TWO STATISTICS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ORIENTATION DATA IN GEOGRAPHY*

Two versions of the A_n statistic of Ajne and Stephens are introduced, explained, interpreted and evaluated. These statistics possess important advantages over those currently used by geographers for the analysis of orientation data. They are invariant with respect to the point of origin of measurements, do not assume a circular-normal distribution and are not limited by sample size. Used in conjunction, they allow the significance of direction as well as orientation to be determined.     

THE DECLINE OF FIELDWORK IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY*

Fieldwork has been an important component of human geography. A multi-decade analysis of articles in three major journals shows that human geographers since the mid-1970s have produced less fieldwork-based research than ever before in this century. The impetus for this unprecedented decline and other similar disciplinary trends are traced to several causes: demographic change, technological change, institutional pressures, and the resurgence of applied geography. Such fundamental change places disturbing questions before geographers.     

旅游地理文献分析

根据国内外近期主要地理和旅游刊物,同时参考有关文献,进行了分析研究,从宏观的角度反映了近期国内外旅游地理研究现状。     

REALISM AND THE PRACTICE OF GEOGRAPHY*

Realism is a philosophy of science wherein researchers attempt to identify structures and agents present in society and how they tend to act. Philosophical debates over realism, which have often been confrontational, have clouded the practical contributions of a realist approach to substantive research. The latter is the focus of this paper. Many realists combine several bodies of theory to explain the complexity of societies. In using these theories, realists clarify the distinctions between questions concerning observable phenomena and the processes that create them. A realist approach illuminates the elusive nature of social “facts” and the problems of meaning, interpretation, and understanding in researching the social world.     

THOMAS JEFFERSON,AMERICAN GEOGRAPHERS,AND THE USES OF GEOGRAPHY*

ABSTRACT. Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) had a lifelong interest in geography. Except for his role in the Lewis and Clark Expedition and a few references to his Notes on the State of Virginia, however, geographers have taken a relatively slight interest in this aspect of his thought, despite his having sometimes been referred to as “one of the greatest American geographers.” This essay suggests that we need to reexamine Jefferson as a geographical thinker. Reviewing some of the more important literature thus far, it suggests where such topics may profitably be extended and points to some aspects of his geographical interests not yet incorporated into the geographical literature.     

CONSENSUS AND INVISIBILITY: THE REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY TEXTBOOKS*

Neither the accomplishments of feminist scholarship, nor recent geographic research on women, seems to have had much effect on the representation of women in human geography textbooks. Relying on a set of traditional models, these texts reproduce the gender blind fictions of consensus, neutrality, and objectivity that the models and the textbooks themselves construct. Because the texts that initiate students into the discipline lag so seriously behind current consciousness and scholarship, women's invisibility not only continues in the human geography curriculum and classroom but is actually intensified by our own pedagogy.     

SOCIAL THEORY AND THE FUTURE OF URBAN GEOGRAPHY*

Three themes that seem likely to be influential in the near future have recently characterized the work of geographers using social theories as the basis of their explanations of urban phenomena. They are (1) the debates about structure and human agency. (2) the claims of feminists about the analytical significance of the social construction of gender roles, and (3) the demand that we now use our social theories more actively to explain experienced reality. In continuing our use of social theory in urban geography, we must prevent its marginalization as one specific substantive topic; the alternative epistemologies of this type of work can guide new interpretations of every substantive issue in urban geography.     

《干旱区地理》的引文统计分析

本文使用文献计量学中的引文分析方法,以《干旱区地理》为调查样本进行了统计分析。《干旱地理》１９８５－１９９４年共版４３期,刊登论文５５８篇,其中附有引文的论文４３６篇,引文２７６６条。     

MARCEL DUCHAMP'S ART AND THE GEOGRAPHY OF MODERN PARIS*

ABSTRACT. Modern artist Marcel Duchamp's concept of the readymade remains influential though controversial. I propose a new interpretation of the readymades as a coherent series of works that re‐create the landscape of Paris in the artist's New York City studio. Using techniques that parallel the conceptual and visual transformations of space performed by cartography and by landscape painting, Duchamp created a personal, monumental, and three‐dimensional “map” by replacing Parisian monuments with small‐scale objects. The readymades thus expand on the quest of modern artists for innovative ways to represent landscape and, at the same time, offer geographers new ways of seeing landscape.     

盘龙河上游山洪径流多时间尺度特征分析

采用小波变换方法,对盘龙河龙潭寨水文站51年(1951～2001年)的山洪径流序列进行小波分析,揭示了盘龙河上游山洪径流多时间尺度的变化特征,分析了不同时间尺度下的径流序列变化周期和丰枯突变点.研究结果表明,径流序列变化具有26a以上,17～25a,7～15a和9a左右的时间尺度特征.通过小波方差检验,得出盘龙河上游山洪径流变化的主周期均为21年,其次为15,11,7和4年,以21年主周期来看,盘龙河上游地区山洪径流变化具有同步性.     

