华北型淮南煤田大构造成因分析及构造控水研究

为了深入分析华北型淮南煤田大构造4期成因及其构造控水作用,利用淮南煤田大构造褶皱断裂形态与华北克拉通地史学、地层学、区域构造进行相互验证对比,并依据构造控水对矿区8对生产矿井影响进行定量化评价。结果表明：淮南煤田大构造为印支、燕山、喜马拉雅运动叠加形成,印支运动Ⅰ期形成淮南煤田近东西向构造线（体）,Ⅱ期形成淮南煤田近南北向构造线（体）,印支运动后淮南煤田主体构造格局基本成型,Ⅲ期燕山运动、Ⅳ期喜马拉雅运动对淮南煤田大构造格局影响不显著;根据运动时间、形成构造的切割关系,得出Ⅱ期构造切割Ⅰ期构造、近南北方向断层（裂）切割近东西向断层（裂）、Ⅲ期的岩浆岩均穿越Ⅰ、Ⅱ期断层带（组）,不存在切割关系,不存在断层（裂）发育到新生代地层;Ⅰ—Ⅳ期构造对各个矿井水害影响程度差异较为显著,其中影响最显著的是顾北矿。淮南煤田为石炭-二叠纪聚煤后全球构造事件参与者、见证者,淮南煤田大构造中蕴含的分期构造特征为研究华北克拉通及周边区域构造最直接的佐证资料。     

基于内部结构概化的华北型煤田岩溶陷落柱分类

岩溶陷落柱是华北型煤田所具有的一种特殊地质构造,对煤矿安全生产造成巨大威胁。为了研究岩溶陷落柱的突水机理,确保煤矿采掘工程的安全,提出了岩溶陷落柱的内部结构概化模型,包括堆石段、泥石浆段、岩块碎屑段和柱壁裂隙段4个不同的部分,各部分之间既有相互联系,又显示出不同的力学和水力特征。基于此模型,对岩溶陷落柱按照内部结构的不同进行了分类,将岩溶陷落柱分为堆石型、堆石裂隙型、堆石泥石浆型等8种不同类型,并总结分析了不同类型岩溶陷落柱的结构特征和突水特征,且对不同类型岩溶陷落柱煤矿采掘工程提出了建议。     

龙永煤田滑脱断层特征及其控煤作用

龙永煤田中二叠统童子岩组煤系的顶底部广泛发育着一种缓倾角的断裂构造,这种地质构造主要特征之一就是造成地层的缺失,对煤系的赋存影响较大。在福建煤田地质界将其称之为\     

Assemblage of strike-slip faults and tectonic extension and compression analysis: A case study of a Lower Permian commercial coal reservoir in China

The Qinshui Basin was an active residual basin in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic periods and is located inside the North China Plate. The Upper Paleozoic strata in the basin have been strongly deformed and have developed a large number of strike-slip faults. The Qinshui Basin has been influenced by compressive stress from the northeast direction since the Himalayan period, and the faults have a dextral strike-slip property. Under the action of such a stress field, the right-slip, right-order faults indicate an extension region, and the right-slip, left-order faults indicate a compression region. Based on this principle, the extension and the compression areas were divided. From northwest to southeast direction in the study area, two types of regions have interactive distribution characteristics. For the Fanzhuang block in the eastern part of the study area, the fault distribution has an ‘S-type’ trend from north to south, and the middle extension region is the ‘elbow’ or the ‘hinge zone’ of the ‘S-type’ area, which can also be called the ‘stress transition zone’. The tectonic stress field of the stress transition zone is complex, and tensile fractures are usually extremely developed with extension tectonics. Gas wells with higher capacity are mainly distributed in the extension zone, while the capacity of the gas wells in the compression area is usually lower. The study showed that the distribution of the gas well capacity is consistent with the tectonic extension and compression analysis, indicating that the tectonic analysis method in this study is reliable. The Upper Paleozoic coal measure strata in the Qinshui Basin represent a whole gas-bearing and stress-bearing system, the tectonic analysis method in this study is also applicable to other types of tight reservoirs for this set of depositional systems.     

基于自然伽马测井的淮南煤田朱集井田煤系岩浆岩生热率研究

为研究淮南煤田煤系岩浆岩生热率特点及其对地温场的影响,以淮南朱集井田为研究对象,基于36个钻孔内6 208个煤系岩石自然伽马（GR）测井值的基础上,利用自然伽马与生热率GR-A的关系式,计算不同岩石生热率及其标准差,结果得出,煤系沉积岩的GR值由大到小依次为泥岩83.83 API、砂岩62.23 API和煤34.32 API,岩浆岩的GR值为103.89 API,远大于沉积岩;岩浆岩的生热率也最大,平均1.63 μW/m³,约为煤的3倍,但因受岩浆岩侵入分期性的影响,其标准差较大。总的来说,朱集井田内煤系岩石放射性生热对区内大地热流的贡献量不大,但岩浆岩的高生热率对岩层生热结构的改变较大。     

