南海热带气旋数值预报模式与全球谱模式的嵌套试验

分析了各嵌套变量的作用和效果，发现采用部分变量嵌套就能取得一定效果，各变量的作用也不完全相同。这样，可以选取作用大，质量好，易处理的变量进行嵌套。并相应地提出了一个边界嵌套处理方案，应用于南海带热带气旋数值预报有限区模式（ＴＬ１０）与全球谐模式（Ｔ６３）的嵌套过程，通过数值预报试验，表明采用该嵌套处理方案能够取得良好的效果。     

用卡尔曼滤波预报南海热带气旋路径的试验

利用卡尔曼滤波方法预报南海热带气旋路径，发现采用卡尔曼滤波可以大大地降低预报误差，提高预测模型的预报能力。     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES WITH AN OPERATIONAL NUMERICAL MODEL FOR PREDICTION OF TYPHOON TRACKS OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA REGION

Experiments for short range forecasting of typhoon tracks over the South China Sea Region were carried out using limited-area numerical model recently developed by the authors.Due to the shortage of sounding data over the sea, typhoon circulations are usually obtained incompletely from objective analysis, or with significant deviation of the centre from reality.Therefore a set of schemes for typhoon initialization are proposed here to construct a bogus typhoon with the circulation being consistent with the physical processes included in the limited-area model.Based on the schemes bogus data over the model grids are created and analysed together with conventional observational data.Then the normal model initialization scheme is issued to further modulate the model typhoon with the numeriCal modeel.Some experiments of sensitivity in various aspects are conducted for further improvement of typhoon track predictions.The experimental results for a number of typhoon landing in southern China in 1993 and 1994 shows that the limited-area model is capable of predicting typhoon tracks in the southern China region.     

套网格预报中几种边界条件的试验

采用国家气象中心五层原始方程业务模式，用单向自嵌套方法，对常用的几种侧边界条件进行了对比试验。结果表明：加密网络可以改善预报效果，在试验的几种边界处理方案中，以Ｄａｖｉｅｓ方案的效果最好，不需要采用其他技术处理，就能使边界附近不产生扰动，分析的等值线光滑，计算稳定性好，可以使业务预报更加可靠，效果更加理想。     

南海热带气旋路径集合预报试验

利用3种不同模式的初始资料,通过它们生成得到16个不同的初始场,分别对2004年南海及其周边地区9个热带气旋个例进行集合预报试验,最后筛选得到了7个南海热带气旋初值集合成员,由此初步探讨了南海热带气旋初值集合成员的生成方法。结果表明,采用不同模式的初始资料生成得到初值集合成员的方法用于集合预报,对南海热带气旋路径预报有一些明显的改进。     

区域模式的嵌套边界条件研究

在对现今常用的几种嵌套边界条件进行对比研究的基础上，提出一种普遍边界条件，它可以在不同的假定转变成各种常用的嵌套侧边界条件。由此可清晰地分析对比各种常用嵌套边界条件作用时的优缺点以及应注意的问题。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS BY NESTING HYDROLOGY MODEL DHSVM WITH REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL RegCM2/CHINA

Based on improvement of a distributed hydrology-soil-vegetation model (DHSVM for short)and its application to North China,a nested regional climatic-hydrologic model system is developedby connecting DHSVM with RegCM2/China.The simulated climate scenarios,including controland 2×CO_2 outputs,are downscaled to 8 stations in Luanhe River and Sanggan River Basins todrive the hydrology model.According to simulation results,under double CO_2 scenarios,annualmean temperature and evapotranspiration will increase 2.8C and 29 mm,respectively;precipitation also increase but with different value for each basin,6 mm for Luanhe River Basinwhile 46 mm for Sanggan River Basin;runoff change for the two basins is different too,27 mmdecrease for Luanhe River Basin while 26 mm increase for Sanggan River Basin.As a result,therunoff in future for Luanhe River Basin and Sanggan River Basin will be 74 mm and 71 mm,respectively,which is approximately a quarter of annual mean runoff(284 mm)of the wholecountry.Total streamflow for the two basins will decrease about 2.5×10~8m~3.All these indicatethat the warm and dry trend will continue in the two river basins under double CO_2 scenarios.Thenested model system,with both climatic and hydrologic prediction ability,could also be applied toother basins in China by parameter adjustment.     