陕西省气候的主成分分析与区划

P个气候要素、n个站点的气候要素场,由主成分分析,可用前m个主成分反映气候要素场的主要气候特征,由各主成分的空间分布,可以分析各地的气候特征。据此,将陕西省划分为5个气候亚带11个气候区。     

EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP IN GEOGRAPHY: THE ROLE OF THE DEPARTMENT CHAIRPERSON*

Leaders in geography must take an active role in initiating and implementing diverse strategies that would facilitate the amelioration of the discipline. Effective leadership from chairpersons needs to be nurtured and exercised to achieve optimal success. A paradigm is identified and applied to geography that should strengthen its position in higher education.     

我国社会主义市场经济与经济地理学科的发展

我国由中央计划经济体制向社会主义市场经济体制的转变，为经济地理学科的发展提出许多新课题。本文从总结经济地理学科发展特点入手，分析我国经济地理学科发展的现状及其存在的主要问题，进而探讨在社会主义市场经济条件下，拓宽我国经济地理学科研究与实践领域，认真总结已有的经济地理理论和建立具有中国特色的经济地理学科的途径。     

STRUCTURATION THEORY AND ATTEMPTS AT INTEGRATION IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY*

Integration in human geography is achieved through multidimensional research or by the study of a variety of aspects of a whole. Giddens's structuration theory provides a new theoretical framework for integrative study in human geography in its attempt to connect individuals and societies, context and composition, time and space. Integrative studies in geography have focused on space (regional geography), time (historical geography) and society (time-geography). Structurationist analysis in geography can put society, space, or society and space at its focus. Thrift's spatial structurationist theory may lead to a new theoretically-based regionalism. On the other hand, integration at one level or between several elements may entail disintegration, at another level or element respectively.     

INTELLECTUAL COHERENCE AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF GEOGRAPHY

The discipline of geography needs a more clearly defined academic purpose if it is to retain and enhance its position as an essential university subject. The discipline lacks the intellectual coherence it once achieved on the basis of environmental determinism. Geographers could re-establish a coherent intellectual foundation for geography by adopting a historical-intellectual mode of enquiry focusing on human thought and ideas and re-emphasizing the central importance of the human-environment relationship as the foundation of the discipline. An understanding of human activity in the environment in relation to ideas could provide a clearer focus for the discipline of geography and give it a stronger intellectual identity.     

西方欧美现代历史地理学的发展及其趋势

现代历史地理学，作为现代地理学中的一个独立发支学科，是自十九世纪末才逐渐从西方历史学科中脱胎出来，至本世纪２０、３０年代发展成为一门现代学科，从２０年代至９０代代，西方现代历史地理学的发展经历了学科定义探讨时期、方法论探索时期、新哲学思维影响时期和９０年代以来的多元化研究趋势。     

THE POTENTIAL OF MAIL SURVEYS IN GEOGRAPHY: SOME EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE*

Faced with soaring survey costs, geographers may increasingly consider mail or telephone surveys as alternatives to in-person interviews. This study goes beyond comparisons of response rates to analyze possible biases of administration methods in geographic studies. An empirical comparison between an in-person interview survey and two mail surveys of recent home buyers’ housing preferences revealed that the mail surveys provided better representation of this population, as they had a higher completion rate (though lower response rate). While respondent attributes differed across administration modes, no direct effects of administration method on responses were found. Mail surveys appear to be a viable alternative to personal interviews in a wider set of cases than geographers usually assume, though more empirical work is needed to determine the extent of such cases.     

云南省乡村旅游存在的问题与对策研究

云南省是一个多民族的边疆山区省份，乡村人口占总人口的73．4％，具有发展乡村旅游的潜在优势。在实地调查和查阅资料的基础上，从乡村旅游资源特点、发展存在的问题等方面进行较为全面的分析，得知：云南省具有和谐的乡村旅游景观、乡村人文景观风貌独特、乡村文化多样性等资源优势；在发展中存在乡村旅游分散且规模小、经营水平低、产品单一、旅游大环境差、少数民族文化的不断消失等问题。因此，今后的发展中要考虑乡村旅游的统一协调发展，在政府指导下支持乡村旅游的规模性开发，逐步健全法规体系，深化乡村旅游的产品，突出民族文化、气候、生态特色，提高经营者的素质，营造良好的乡村旅游大环境。     

区域文化与经济发展──析淮阴市经济落后的文化地理因素

本文从文化地理的角度分析了淮阴市与苏南地区相比经济发展速度缓慢的原因,指出历史上曾一度繁荣的淮阴市,因其地理环境的相对封闭性(长江阻隔和缺少海港)和过渡性,农耕经济的自给自足性,以及其它因素的配合,导致以淮阴为核心的苏北文化以传统的农业文化为主,具有封闭性、保守性和排外性,进而造成科技教育水平的低层次性。这种落后的文化严重阻碍了区域经济的发展。