PDC破岩条件下的岩石研磨性评价

岩石的研磨性是钻井过程中钻头的磨损预测及优化的重要因素。为了预测钻遇地层岩石的研磨性,建立了钻井过程中PDC复合片的磨损计算模型,从而得到了岩石研磨性的预测方法。首先,通过复合片与地层之间的受力分析并结合岩石的破碎条件,建立了不同钻压条件下地层对复合片的作用力计算模型。根据石英含量的概率密度分布情况,获得了岩石中参与磨损的颗粒与复合片底部的真实作用力。然后,根据PDC复合片磨损的几何原理,建立了地层对钻头复合片的磨损计算模型。通过室内实验对模型进行修正,分析了岩石各种属性对复合片磨损的影响规律,揭示了各参数影响复合片磨损的主次顺序依次为：弹性模量>石英含量>内摩擦角>表面粗糙度>泊松比>内聚力。基于该磨损模型建立了岩石研磨性评价指标,对制定了岩石研磨性的分级标准具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Estimation of the rock mass deformation modulus using a rock classification system

It is often difficult to directly obtain specific design parameters of interest. In these situations, estimation based on empirical correlations is an alternative. The deformation modulus of a rock mass, which is important to know for engineering projects, is measured by in situ tests, such as plate bearing, flat jack, pressure chamber, borehole jacking and dilatometer tests. Nevertheless, these in situ tests are expensive, time consuming and sometimes even impossible. Many attempts have been made to estimate the E modulus using easy-to-obtain parameters of a rock mass. This paper reviews previous studies and the equations that have been developed. In addition, this study presents a new relation developed using a database of 82 dilatometer test results gathered from two dam sites and a tunnel site. Statistical analyses were performed to correlate accessible rock parameters with measured E modulus values from in situ tests. Knowing that discontinuity characteristics and the strength of rock materials are the most important contributors to rock deformability, the focus was on identifying parameters that are affected by the mentioned properties. Among the tested parameters, RMR (Rock Mass Rating) showed the best correlation with the E modulus. Statistical analyses resulted in a new empirical equation that has an acceptable estimation ability.     

岩石全应力-应变试验与岩爆理论研究

在高应力地区的地下工程中,岩爆现象日益受到重视.由于岩体自身的复杂性,岩爆的理论研究进展缓慢.用岩石刚性伺服试验机开展岩石力学试验,可得到完整的岩石全应力-应变曲线,对于揭示岩石强度、变形特征具有实际的意义,从而成为人们研究岩爆机理的一种首选方法.     

Stress deformation properties of rock and rock discontinuities

The results of an extensive literature survey on the stress deformation properties of rock materials and rock discontinuities are summarized. The results show that: (1) for rock tested under uniaxial conditions, the range of modulus is from about 1 to 100 GN/m², and the Poisson's ratio range is from 0.02 to 0.73 (0.46 if dilatant values are excluded) with an average value of 0.20; (2) for rock tested under triaxial conditions, the effects of nonlinearity and stress-dependency of the rock modulus are minor with hard, crystalline or homogeneous rock of low porosity, but are significant in porous, clastic or closely jointed rock; (3) anisotropy of the rock modulus is demonstrated mainly by variations in the modulus number or initial stiffness, while the nonlinearity and stress-dependency parameters are fairly constant with sample orientation; (4) nonlinearity and stress-dependency of the rock Poisson's ratio may be significant depending upon the magnitude of stress changes imposed, with the nonlinearity being more significant; and (5) limited data on rock discontinuities indicate that nonlinearity and stress-dependency effects may be quite large.     

峨眉山玄武岩的岩相与岩体结构

峨眉山玄武岩是西南地区水电工程的主要建基岩体，其岩体结构明显受其建造的控制，不同地区，不同岩相的玄武岩，由于岩石组合及原生结构特征等的差异，而具有不同的岩体结构特征。本文结合拟建金沙江溪洛渡水电工程，雅砻江官地水电工程等实例，从岩相角度分析了玄武岩岩相及原生结构及原生结构对其岩体结构的控制作用。     

岩石风化与岩石化学成分的变化研究

研究岩石风化过程中岩石化学成分的变化规律,对于进一步研究岩石的风化机理以及岩石的物理力学性质变化过程有着十分重要的意义.本文通过对湘西地区陡山沱组黑色岩石不同风化程度的化学成分分析研究表明,岩石中的化学成分将随风化的进行而不断发生变化,在一定程度上反映了陡山沱组黑色岩石风化过程中其化学成分的变化趋势.     

