蒸发－风反馈机制的进一步研究

对蒸发-风反馈的作用进行了简单动力学研究。结果表明,蒸发-风反馈不能像波动-CISK那样改变热带大气波动的性质(减缓移速),不可能单独成为激发热带大气季节内振荡的动力学机制。在积云对流加热和蒸发-风反馈的共同作用下,CISK-Kelvin波和CISK-Rossby波可以不稳定发展,共同作用比单独的积云对流加热反馈作用能更全面合理地解释热带大气季节内振荡的活动。因此,蒸发-风反馈对于热带大气季节内振荡也有重要作用。      

CISK, EVAPORATION-WIND FEEDBACK MECHANISM AND 30-60 DAY OSCILLATIONS IN THE TROPICAL ATMOSPHERE*

A baroclinic semi-geostrophic model with evaporation-wind feedback mechanism(EWFM) and CISK is established,two non-dimensional parameters a and η are introduced to represent EWFM and CISK,respectively.Analytic solutions of the model system are obtained,dynamics analyses and the model atmosphere calculations further confirm that EWFM and CISK are very important physical processes in leading to the low-frequency oscillations in the tropics.     

CISK、蒸发-风反馈机制和热带大气30-60天振荡

建立一个包含ＣＩＳＫ机制和蒸发－风反馈机制（Ｅｖａｐｏｒａｔｉｏｎ－ＷｉｎｄＦｅｅｄｂａｃｋＭｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍ，简写为：ＥＷＦＭ）的热带大气运动的无耗散、线性斜压半地转模式，引入反映ＣＩＳＫ的无量纲凝结潜热参数η和反映ＥＷＦＭ的无量纲参数α，并求得模式系统的解析解。动力学分析和模式大气的计算结果进一步说明了ＣＩＳＫ和ＥＷＦＭ的共同作用是激发和驱动热带大气低频振荡的重要物理过程。     

El Ni?o影响热带大气季节内振荡的动力学研究

根据El Ni?o期间热带大气状态的异常特征，确定了在简单大气动力模式中描写海温异常的参数化方法。然后利用斜压半地转两层模式从动力学上分析研究了El Ni?o对热带大气低频波的影响。理论分析同有关热带大气季节内振荡的资料分析结果完全一致，El Ni?o事件使热带大气季节内振荡减弱。     

热带大气季节内振荡的进一步分析

利用ＥＣＭＷＦ的格点资料对热带大气季节内振荡作了进一步分析研究,表明热带大气季节内振荡既有Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波型扰动,也有Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波型扰动;影响热带大气季节内振荡移动的主要因素有扰动波型和积云对流活动的异常;伴随ＥｌＮｉｎｏ事件的发生,热带大气季节内振荡的动能急剧减小,而准定常扰动动能急剧增大,既反映了热带大气季节内振荡对ＥｌＮｉｎｏ的激发作用,也说明了在ＥｌＮｉｎｏ期间热带大气季节内振荡偏弱的原因。     

CISK,EVAPORATION-WIND FEEDBACK MECHANISM AND 30—60 DAY OSCILLATIONS IN THE TROPICAL ATMOSPHERE

A baroclinic semi-geostrophic model with evaporation-wind feedback mechanism(EWFM)and CISK is established,two non-dimensional parameters a and η are introduced to representEWFM and CISK,respectively.Analytic solutions of the model system are obtained,dynamicsanalyses and the model atmosphere calculations further confirm that EWFM and CISK are veryimportant physical processes in leading to the low-frequency oscillations in the tropics.     

热带季节内振荡研究新进展

季节内振荡既是热带大气活动的强信号，也是热带海洋中较为普遍的现象。本文叙述了热带大气和热带海洋季节内振荡研究的进展，包括热带大气季节内振荡的观测研究、机制研究以及热带海洋季节内振荡方面的研究；讨论了海气相互作用、不同尺度间相互作用对季节内振荡的影响；在总结上述研究成果的基础上提出了热带季节内振荡研究进一步的发展方向。     

热带大气季节内振荡的传播及影响因子研究

通过观测资料的分析,对热带大气季节内振荡(ISO)的传播(移动)进行了深入系统的研究,揭示了热带大气ISO的纬向和经向移动的特征,以及热带大气低频动能的跨赤道传播特征.同时,通过对比分析还揭示了ENSO和热带对流加热场异常对热带大气ISO移动的影响.     