煤矿塌陷区覆土造地综合研究——以新庄孜矿为例

以新庄孜矿为例,针对覆土造地过程中,煤矸石充填可能带来的重金属元素的迁移污染作了相关分析。采用煤矸石充填塌陷区,既减少矸石山占地面积,又能在塌陷区覆土造地;同时,填埋矸石有利于保护环境,防止环境污染,具有较大的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益,对淮南矿区覆土造地及工农业持续发展具有重要的示范意义。     

Detection and delineation of coal mine fire in Jharia coal field,India using geophysical approach: A case study

Coal mine fire is a serious problem in Jharia coal field, India. The coal mine fire can be detected with different techniques such as borehole temperature measurement, thermo-compositional analysis, remote sensing techniques, thermo-graphic measurement and geophysical methods. In this study, various geophysical methods were used to detect the surface and subsurface coal mine fires. Geophysical techniques used in the present study are apparent resistivity, self-potential (SP), magnetic method and thermography. Geophysical anomalies such as low SP value of \(-60\hbox { mV}\), high negative magnetic response and low apparent resistivity value helped us to detect and delineate the fire and non-fire areas laterally as well as depthwise. Furthermore, the thermography survey was carried out in the coal field using thermal imaging camera in order to substantiate the geophysical methods. This integrated approach was found to be more advantageous for the detection and delineation of surface and subsurface fire with respect to use of any specific techniques. Moreover, the level of threat towards the locality, national railway line was also assessed unambiguously using the above techniques. Hence, proper planning and implementation towards the mitigation of hazard can be achieved on the basis of the reported results.     

Investigation of karst collapse based on 3-D seismic technique and DDA method at Xieqiao coal mine, China

Karst collapse is a serious geological problem in most of the coal mines in the north of China, but recently it has been found in the south as well. The present study is aimed at investigating subsidence mechanism and deformation field of a karst collapse column at Xieqiao, in the south of China. A method of three-dimensional (3-D) seismic technique has been successful in exploring the spatial morphology of the karst collapse at Xieqiao, and the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) method is used to calculate the deformation field and analyze the subsidence mechanism. The results indicated that DDA could approximately simulate and back analyze the subsidence process and strata deformation fields. The subsidence processes of the collapse column depend on the sizes of the karst caves. With the continuous expansion of the karst caves, a semi-elliptic stress field, local separation strata and fracture zone will be formed around the karst cave. Moreover, they will gradually expand upwards along the vertical direction. The paper also indicates that the subsidence failure stage may trigger a sudden collapse of the karst column because of the sudden energy release. Also, it will make a great impact on the vicinity working face so as to cause a rock burst. The effects of the friction angle of rock strata on the subsidence mechanism were reported firstly based on DDA.     

蚌埠隆起北翼陷落柱的发育规律及其导水性判别--以刘桥一矿为例

在分析和总结了大量水文地质资料的基础上,详细地分析了淮北煤田陷落柱的分布规律,并以刘桥一矿为例讨论了陷落柱导水性的判别方法.认为陷落柱的产状、"通天性"和控制断层是判别陷落柱导水性的主要标志.联系华北地区的许多矿区的实际情况,这些标志对华北地区许多矿井的安全生产具有一定的实用价值和指导作用.     

Estimates of present-day erosion based on sediment transport in rivers: a case study in Taiwan

We discuss the present-day sediment transport by rivers, and hence the erosion rate in upstream basins, based on the example of Taiwan Rivers where large datasets are available. After data correction, the values of the suspended sediment load in the lower Kaoping River are nearly three times smaller than those from the literature. On the other hand, we add the bed load evaluated from numerical modelling, despite limitations from data and models. Whereas the contribution of the chemical denudation rate in Taiwan is minor, the bed load is significant and must be evaluated. We point out that biases in data collection may favour high values of suspended load data, and that large series of datasets are needed to reduce uncertainties and smooth the time variability effect. To cite this article: F.-C. Li et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).     

A luminescence dating study of the sediment stratigraphy of the Lajia Ruins in the upper Yellow River valley,China

Pedo-sedimentological fieldwork were carried out in the Lajia Ruins within the Guanting Basin along the upper Yellow River valley. In the eolian loess-soil sections on the second river terrace in the Lajia Ruins, we find that the land of the Qijia Culture (4.20–3.95 ka BP) are fractured by several sets of earthquake fissures. A conglomerated red clay covers the ground of the Qijia Culture and also fills in the earthquake fissures. The clay was deposited by enormous mudflows in association with catastrophic earthquakes and rainstorms. The aim of this study is to provide a luminescence chronology of the sediment stratigraphy of the Lajia Ruins. Eight samples were taken from an eolian loess-soil section (Xialajia section) in the ruins for optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating. The OSL ages are in stratigraphic order and range from (31.94 ± 1.99) ka to (0.76 ± 0.02) ka. Combined OSL and ¹⁴C ages with additional stratigraphic correlations, a chronological framework is established. We conclude that: (1) the second terrace of the upper part of Yellow River formed 35.00 ka ago, which was followed by the accumulation of the eolian loess-soil section; and (2) the eolian loess-soil section is composed of the Malan Loess of the late last glacial (MIS-2) and Holocene loess-soil sequences.     