IMPACT OF CONVECTION OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA ON TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION OVER THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC DURING SUMMER MONSOON

The intraseasonal oscillation(ISO) of the South China Sea(SCS, 105-120°E, 5-20°N) convection and its influences on the genesis and track of the western North Pacific(WNP) tropical cyclones(TCs) were explored, based on the daily average of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the OLR data and the western North Pacific tropical cyclone best-track data from 1979 to 2008. The mechanism of the influences of ISO on TC movement and the corresponding large-scale circulation were discussed by a trajectory model. It was found as follows.(1) During the SCS summer monsoon, the SCS convection exhibits the ISO features with active phases alternating with inactive phases. The monsoon circulation patterns are significantly different during these two phases. When the SCS convection is active(inactive), the SCS-WNP monsoon trough stretches eastward(retreats westward) due to the activity(inactivity) of SCS monsoon, and the WNP subtropical high retreats eastward(stretches westward), which enhances(suppresses) the monsoon circulation.(2) The amount of TC genesis in the active phase is much more than that in the inactive phase. A majority of TCs form west of 135 °E during the active phases but east of 135 °E in the inactive phases.(3) The TCs entering the area west of 135 °E and south of 25 °N would move straight into the SCS in the active phase, or recurve northward in the inactive phase.(4) Simulation results show that the steering flow associated with the active(inactive)phases is in favor of straight-moving(recurving) TCs. Meanwhile, the impacts of the locations of TC genesis on the characteristics of TC track cannot be ignored. TCs that occurred father westward are more likely to move straight into the SCS region.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION STUDY OF THE OCCURRENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF A MID-TROPOSPHERIC CYCLONE OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

In this paper,the processes of the occurrence and development of a mid-tropospheric cyclone (MTC hereinafter)over the South China Sea are successfully simulated,adopting the convective heating profile calculated from the ana-lysed data.And a series of numerical experiments show that the convective heating rate, especially its vertical profile,plays a key role in the occurrence,development and maintenance of the MTC.When there is highly concentratedconvective heating in middle layer(400—450hPa),the MTC could occur and maintain for longer time.And the key tosuccessfully predict the MTC by numerical model is to correctly specify the convective heating profile in the model.     

APPLIED STUDY ON ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN-WAVE COUPLED MODEL IN SOUTH CHINA SEA

Based on MM5,POM,and WW3,a regional atmosphere-ocean-wave coupled system is developed in this work under the environment of Message Passing Interface.The coupled system is applied in a study of two typhoon processes in the South China Sea(SCS).The results show that the coupled model operates steadily and efficiently and exhibits good capability in simulating typhoon processes.It improves the simulation accuracy of the track and intensity of the typhoon.The response of ocean surface to the typhoon is remarkable,especially on the right side of the typhoon track.The sea surface temperature(SST)declines,and the ocean current and wave height are intensified.In the coupling experiment,the decline of SST intensifies and the inertial oscillation amplitude of the ocean current increases when the ocean-wave effect is considered.Therefore,the atmosphere-ocean-wave coupled system can help in the study of air-sea interaction and improve the capability of predicting and preventing weather and oceanic disasters in SCS.     

A METHOD FOR PREDICTING SHORT-AND MID-RANGE TURNING AND ACCELERATION MOTION TREND OF TROPICAL CYCLONES OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

An approach is proposed for predicting turning and acceleration motion trend of the tropicalcyclones over the South China Sea for 72 h in the extrapolated track coordinates.Cross-track(CT)and along-track(AT)components are defined according to the persistently extrapolatedtrack coodinates based on observed positions at the initial and past 24 h times.A kind of straight-forward measure may be provided with CT and AT components for typhoon turning motion and ac-celeration motion.Canonical correlation analysis(CCA)is performed to reveal the correlaotions be-tween tropical cyclone tracks and environmental 500 hPa geopotential height fields.A stepwise dis-criminate analysis technique is adopted to derive the classification functions of the respective threecategories for AT and CT components.Especially,categorical combinations of CT and AT compo-nents are divided into possible 9 regions corresponding with tropical cyclone behaviors.Not onlycan 9 motion trends of a tropical cyclone be predicted,but also the location and its maximum errorat least in certain direction are available.The perfect prediction(PP)verifications indicate that thepercent corrects for the CT and AT categories are 67% and 69% in the independent samples,73%and 53% in the dependent samples,respectively,higher than that of 33.3% for random chance;moreover,the rate for successfully forecasting that in which one of the nine regions the tropical cy-clones will fall at 72 h is about 40%,also higher than the stochastic probability of 11%.Themethod has been proved to be skillful and promising.     