Research Progress in China on the Tropical Atmospheric Intraseasonal Oscillation

Tropical intraseasonal oscillation (including the Madden-Julian oscillation) is an important element of the atmospheric circulation system. The activities and anomalies of tropical intraseasonal oscillations affect weather and climate both inside and outside the tropical region. The study of these phenomena therefore represents one of the frontiers of atmospheric sciences. This review aims to synthesize and summarize studies of intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) by Chinese scientists within the last 5-10 years. We focus particularly on ISO's mechanisms, its numerical simulations (especially the impacts of diabatic heating profiles), relationships and interactions with ENSO (especially over the western Pacific), impacts on tropical cyclone genesis and tracks over the northwestern Pacific, and influences on the onset and activity of the South and East Asian monsoons (especially rainfall over China). Among these, focuses of ongoing research and unresolved issues related to ISO are also discussed.     

IMPACT OF TROPICAL INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATIONS ON THE PRECIPITATION OF GUANGDONG IN JUNES

The impact of tropical intraseasonal oscillations on the precipitation of Guangdong in Junes and its physical mechanism are analyzed using 30-yr (1979 to 2008), 86-station observational daily precipitation of Guangdong and daily atmospheric data from NCEP-DOE Reanalysis. It is found that during the annually first rainy season (April to June), the modulating effect of the activity of intraseasonal oscillations propagating eastward along the equator (MJO) on the June precipitation in Guangdong is different from that in other months. The most indicative effect of MJO on positive (negative) anomalous precipitation over the whole or most of the province is phase 3 (phase 6) of strong MJO events in Junes. A Northwest Pacific subtropical high intensifies and extends westward during phase 3. Water vapor transporting along the edge of the subtropical high from Western Pacific enhances significantly the water vapor flux over Guangdong, resulting in the enhancement of the precipitation. The condition is reverse during phase 6. The mechanism for which the subtropical high intensifies and extends westward during phase 3 is related to the atmospheric response to the asymmetric heating over the eastern Indian Ocean. Analyses of two cases of sustained strong rainfall of Guangdong in June 2010 showed that both of them are closely linked with a MJO state which is both strong and in phase 3, besides the effect from a westerly trough. It is argued further that the MJO activity is indicative of strong rainfall of Guangdong in June. The results in the present work are helpful in developing strategies for forecasting severe rainfall in Guangdong and extending, combined with the outputs of dynamic forecast models, the period of forecasting validity.     

有关全球变暖对热带大气季节内振荡特征的影响及其数值模拟的研究

首先用资料诊断分析了全球变暖前后,热带大气低频振荡特征变化。研究发现,全球变暖前后,热带低频振荡的强度、分布、传播及周期等发生了一系列变化:ISO活跃区及强度范围均有不同程度的增大,气候变暖有缩小ISO强度季节差异趋势;气候变暖后,纬向东传波的大气季节内振荡能量增加,而西传波的能量相对减少;偏暖阶段,ISO振荡主周期相对分散,特别是较长周期的小波能量明显增大。然后利用动力学分析及数值模拟进一步探讨了热带低频振荡与海温的联系,对热带ISO的数值模拟进一步发现,大气模式与海洋模式耦合时,所模拟的热带季节内振荡较强;热带低频振荡的变化可能与全球变暖后海温场发生的变化有关。     

大气季节内振荡对热带气旋活动影响的研究进展

近30年来，大气季节内振荡对热带气旋活动影响的研究已逐渐成为人们关注的焦点，并取得了显著的进展。就大气季节内振荡对热带气旋生成、路径及登陆的影响进行概述，并揭示了这种影响的主要机制。同时回顾了与季节内振荡密切相关的季风槽活动对热带气旋的影响。在此基础上简单讨论了该领域中存在的问题及未来研究前景，并提出当前该研究领域中一些亟需研究的科学问题。     