Time-dependent behaviour of the rock mass

Summary The strength of intact rock and the rock mass is time-dependent. For intact rock experimental verification is available, for the rock mass the scale of time-dependence is a matter of judgement. Rock mass classifications do however emphasize the effect of time on tunnel stability. This paper examines the source of time-dependence in rocks and the rock mass and suggests a technique for estimating the long term strength. The long term strength of the rock mass is controlled by the time-dependent weakening of intact rock. Frictional resistance, a major source of rock mass strength, increases rather than decreases with time. Lifetime estimation for rocks can be accomplished phenomenologically or mechanistically. The first is a statistical process of wide applicability, the second is more restrictive in usage as its applies only to materials that suffer time-dependent strain (creep). Although the mechanistic route is more appealing, it has a major drawback as it concentrates on steady state creep. There is no strong evidence for steady state creep in rocks. The technique for long term prediction is developed through the analysis of the failure rate under constant load. The failure rate for a given load and environment is established from the frequency distribution of time-to-failure data as measured in static fatigue tests. As expected, the failure rate is strongly affected by both the loading and the environmental condition. The influence, however, is systematic and predictable.     

Monitoring the performance of rock reinforcement

A rock mechanics program has been developed and implemented in order to achieve a safe and economical room and pillar extraction of the shallow dipping orebodies at the McArthur River Mine in Australia. Three closely spaced tabular orebodies have been targeted for extraction over the life of the mine and due to economics the lowermost number 2 orebody is being mined first. This paper formulates the calculation of the 2 Orebody hangingwall spans and the appropriate rock reinforcement design for the long-term stability of the room and pillar excavations. The field trials suggested that a rock beam was formed within the hangingwall of the room and pillar operations, arresting any vertical movement of the roof. The results indicated that the weight of the beam is transferred to the pillars via an arching process and there is no need for deep-anchored reinforcement.     

岩体基本参数对岩质边坡变形的影响

文章利用有限差分程序FLAC,定量化讨论了边坡岩体(软岩)的变形模量、泊松比、密度、粘聚力、内摩擦角、边坡高度等参数对软岩边坡变形的影响。研究表明,边坡位移随变形模量E的增大而减小;泊松比μ的增加,则会引起x方向的位移的增加,y方向的位移减小;而岩体密度对岩石边坡位移的影响甚弱。边坡岩体的粘聚力c对边坡变形的影响程度与岩体的其他参数间存在很大关系。内摩擦角对边坡位移的影响大小,则取决于粘聚力c的取值。此外,随着边坡高度的增加边坡变形则会随之增加。其中x方向位移变化对边坡高度的变化更为敏感;同样,在边坡岩体其他参数不变的情况下,边坡倾角越大,边坡变形也越大。     

应用岩体电阻率预测岩体失稳的可行性研究

基于煤（岩）体固有电阻率与煤（岩）体应力、应变的关系,以及影响岩石电阻率物理参数的因素,探讨了采场顶板岩体和煤层（体）在高压应力作用下,体积应变引起电阻率变化的过程和机械物理实质。分析研究了煤（岩）体电阻率观测技术监测由应力引起煤（岩）体失稳（突出或冒落）的技术路线的依据,提出了应用该技术路线的可行性及其主要研究方向。      

大望海寨岩体岩石化学特征及岩石类型划分

大望海寨岩体位于营口—宽甸台拱与下辽河断陷连接带的东侧,侵位于燕山旋回晚期,其岩石地球化学特征与钙碱性花岗岩十分相似,通过花岗岩类自然矿物岩石化学换算法证明其应归于二长花岗岩类,其主要岩石类型应为斑状含黑云二长花岗岩和淡色二长花岗岩。其成岩物质主要由上地幔衍生出的岩浆与下地壳部分熔融所产生的岩浆同熔而成。成因类型属I型同熔花岗岩类。     