东海热带气旋路径预报模式业务运行结果及改进模式

统计分析了东海热带气旋路径预报模式在１９９６年、１９９７年和１９９８年三年业务运行的结果;系统地与主观预报和日本数值预报结果进行了同个例同时次的比较：对模式边界层物理过程中摩擦拖曳系数以及二次台风Ｂｏｇｕｓ技术、三维最优插值客观分析方法和资料同化等影响热带气旋移动的作用进行了试验研究;实现了间歇资料同化处理的业务化运行。     

对南海热带气旋近海加强机理个例模拟研究

利用具有完备物理过程的中尺度模式MM5对发生于南海的0214号热带气旋(TC)“黄蜂”进行高分辨率的数值模拟,以此来研究热带气旋在近海发展为强热带风暴过程中结构变化对强度的作用,并对近海加强的内部动力机理做一些探讨。模拟结果发现在加强阶段,气旋环流中存在类似于涡旋Rossby波性质的波动在西北侧对流激发下绕中心逆时针传播,波动与眼墙区对流带相耦合,使得眼区趋于闭合;中尺度涡旋系统的轴对称化过程,通过与对称环流系统非线性相互作用,向气旋环流提供能量,其自身也得到维持与发展。这些结构的变化对TC近海加强和登陆后迅速减弱都产生了重要的影响。     

THE ENSEMBLE FORECASTING OF TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION I：USING A PRIMITIVE EQUATION BAROTROPIC MODEL

1INTRODUCTIONErrorsofnumericalforecastingcomprisethoseintheinitialvalue,modelandcomputationandthefirstkindoferrorbecomesmoreandmoreoutstandingwiththeon-goingdevelopmentofcomputersandnumericalmodels.Subjecttoavailableobservationmeans,therealatmosphereisanythingbutapproximatelymeasured.Meanwhile,oneshouldpayattentiontothepossibility,assuggestedbyLorenz[1],thatanyslightdifferencesduringtheinitialstatemayleadtoresultsthatturnouttobetotallydissimilarfromwhatwouldbeexpectedotherwise,asfarasdefi…     

热带气旋路径集合预报方法研究Ⅰ——正压模式结果的初步分析

选择1979～1993年间的热带气旋为试验个例,通过扰动热带气旋初始位置和初始结构,构造集合成员, 用正压原始方程模式,进行路径集合预报试验, 并初步探讨预报成员的集合方法。试验结果表明:热带气旋定位误差影响路径预报,但扰动初始位置的集合平均预报与控制试验的预报水平相接近。扰动热带气旋初始结构的集合预报试验表明,约有60 %～70 %个例的集合路径预报得到改进。此外,试验结果还表明,当环境引导气流较弱时,进行扰动热带气旋初始结构的集合预报,预报结果的改善较明显。     

IMPACT OF HUMIDITY DATA ON THE PREDICTION OF ONSET VORTEX WITH A LIMITED AREA MODEL

A limited area model has been applied to study the impact of satellite-derived relative humidity data on the predic-tion of onset vortex of monsoon 1979.The results show that inclusion of satellite-derived relative humidity data im-proved the prediction of track of the cyclonic circulation and the rainfall rates in the region of the vortex.     

复杂地形条件下嵌套细网格模式35例数值预报的总结

本文利用一适合复杂地形区的有限区域预报模式系统，分别采用欧洲中期天气预报中心的格点资料和我国国家气象中心的ＤＣＤ电码资料，对１９８１年７月１－３０日和１９８８年８月１０－１４日两时段共３５天作了４８小时预报。形势场和降水预报的主客观评分表明，该模型系统已具备了在业务环境下作预报的可能，该模型预报性能良好，具有较好的强降水预报的能力。     

一个改进的汛期降水预报的热力学模式

本文在地气系统热平衡方程、土壤热传导方程和Ｇ．Ｗ．Ｐａｌｔｒｉｄｇｅ关于行星大气等效红外辐射温度参数化公式三个方程的基础上,建立了一个用于汛期（４－９月）降水预报的区域模式。它有效地修正了汤懋苍等提出的“一个长期降水预报的热力学模式”中存在的一些问题。     

南海-热带东印度洋海温异常对南海夏季风影响的数值试验

利用NCEP／NCAR数据集中1979-1996年3—7月500hPa位势高度场资料，经过候平均整理后，自己定义副高强度、西脊点和脊线，然后对它们进行各种距平处理、小波变换和EOF分析，发现3—7月内副高季节内变化主要表现为三次突变过程，在时间上分别对应着南海季风爆发、江南梅雨发生和梅雨结束，同时，在这段时间内副高活动的年际变化主要有4年左右和8年左右的周期。