基于改进版NUIST CFS1.1的热带大气季节内信号及其对中国气温降水影响的预测评估

基于南京信息工程大学次季节气候预测系统(NUIST CFS1.1),通过调整成员的大气初始化方案并优化了集合预测方案,构建了性能更优、计算成本更低的9成员NUIST CFS1.1 Pro系统。进一步基于实时多变量Madden-Julian Oscillation(MJO)指数和两类北半球夏季季节内振荡(Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation,BSISO)指数BSISO1和BSISO2,评估了该预测系统对热带不同季节的大气季节内振荡(ISO)的预测技巧。结果表明,NUIST CFS1.1 Pro能分别提前26、17、12 d有效预测(距平相关高于0.5)MJO、BSISO1、BSISO2,对强事件(振幅>1)的有效预测时长能分别延长到30、21、13 d。此预测性能对比国内其他最新次季节动力模式如BCC_CSM2和FGOALS-f2有一定优势,同时在与国际S2S计划的8个主要业务预测系统的技巧对比中,NUIST CFS1.1 Pro在冬季MJO和夏季BSISO1预测上处于较为领先的水平,BSISO2的预测则处于中等水平;对不同位相的计算技巧显示,冬季MJO和夏季BSISO1的2、3、6、7位相较其他位相技巧更高。进一步的分析表明,NUIST CFS1.1 Pro能提前5候准确把握冬季MJO的东传特征,并能在一定程度上预测出其对我国气温异常的影响,尤其是对位相2、3时候的冷异常预测;而在夏季,则能提前4候正确预测BSISO1的北传、西北传特征,尤其能较好地预测西北太平洋上的对流和低层环流异常,从而成功预测出BSISO1造成的我国东部地区降水异常的空间形态。然而预测的强度较观测偏弱,这需要进一步的工作来改进。     

大气季节内振荡对夏季西北太平洋热带气旋群发性的影响

利用中国气象局上海台风研究所整编的热带气旋最佳路径资料、 向外射出长波辐射 (OLR) 和NCEP/NCAR再分析风场资料, 研究了1991年夏季西北太平洋热带气旋的群发性特征及其与大气季节内振荡的关系。结果表明, 1991年6～9月西北太平洋地区的对流活动存在20～60天的准周期振荡, 该区域的热带气旋活动也具有这种频率的季节内变化, 即热带气旋的活动具有明显的群发性和周期性。进一步分析表明, 热带气旋易集中出现在大气季节内振荡的湿位相, 这是因为湿位相期间大气低层维持的较大尺度的低频气旋性环流为天气尺度的热带气旋的生成提供了有利的背景环流场。低频气旋中心东南侧的不稳定低空西风急流容易激发出一些小扰动, 低空的低频正涡度异常又有利于这些初始小扰动的增长, 同时, 热带气旋发生势 (genesis potential) 表现为正距平, 说明热带气旋发生发展的垂直风切变条件容易满足, 因而导致热带气旋的相继群发。     

Numerical Simulation and Comparison Study of the Atmospheric Intraseasonal Oscillation

Daily mean outputs for 12 yr (1978-1989) from two general circulation models (SAMIL-R42L9 and CAM2.0.2) are analyzed and compared with the corresponding NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset, and results in two models show clearly that the root-mean square errors (RMSEs) from the simulation of intraseasonal oscillation can take 30-40 percent of the total RMSE, particularly, the distributions of the RMSE in simulating intraseasonal oscillation are almost identical with that of the total RMSE. The maximum RMSE of intraseasonal oscillation height at 500 hPa is shown in the middle latitude regions, but there are also large RMSEs of intraseasonal oscillation wind over the tropical western Pacific and tropical Indian Oceans. The simulated ISO energy in the tropic has very large difference from the result of the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset which means the simulation of tropical atmospheric ISO still possesses serious insufficiency. Therefore, intraseasonal oscillation in the weather and climate numerical simulation is very important, and thus, how to improve the ability of the GCM to simulate the intraseasonal oscillation becomes very significant.     

THE ROLES OF BOUNDARY-LAYER DYNAMICS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION

In this paper,a tropical atmospheric model of relevance to shorts-term climate variations(Wang and Li 1993)is util-ized for study of the development of Madden-Julian oscillation.The model contains an interactive process ofboundary-layer Ekman convergence and precipitation heating.The model is solved by expanding dependent variables interms of parabolic cylindrical functions in the meridional direction and truncating three meridional modes n=0,2,4 forequatorial symmetric solutions.The free wave solutions obtained under long-wave approximation are induced as aKelvin wave and two Rossby waves.After considering the effect of boundary-layer dynamic process,the modifiedKelvin wave becomes unstable in long-wave bands with a typical growth rate on an order of 10~(-6) s~(-1)and an eastwardphase speed of 10 m s~(-1);the most unstable mode is wavenumber one.These theoretical results are consistent with the ob-served Madden-Julian oscillation in equatorial area.For the two modified Rossby waves,one with a smaller meridionalscale(n=4)decays except for extra long-waves;the other with a larger meridional scale(n=2)grows in short-wavebands.This may be relevant to explaining the westward propagation of super cloud clusters in the Madden-Julianoscillation.The theory suggests that the boundary-layer dynamic process is an important mechanism in the develop-ment of the Madden-Julian oscillation.     