含石量对软质岩土石混合料土力学特性影响研究

在中国西南地区边坡工程中大量存在含软岩的土石混合体（S-RM）,其力学特性与软岩破碎特性有别于以往研究的块石强度较高的土石混合体。本文通过大型室内剪切仪开展了不同含石量（WBP）的剪切试验研究含石量对软岩土石混合体力学特性的影响,基于筛分试验研究软岩块石破碎特性,结果表明:当S-RM密度一定时,随着WBP的增加,S-RM剪切强度增加,应变硬化现象增强;S-RM黏聚力随含石量的增加呈线性增长,内摩擦角在含石量为20%~60%时随含石量的增加呈线性增长;S-RM在剪切破坏过程中软岩块石出现破碎现象,当法向应力一定时,块石破碎率随土石混合体含石量增加而增长;S-RM块石破碎率随内摩擦角增加呈指数形式增长,表明块石之间咬合作用越大,块石的破碎程度越高。     

复合岩层中滚刀旋转切割破岩效率试验研究

TBM掘进经常遇到复合岩层,在该地层中施工对滚刀破岩非常不利。为了提高掘进效率,降低工程造价,开展复合岩层滚刀破岩效率研究很有必要。鉴于此,采用滚刀岩机作用综合试验台对砂岩、花岗岩复合(复合比例为4(25) 6)而成的岩层进行5组刀间距下3种贯入度的3把滚刀同步旋转切割试验;试验过程中监测破岩总法向力、总扭矩,并分别收集两种岩石的岩渣进行筛分、称重;依据试验结果分析不同刀间距、贯入度下的法向力、扭矩及比能的关系。研究表明:不同刀间距时,平均法向力、平均扭矩随贯入度的增加而增大但两者的增加趋势不同,即平均法向力随着贯入度的增加几乎呈直线增大,而平均扭矩随着贯入度的增加其递增趋势减小;不同贯入度下存在不同的最优刀间距;砂岩、花岗岩切割轨迹长度比例为4:6时刀间距与贯入度的比值在14左右,破岩效率最高。     

Evolution of sedimentary rock formation of a rock association level

The evolution of sedimentary rock formation of a highly organized level (paragenetic rock associations) is more complex than that of a poorly organized level (rocks). Subjacent rock associations are established for the entire geological evolution of the Earth: they varied in time and were obsolescent or, in contrast, nascent and momentary. A certain cyclicity of evolution is identified along with directed changes.     

Geotechnical site investigations to prove the rock stability of large cavities and the barrier efficiency of the rock mass

Nuclear power plants may be sited in underground caverns, on slopes, or in pits. When a possible site is being considered, geoengineering and rock mechanical factors must be considered with respect to the feasibility of construction and the protective effect of the surrounding rocks as a barrier against internal accidents and external hazards.

The Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources carried out a preliminary evaluation of suitable sites in Germany in the 1980's using geoengineering and rock mechanical criteria. Three suitable rock types were defined: quartzite, schist and New Red Sandstone. These theoretical studies must be supplemented byin situ measurements, especially with respect to the efficiency of the rock as a geological barrier.     