A method for prevent water inrush from karst collapse column: a case study from Sima mine,China

Mining-induced groundwater inrush could result in serious economic losses and casualties. This disaster usually depends on geological structure, such as the karst collapse column (KCC). It could reduce the aquifuge thickness, causing a great risk of water bursting. In order to assess the impact of mining on the KCC, we have developed a complete set of methods, including three-dimensional seismic exploration, connectivity experiment, water injection experiment in two sidewalls, numerical simulation based on Drucker–Prager (D–P) elastoplastic damage theory. This method is used to test the size, type and the damage thickness of the KCC named DX1 in Sima mine, and the results indicate that the type of DX1 is good cementation. In addition, under the influence of the shear stress at the coal wall and the unloading at the goaf, a significant compressive damage zone with a large damage thickness will form at the sidewall of the KCC. As the roof collapses, the backfill is compacted and the maximum damage thickness gradually moves to the other side of the KCC. Eventually, an asymmetric inverted saddle-shaped damage distribution is formed with a maximum compression damage depth of 32.5 m. The results provide a basis for preventing water inrush from KCC.     

Effect of acid mine drainage on a karst basin: a case study on the high-As coal mining area in Guizhou province,China

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a common pollution in mining areas due to the oxidation of pyrite and associated sulfide minerals at mines, tailings and mine dumps. Elevated metals (Fe, Mn, Al) and metalloids (As, Hg) in AMD would deteriorate the local aquatic environment and influence the water supply. A carbonate basin with deposits of high-arsenic coal in Xingren County, southwestern China, was chosen to study the behavior of As and other chemical constituents along a river receiving AMD. Heavy metals (Fe, Mn) and major ions such as (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl⁻, SO₄ ²⁻) in surface water, and As in sediment and surface water were analyzed. It was found that high concentrations of SO₄ ²⁻ (1,324–7,560 mg/L) and Fe (369–1,472 mg/L) in surface water were mainly controlled by the interactions between water and rocks such as the oxidation of pyrite in the local coal seams, precipitation and adsorption of iron minerals. Although ubiquitous carbonate minerals in the bedrock and the riverbeds, low pH (<3) water was maintained until 2 km downstream from the AMD source due to the Fe(hydro)oxide minerals coating on the surface of carbonate minerals to restrain the neutralization of acidic water. Moreover, the formation of Fe(hydro)oxide precipitations absorbed As was dominated the attenuation of As from water to sediment. Whereas, the dilution also played an important role in decrease of As in river water.     

岩浆侵入煤层中锑的赋存特征——以淮北卧龙湖矿为例

为探讨岩浆蚀变作用对煤层中锑赋存特征的影响,系统采集安徽淮北煤田卧龙湖煤矿岩浆侵入煤层侵入岩和全煤层样品共12个,利用原子荧光光谱法（AFS）测定样品中Sb含量,并对煤质参数进行分析。结果表明：卧龙湖煤矿岩浆侵入区煤表现为超低挥发分,中等灰分,特低硫的特点,煤中的硫主要以有机硫和黄铁矿硫存在。受岩浆热液影响,煤中灰分增加,挥发分减少;岩浆蚀变煤层中锑明显富集,算术平均值达到10.48 mg/kg,且侵入岩上方煤中Sb的平均含量明显增高,煤岩接触带位置Sb的含量达到最高值（13.93 mg/kg）;岩浆蚀变煤中的锑主要以无机结合态形式存在（相关系数r为0.74）,有机硫与煤中Sb呈显著负相关（相关系数r为-0.60）。岩浆侵入作用导致卧龙湖煤矿煤的煤质特征及煤层中锑的赋存方式受到不同程度的影响,研究结果可为特殊地质作用下煤中锑的环境地球化学特征提供参考。     

Soil and stream sediment based geochemical mapping: A case study in Goa

Geochemical mapping has been carried out in Goa using soil/laterite and stream sediment as media. The geochemical maps for U, Th, Nb and Ta show a conspicuous pattern in the NW part of Goa. The anomaly axis shows a NE-SW trend which is across the formational trend. The nickel and copper distribution around Usgaon area, east of Ponda, have indicated anomalous signature in the northern continuation of the Usgaon ultramafic complex.     

(210)Pb年代学方法测定东北玛珥湖沉积速率

测量湖泊沉积物中过剩的210pb可以推断沉积物的年龄,建立近代(约150aB.P.)沉积物时间序列.