Sensitivity of the Simulated Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation to Cumulus Parameterizations

The sensitivity of the simulated tropical intraseasonal oscillation or MJO （Madden and Julian oscillation） to different cumulus parameterizations is studied by using an atmospheric general circulation model （GCM）--SAMIL （Spectral Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG）. Results show that performance of the model in simulating the MJO alters widely when using two different cumulus parameterization schemes-the moist convective adjustment scheme （MCA） and the Zhang-McFarlane （ZM） scheme. MJO simulated by the MCA scheme was found to be more realistic than that simulated by the ZM scheme. MJO produced by the ZM scheme is too weak and shows little propagation characteristics. Weak moisture convergence at low levels simulated by the ZM scheme is not enough to maintain the structure and the eastward propagation of the oscillation. These two cumulus schemes produced different vertical structures of the heating profile. The heating profile produced by the ZM scheme is nearly uniform with height and the heating is too weak compared to that produced by the MCA, which maybe contributes greatly to the failure of simulating a reasonable MJO. Comparing the simulated MJO by these two schemes indicate that the MJO simulated by the GCM is highly sensitive to cumulus parameterizations implanted in. The diabatic heating profile plays an important role in the performance of the GCM. Three sensitivity experiments with different heating profiles are designed in which modified heating profiles peak respectively in the upper troposphere （UH）, middle troposphere （MH）, and lower troposphere （LH）. Both the LH run and the MH run produce eastward propagating signals on the intraseasonal timescale, while it is interesting that the intraseasonal timescale signals produced by the UH run propagate westward. It indicates that a realistic intraseasonal oscillation is more prone to be excited when the maximum heating concentrates in the middle-low levels, especially in the middle levels, while westward propagating disturbances     

亚洲热带气候态夏季风涌传播特征及其对中国降水的影响

基于1979—2020年逐日的NOAA向外长波辐射资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析风场资料,以及全球CMAP再分析降水资料,探讨了气候态亚洲热带夏季风涌的传播过程及与我国夏季相应的降水联系。分析结果表明,主汛期亚洲热带气候态夏季风季节内振荡(CISO)活动是亚洲夏季风活动的主要特征,随时间北传的亚洲热带夏季风CISO称为亚洲热带夏季风涌,主要有南亚夏季风涌和南海夏季风涌。亚洲热带夏季风涌的传播可分为四个阶段。在亚洲热带夏季风涌的发展阶段,印度洋区域低频气旋与对流活跃,孟加拉湾和南海热带区域被低频东风控制,我国大部分地区无降水发生,降水中心位于两广地区。当进入亚洲热带夏季风涌活跃阶段,孟加拉湾和南海热带地区低频气旋和对流活跃,东亚低频“PJ”波列显著,我国降水中心北移到长江以南的附近区域。亚洲热带夏季风涌减弱阶段,孟加拉湾与南海低频气旋消亡,对流减弱,低频西风加强,日本南部附近为低频反气旋控制,我国长江中下游低频南风活跃,降水中心也北移到长江中下游地区,而华南地区已基本无降水,此阶段的大气低频环流场与亚洲热带夏季风涌发展阶段基本相反。进入亚洲热带夏季风涌间歇阶段时,孟加拉湾和南海热带地区低...     

THE ROLES OF BOUNDARY-LAYER DYNAMICS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION*

In this paper,a tropical atmospheric model of relevance to shorts-term climate variations(Wang and Li 1993) is utilized for study of the development of Madden-Julian oscillation.The model contains an interactive process of boundary-layer Ekman convergence and precipitation heating.The model is solved by expanding dependent variables in terms of parabolic cylindrical functions in the meridional direction and truncating three meridional modes n=0,2,4 for equatorial symmetric solutions.The free wave solutions obtained under long-wave approximation are induced as a Kelvin wave and two Rossby waves.After considering the effect of boundary-layer dynamic process,the modified Kelvin wave becomes unstable in long-wave bands with a typical growth rate on an order of 10^-6 s^-1and an eastward phase speed of 10 m s^-1;the most unstable mode is wavenumber one.These theoretical results are consistent with the observed Madden-Julian oscillation in equatorial area.For the two modified Rossby waves,one with a smaller meridional scale(n=4) decays except for extra long-waves;the other with a larger meridional scale(n=2) grows in short-wave bands.This may be relevant to explaining the westward propagation of super cloud clusters in the Madden-Julian oscillation.The theory suggests that the boundary-layer dynamic process is an important mechanism in the development of the Madden-Julian oscillation.