Genesis of the calc-alkaline igneous rock suite

A high pressure experimental study of the partial melting fields of synthetic high-alumina olivine tholeiite, high-alumina quartz tholeiite, basaltic andesite, andesite, dacite and rhyodacite under dry and wet conditions has been conducted in order to investigate possible origins of the calc-alkaline series from the upper mantle. Detailed analyses of crystallizing phases using the electron microprobe has enabled calculation of the liquid line of descent in these compositions at various pressures.At 27–36 kb garnet and clinopyroxene are the liquidus or near-liquidus phases in dry tholeiite, basaltic andesite and andesite, while quartz is the liquidus phases in dry dacite and rhyodacite. Under wet conditions at 27 kb garnet, not quartz, is the liquidus phase in the dacite. Qualitatively these results show that the low melting fraction of a quartz eclogite at 27–36 kb under dry conditions is of andesitic composition whereas under wet conditions it is rhyodacitic or granodioritic. At these pressures under dry conditions the andesite liquidus lies in a marked low temperature trough between the more basic and more acid compositions. Quantitatively, the calculated compositions of liquid fractionates for varying degrees of melting of the quartz eclogite bulk composition broadly follow the calc-alkaline trend.At 9–10 kb under wet conditions sub-silicic amphibole and pyroxenes are the near-liquidus phases in tholeiite and basaltic andesite compositions. Calcic plagioclase and garnet occur nearer the solidus. The calculated liquid fractionates follow the calc-alkaline trend and demonstrate that the calc-alkaline series may be derived by the partial melting of amphibolite at lower crustal depths under wet conditions , Or by the fractional crystallization of a hydrous basalt magma at similar depths.These experimental results support two complementary hypotheses for the derivation of the calc-alkaline igneous rock suite from the mantle by a two stage igneous process. In the first stage of both hypotheses large piles of basalt are extruded on the earth's surface. Subsequently this pile of basalt may, under dry conditions, transform to quartz eclogite, sink into the mantle and finally undergo partial melting at 100–150 kms depth. This partial melting gives rise to the calc-alkaline magma series leaving a residuum of clinopyroxene and garnet. Alternatively, if wet conditions prevail in the basalt pile and the geotherms remain high, partial melting of the basalt may take place near the base of the pile, at about 10 kb pressure . The liquids so formed constitute the calc-alkaline suite and the residuum consists of amphibole, pyroxenes and possibly minor garnet and calcic plagioclase. Both models may be directly linked to the hypothesis of sea-floor spreading.     

Trinitite—the atomic rock

On 16 July 1945, the first atomic bomb was detonated at the Alamogordo Bombing range in New Mexico, USA. Swept up into the nuclear cloud was the surrounding desert sand, which melted to form a green glassy material called ‘trinitite’. Contained within the glass are melted bits of the first atomic bomb and the support structures and various radionuclides formed during the detonation. The glass itself is marvelously complex at the tens to hundreds of micrometre scale, and besides glasses of varying composition also contains unmelted quartz grains. Air transport of the melted material led to the formation of spheres and dumbbell shaped glass particles. Similar glasses are formed during all ground level nuclear detonations and contain forensic information that can be used to identify the atomic device.     

储层岩石微观孔隙结构对岩石力学特性及裂缝扩展影响研究

储层岩石是一种具有复杂孔隙结构的天然非均质材料,微观结构影响岩石的宏观力学特性和破裂特性,认识储层岩石微观孔隙结构及其对岩石力学特性的影响对油气开采和储层改造具有重要意义。为此,利用CT扫描试验和数字图像处理技术,定量表征储层岩石微观孔隙结构;据此建立微观孔隙结构的三维模型,根据单轴压缩试验获取模型的细观参数,并在PFC3D中进行单轴压缩模拟,分析微观孔隙结构对岩石力学特性和裂缝扩展的影响。结果表明,储层岩石微观孔隙结构概率分布满足对数正态分布,几何形状复杂,孔隙分布具有分形特征;微观孔隙的存在造成单轴抗压强度的降低,分形维数越大,单轴抗压强度越小,两者呈近似线性关系;孔隙结构对裂缝起裂位置、扩展及贯通方向具有决定性作用,裂缝起裂位置多出现在孔隙尖端处;在平行于加载方向的平面内,裂缝多沿孔隙尖端近30°方向和平行于加载方向扩展;在垂直于加载方向的平面内,裂缝沿裂隙轴线方向延伸或使孔洞直径增大;加载过程中裂缝易造成孔隙之间的贯通。     

A rational and realistic rock mass modelling strategy for the stability analysis of blocky rock mass

Due to the importance of a realistic rock mass model for the achievement of accurate and reliable results from numerical analysis of blocky rock mass, a probability based rock mass geometrical model is proposed in the present study. The rock mass geometry is built based on site investigation data and stochastic analysis of the discontinuity mapping results. The discontinuities and/or sets of them, either finite or infinite in size, planar or non-planar, convex or concave in shape, can be implemented in the three-dimensional rock mass model. Key block analysis and support design are then suggested to the stochastic rock mass models. To achieve a realistic stability analysis of the rock mass with the proposed probabilistic rock mass model, a few suggestions have also been made. These include the adoption of realistic constitutive models to intact rock and rock discontinuities, use of numerical model to technically handle numerical difficulties and development of a realistic modelling strategy to achieve realistic and affordable computational cost, etc.