈日变化,这种日变化格局主要受到大气温度日变化的影响,70 cm土壤温度总体上呈上升趋势,主要受到夏季大气环流使气温升高的影响。夏季暴雨事件降低了20 cm深度的土壤温度、增加其土壤体积含水率,并且导致70 cm处土壤温度先增高后降低、土壤体积含水率升高。土壤体积含水率较低情况下,暴雨事件使得浅层较高温度土壤水快速向下移动引起升温,而后土壤体积含水率到达一定阈值后,便能够快速响应降水事件。研究表明,岩溶地区不同深度土壤温度和体积含水率受到夏季降水事件的影响存在差异。浅层土壤能够快速的响应暴雨事件,深层土壤温度和体积含水率对暴雨事件的响应不仅受到降水量阈值的影响,而且也受到表层土壤温度和体积含水率的制约。      

The role of rainfall in the thermal-moisture dynamics of the active layer at Beiluhe of Qinghai-Tibetan plateau

The active layer in permafrost regions plays an important role in energy exchange between permafrost and atmosphere. Rainfall is one of the dominant factors affecting thermal-moisture dynamics of the active layer. To better understand the thermal-moisture dynamics and the interaction between rainfall and the active layer in-detail, in situ experiment was carried out and soil temperature, soil moisture and soil heat flux of the active layer were measured from 2007 to 2009. The observation data demonstrated that the volumetric soil water content of the active layer remained fairly constant during the winter and had a notable fluctuation resulted from evapotranspiration and rewetting from rainfall events in summer. The daily variation amplitude of soil temperature and soil heat flux in summer was bigger than that in winter. Soil moisture content increased and soil temperature decreased after rainfall. Rainfall in summer led to the change of surface energy balance and caused subsurface soil cooling. The convective heat transfer from water infiltration reduced the temperature gradient along depth and changed near-surface heat fluxes. The increase in rainfall may mitigate permafrost degradation on the Tibetan Plateau.     

Three-dimensional heat,moisture and air transfer in unsaturated soils

A new three-dimensional numerical model of coupled heat, moisture and air transfer in unsaturated soil is presented. In particular, the model accommodates moisture transfer in the form of liquid and vapour flow and heat transfer arising from conduction, convection and latent heat of vaporization. The bulk flow of dry air and the movement of air in a dissolved state are also included. The theoretical basis of the model, the finite element solution of the spatial terms and finite difference solution of the temporal terms are briefly presented. Attention is focused on the verification of the new numerical solution. This is achieved via comparisons with independent solutions of heat, moisture and air transfer in an unsaturated soil. The physical problem considered includes the highly non-linear hydraulic properties of sand. Thermal conductivity is also included as a function of soil moisture content. Excellent correlation of results is shown thus providing confidence in the new model. The new model is also applied to a number of test cases which illustrate the need for the development of a model which can fully include three-dimensional behaviour. In particular, three applications are presented each increasing in complexity. The first application illustrates three-dimensional heat transfer. This particular application is verified against existing commercial finite element software. Subsequent applications serve to illustrate how the coupled processes of heat moisture and air transfer combine to yield three-dimensional problems even within a simple geometric domain. Visualization of three-dimensional results is also addressed. © 1998 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

青藏高原典型多年冻土区的一维水热过程模拟研究

了解多年冻土内部的水热过程对寒区工程规划和建设的辅助决策具有重要意义.冻土的水分迁移与温度变化密切相关,然而传统的经验模型局限性大,对水热物理过程考虑不足;陆面过程模型所需的驱动数据多且很难准确模拟深层土温,尽管数值模型在工程上应用的比较多,但很少应用到冻土的演化过程中.基于非饱和土壤渗流和热传导理论,实现了冻土水分场与温度场的水热耦合数值模拟.以唐古拉综合观测场为例,将数值模拟结果与观测数据进行对比,验证水热耦合数值模拟的有效性.结果表明：模型对土壤温度模拟效果较好,15 m以上R²在0.88以上,RMSE在1℃以内;水分模拟尚可,但仍存在一定误差,R²在0.7以上,RMSE在7.65%以内.模拟的活动层厚度约3.6 m,年平均地温所在的深度约为15 m,与实测值基本一致.该水热耦合模型可用于研究多年冻土区土壤水热变化规律.     

Hydro-thermal performance of unsaturated bentonite-sand buffer material

Several series of one-dimensional heat and moisture flow tests were performed to examine the moisture and temperature distributions in the buffer material compacted to a dry density of 1.67 Mg m⁻³ and water content of 17.7%. In all tests, water was allowed to infiltrate into a horizontal soil column from one end under a constant hydrostatic head of 276 kPa. Also the specimens were heated from the other end by the heater to a constant temperature.

