Transient analysis of concrete gravity dam-reservoir systems by Wavenumber-TD approach

The Wavenumber approach was initially introduced as an ideal substitute for the rigorous type of analysis which had been the basis of extensive studies in seismic analysis of concrete gravity dams. The former technique is formulated in the context of pure finite element programming, while the latter relies heavily on a two-dimensional semi-infinite fluid element (i.e., hyper-element). Recently, a variation of Wavenumber method was proposed which was referred to as Wavenumber-TD approach. The approximation to the original technique improves its realm of application and allows it to be carried out in time domain as well as frequency domain. In that study, the formulation was examined for harmonic type of excitation which proved to be promising. Herein, this will be evaluated for its real intended application, which is transient analysis of dam-reservoir systems. For this aim, the prepared special purpose finite element program is modified and the analysis of Pine Flat dam is considered as a typical example. Several models are considered with different values of normalized reservoir length. In each case, the reservoir truncation surface is treated by Wavenumber-TD and the extensively utilized Sommerfeld conditions. The dynamic loading considered is the S69E component of Taft earthquake record. Furthermore, two types of reservoir bottom condition of full reflective as well as absorptive, are adopted. Overall, this will allow for a thorough examination and evaluation of Wavenumber-TD approach in regard to its effectiveness.     

Nonlinear earthquake analysis of high arch dam–water–foundation rock systems

A nonlinear finite element model for earthquake response analysis of arch dam–water–foundation rock systems is proposed in this paper. The model includes dynamic dam–water and dam–foundation rock interactions, the opening of contraction joints, the radiation damping of semi‐unbounded foundation rock, the compressibility of impounded water, and the upstream energy propagating along the semi‐unbounded reservoir. Meanwhile, a new equivalent force scheme is suggested to achieve free‐field input in the model. The effects of the earthquake input mechanism, joint opening, water compressibility, and radiation damping on the earthquake response of the Ertan arch dam (240 m high) in China are investigated using the proposed model. The results show that these factors significantly affect the earthquake response of the Ertan arch dam. Such factors should therefore be considered in the earthquake response analysis and earthquake safety evaluation of high arch dams. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地震前兆监测中水氡测量方法浅析

从氡的地球物理特性、氡气测量方法的原理,阐述氡气测量技术在地震前兆观测的应用研究现状.通过对下关温泉水样和氡气固体源在不同静置时间下的测值试验,认为水氡观测中静置时间在80-100min的测值,观测结果要比静置时间1h合理,而且测值明显增大.     

A procedure for estimation of the upper bound for earthquake magnitudes

A procedure is described for estimation of the maximum feasible magnitude for earthquakes in a given region. This procedure provides a confidence interval for the upper bound without the need for any numerical calculation.     

地震自动定位的综合解决方案

针对已有两类地震自动定位方法各自的优点和限制，提出了综合利用这两类方法以形成一个统一系统的方案，希望以此提高地震自动定位能力。该方案的基本流程是：利用波形相关方法在连续地震波形上检测出地震事件并初定其震源位置和发震时刻；利用初定的震源位置和发震时刻，预测各台站各震相的到时；以预测的各震相到时为参考点，利用单台波形(单道或三分向)在该参考点附近精确测定震相到时；利用修定后的震相到时测定震源位置和发震时刻；根据震中距判定地震类型(地方震、近震、远震)，在预期的波形段自动测定波形最大振幅和相应周期，进而测定相应类型的震级(ML、Ms或mb)。     

有缝拱坝-地基系统非线性地震波动反应分析方法

拱坝坝体中缝界面在地震作用下的开、合模拟对拱坝地震反应有重要影响。目前在拱坝地震反应分析中应用的一些模型,如Ｆｅｎｖｅｓ模型、Ｄｏｗｌｉｎｇ的三参数模型,存在对缝界面的接触状态模拟精度不高的问题,这对于准确评价工程上关心的缝界面最大张开率是不足的。此外,坝基中存在的断层、节理、裂隙待软弱夹层的非线性力学特性和无限地基能量辐射作用对拱坝地震反应也有重要影响。在拱坝地震反应分析中同时考虑这三种影响因素     

Seismic response analysis of arch dam-water-rock foundation systems

The effect of water compressibility on the seismic responses of arch dams is not well understood. In this paper, a numerical model is developed with rigorous representation of the dynamic interaction between arch dam-water-rock foundation. The model is applied to the seismic response a nalysis of an arch dam with a height of 292m designed to aseismic intensity of IX. It is shown that consideration of the water compressibility clearly decreases the stress responses at key positions of the dam, while the added mass model gives a conservative estimate.     