It is experimentally demonstrated that the moisture moves from both ends toward the mid part of the soil column due to both thermal gradient from one end and hydraulic gradient from the other end. It was observed that, in spite of no overall volume change, local volume change occurs in the system. The measured temperatures along the length of the specimen indicate that temperature distributions stabilize within a short period of time. The time required for the temperature to stabilize decreases as the heater skin temperature increases.

The diffusivity parameters are calculated using the measured moisture and temperature profiles combined with the finite difference method. Powell's optimization algorithm was used to determine the material parameters. Good agreements between experimentally measured and calibrated volumetric water content shows that the diffusion parameters can be expressed in a linear function of the volumetric water content and temperature.     

冬小麦遥感冠层温度监测土壤含水量的试验研究

在冬小麦主要生育期(2002年4月初到5月底),对不灌溉的冬小麦测定了冠层温度、地温、气温以及土壤含水量,计算了冠气温差且分析了冠层温度和冠气温差与不同土层厚度的土壤含水量相关关系。结果表明:14:00的冠层温度能较好地反映20cm土层的土壤含水量变化,但与其它各土层相关性有较大的波动性;14:00的冠气温差能较好地反映40cm以上土层的土壤含水量变化,二者的相关性很高,在20cm、40cm土层,两者相关系数R2分别为0.98866、0.99389,这为用区域遥感数据反演主要生育期冬小麦的冠气温差进而监测区域40cm土壤含水量提供了实验性的依据;拔节期和灌浆期,用14:00冠气温差来拟合各土壤层的土壤含水量有较高的精度,从而为用区域遥感数据监测区域土壤含水量提供了经验性的模型。     

温度影响下的非饱和黄土水分迁移问题探讨

对非饱和黄土土样的实验结果揭示出,对于初始含水量均布的土样,在两端施加温差后,冷端的含水量增大,热端含水量减小。在温度差作用下,温度差越大,土体密度越小,水分迁移特征越明显,土样两端含水量差越大。当初始含水量较大和较小时,温度差引起的含水量差均较小;当初始含水量适中时,温度差引起的含水量差值较大。基于实验结果,考虑含水量和密度的影响,得到温度梯度引起含水量梯度的表述关系式,计算和实测结果验证了该表述式的可靠性。据此得到了考虑温度影响的非饱和黄土水势的表述式,该式考虑了土体密度、温度梯度、含水量和含水量梯度对水势的综合影响,对实验土样的计算结果反映了水分的稳态分布。     

Modelling two-dimensional heat and moisture transfer in unsaturated soils,including gravity effects

A theoretical model is presented to predict simultaneous transient coupled heat and moisture transfer in partly saturated soils. The formulation is in terms of volumetric moisture content, is two dimensional, includes gravitational flow and takes into account latent heat of vaporization effects. The numerical solution of the problem is accomplished by means of a finite element solution algorithm. Predictions from the numerical model are used to investigate the importance of gravitational flow, for the case of a soil stratum subjected to evaporation losses at the surface. The results achieved show good qualitative agreement with expected behaviour.     

A nonlinear analysis of two-dimensional heat and moisture transfer in partly saturated soil

The subject of this paper is the nonlinear analysis of heat and moisture transfer in partly saturated soil. In particular, an extension of the previous work of the author to two-dimensional applications is presented. Problems of greater complexity and engineering significance can hence be solved. The theoretical basis of the problem is first outlined before the two-dimensional formulation of the numerical solution is given. The finite element method is employed to give the spatial distributions of the variables, with a finite difference scheme being used to predict the temporal variations. The method allows the nonlinear nature of the soil parameters to be modelled, predictions being given of the coupled transient simultaneous transfer of heat and volumetric moisture content. The two-dimensional nature of the work is illustrated for the case of surface evaporative soil moisture losses from sloping ground. Subsoil conditions of a uniform deposit of loam are considered with values of representative material parameters assumed after a literature search. The coupled nature of heat and mass transfer is illustrated by means of an analysis of the moisture migration patterns that occur. Two-dimensional moisture flow, out of and into the soil, is shown to take place.     

非饱和土中溶质地表径流迁移模型及解析模拟

针对非饱和农田在降雨引起肥料溶质地表径流迁移流失的实际问题,建立了二层结构溶质地表径流迁移模型,根据溶质质量守恒定律和水量平衡原理,求得模型的解析解,并采用室内非饱和土壤实验验证解析模型的合理性。通过敏感性分析,探讨了模型参数和土壤物理参数对溶质地表径流迁移流失过程的影响。研究结果表明:非饱和土的吸附性增大将增强土壤溶质迁移流失到地表径流水的能力;土壤干容重增大将减少土壤溶质的地表径流迁移;土壤的初始体积含水率越高,土壤溶质的地表径流运移作用越强。     

基于主动加热光纤法的冻土相变温度场特征分析

冻土温度场分析对于冻土特性研究及冻土地区工程建设具有重要的作用,而冰水相变所产生的相变潜热大大增加了冻土温度场分析的复杂性。针对该问题,基于线热源模型和冻土传热基本理论,在考虑未冻水和相变潜热的情况下计算了冻土导热系数、体积热容和相变热容,分析其与测量初始温度的关系;在分析结果的基础上,对冻土含冰量的光纤测量技术进行了理论修正。基于主动加热光纤（AHFO）法,开展了一系列室内验证试验:在恒定的加热功率和时间下,采用自主研发的光纤光栅（FBG）刚玉管传感器,对同一初始含水量的冻土试样进行温度监测。结果表明:在本文试验条件下,FBG刚玉管传感器的影响半径小于5 cm,可以忽略边界效应;传感器所测温度增量与时间对数线性关系良好,主动加热对于冻土导热系数影响较小,线源模型适用于冻土导热系数测量;冻土导热系数与试验初始温度呈线性增长关系;在初始温度低于-6 ℃时,相变热容趋于稳定;在-6~0 ℃时,相变热容随温度升高逐渐增大,且变化趋势愈渐强烈;当初始温度高于-5 ℃时,相变热容甚至大于冻土自身的体积热容。相关结论为进一步提高冻土含冰量测试技术的精度提供了参考。     

毛乌素沙地冻融期气态水迁移机理及影响因素

受冰-水间相变影响, 冻融期内土壤水、热传输过程变得复杂, 研究气态水分布特征与运移规律, 可为厘清冻融过程中沙地包气带水文循环机理提供关键信息。通过在毛乌素沙地建立原位监测点, 并利用修改后的Hydrus-1D冻融程序建立包气带水-汽-冰-热耦合数值模型, 对冻融期包气带气态水迁移过程展开研究。结果表明: 模拟与实测土壤水分及温度变化拟合较好, 证实所建立的模型具有良好的精度以及适用性; 对比典型未冻结、初始冻结、向下冻结以及融化时段结果可知, 冻融过程会改变剖面土壤水分、含冰量以及水汽密度分布, 其中水汽密度变化与温度联系紧密; 冻结后, 由温度梯度驱动的非等温气态水通量在总水分通量中的占比超过90%, 表明气态水占据主导地位, 其运移过程对于剖面土壤水分分布以及高含水量带出现有重要影响。     

地下水浅埋条件下越冬期土壤水热迁移的数值模拟

应用土壤冻融过程中水热耦合迁移模型,对内蒙古河套灌区地下水浅埋条件下整个土壤冻融过程进行了模拟,分析了越冬期土壤水热迁移规律．结果表明,快速冻结阶段土壤冻结速度随深度线性减小．冻结过程中某一深度处的含水量增量与冻结速度呈双曲线型相关关系．提出了土壤冻融过程中的特征含水量概念,以描述土壤含水量的动态变化特征．     

Time-domain reflectometry probing systems for the monitoring of hydrological processes in the unsaturated zone

Precise measurements of the downward movement of precipitation through the unsaturated zone, as well as return flow of moisture to the atmosphere via evaporation, have always been challenging in regard to in-situ monitoring techniques. This study investigates the profile of volumetric water-content fluctuations within the unsaturated zone through a combination of field techniques, including in-situ measurements of the volumetric porewater content at different depths using specially designed time-domain reflectometry (TDR) probes. The probes are installed through direct-push vibro-coring methods, at significant depths within the unsaturated zone, providing continuous readings of the soil-moisture content throughout the unsaturated column. The measured waveform is analyzed by using the inverse modeling approach resulting in an apparent relative dielectric permittivity profile of the surrounding medium along the TDR probe length. The approach sufficiently analyzes the mechanisms of water fluxes through significant depths within the unsaturated zone, which in turn can be used to quantify groundwater recharge at areas where the unsaturated zone hydrology plays a key role in the recharge of the underlying aquifers (such as arid and hydrologically sensitive areas). The approach was applied at an experimental field site in the Upper Rhine Valley, Germany.