大震前地下流体异常特征及演变过程研究

利用井口水位对构造应力的响应，分析了地下水位在强(大)地震孕育过程中，中短期应力变化的响应，研究了地震前地下水位从中期异常过渡到短期异常的特征及演变过程。结果显示，当地下水位出现趋势上升、或趋势下降，动态变化规律异常为中期异常，这一时段通常为一年到三年；趋势上升、或趋势下降异常出现明显转折，则中期异常结束；中期异常出现转折后，其异常过程显示上下波动或拉平图像，这一时段为过渡性异常，属于中期异常向短临异常的过渡时段。当水位再次出现明显转折，则为短(临)期异常开始出现。而水位异常图像出现的趋势上升、或趋势下降、打破正常年动态变化规律形态，取决于井孔含水层系统在大震孕育过程的应力调整再积累阶段所处部位；尤其是取决于观测水点位于地质构造块体的构造带上，还是相邻块体的构造带上。水位震前异常的特征，源于地震孕育过程中应力异常区的形成。     

A continuum damage concrete model for earthquake analysis of concrete gravity dam–reservoir systems

In this study, the earthquake damage response of the concrete gravity dams is investigated with considering the effects of dam–reservoir interaction. A continuum damage model which is a second-order tensor and includes the strain softening behavior is selected for the concrete material. The mesh-dependent hardening technique is adopted such that the fracture energy dissipated is not affected by the finite element mesh size. The dynamic equilibrium equations of motion are solved by using the improved form of the HHT-α time integration algorithm. Two dimensional seismic analysis of Koyna gravity dam is performed by using the 1967 Koyna earthquake records. The effects of damage on the earthquake response of concrete gravity dams are discussed. Comparison of the Westergaard and Lagrangian dam–reservoir interaction solutions is made. The effects of viscous damping ratio on the damage response of the dam are also studied.     

The earthquake design and analysis of equipment isolation systems

A method is presented whereby the response spectrum may be used to predict the response of equipment mounted on an isolation system with non-linear motion limiting constraints. The results of the approximate method are compared with results obtained by direct numerical integration for a representative piece of equipment.     

Safety of structural systems with reserve elements for earthquake protection

Some results of approximate analyses of the safety of earthquake protection systems with reserve elements are presented. Systems with one and several reserve elements are considered. The overshoot random vibration approximation is used for analysis. A numerical example is given. It is shown that the failure probability of structures with reserve elements is considerably lower and the safety is much higher when compared with similar characteristics of structures without reserve elements.     

二滩水电站拱坝强震台阵介绍

论证二滩水电站拱坝反应台阵建设的必要性,介绍了台阵的设计安装和组成。最后,通过展示系统2002年4月20日记录到的强地震动加速度记录说明系统已经正常运行。     

基于数值模拟的设定地震场地谱时程拟合方法

本文将确定性数值模拟方法与地震动预测方程相结合,提出了一种重大水电工程场址设定地震的地震动时程生成方法。该方法基于场址设定地震,首先采用地震动预测方程确定场址的场地相关反应谱;其次建立包含震源和场址的场地模型,通过确定性数值模拟方法生成场址地震动时程;最后对生成的场址地震动时程进行调整,使其反应谱与设计谱相一致,用于工程抗震分析。这一方法生成的地震动时程既考虑了震源机制、传播路径以及局部场地效应等物理背景,又与场地相关的设计地震反应谱保持一致,为重大工程抗震分析与评价提供了一种新的思路。     

地基土的随机地震反应的一个解法

利用连续线性系统的随机振动理论,研究非均匀地基土层地震的动力反应问题。假定土层的剪切模量随深度线性变化,得到土层的最大位移反应的均值和方差。引入结构微分算子,采用模态叠加法进行反应分析,与普通的分离变量法相比较,此方法概念明确、步骤简单。     

供水系统功能失效分析方法

本文提出了一个供水系统破坏状态下流分析新方法,通过连续性议程求解和连通性分析,可以确定供水失效区以及节点或系统的供水率,把该方法仿制成程序,嵌入到GIS软件平台中,形成了可视化的供水系统功能失效分析专用软件,并用实例说明了该方法可行,程序计算省时,结果合理可信。     

A plastic-damage concrete model for earthquake analysis of dams

A new plastic-damage constitutive model for cyclic loading of concrete has been developed for the earthquake analysis of concrete dams. The rate-independent model consistently includes the effects of strain softening, represented by separate damage variables for tension and compression. A simple scalar degradation model simulates the effects of damage on the elastic stiffness and the recovery of stiffness after cracks close. To simulate large crack opening displacements, the evolution of inelastic strain is stopped beyond a critical value for the tensile damage variable. Subsequent deformation can be recovered upon crack closing. The rate-independent plastic-damage model forms the backbone model for a rate-dependent viscoplastic extension. The rate-dependent regularization is necessary to obtain a unique and mesh objective numerical solution. Damping is represented as a linear viscoelastic behaviour proportional to the elastic stiffness including the degradation damage. The plastic-damage constitutive model is used to evaluate the response of Koyna dam in the 1967 Koyna earthquake. The analysis shows two localized cracks forming and then joining at the change in geometry of the upper part of the dam. The upper portion of the dam vibrates essentially as rigid-body rocking motion after the upper cracks form, but the dam remains stable. The vertical component of ground motion influences the post-cracking response. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

隔震减震主次结构体系非线性随机地震反应分析

为研究隔震、减震装置非线性恢复力特性对2自由度主次结构体系均方根位移反应的影响规律,以隔震、减震装置微分型恢复力模式的滞回参数为变量,地震地面运动模拟成高斯白噪声过程,利用等效线性化方法得到主体结构和二次结构均方根位移反应的表达式.分析表明,主体结构隔震装置非线性恢复力特征对主、次结构的均方根位移反应的影响占主导地位;隔震、减震装置的恢复力特征产生适度非线性有利于减小主、次结构的均方根位移反应.