印度支那地块第三纪构造滑移与青藏高原岩石圈构造演化

印度支那地块于早第三纪至中新世发生大规模地向东南方向走滑,同时伴随着15°顺时针旋转。青藏高原及邻区晚自垩世以来的古地磁古构造及地质年代学研究新成果,说明青藏高原岩石圈的构造演化过程,即古新世初印度板块与欧亚大陆的南缘拉萨地块碰撞,至49 Ma左右印度与拉萨地块发生全面拼合,随着印度板块进一步向北挤压,从碰撞期至16 Ma,印度支那地块沿红河大型走滑断裂发生侧向滑移;印度与“欧亚大陆”之间的构造缩短通过岩右圈板块沿着大型走滑断裂系的挤出以及板块间的消减得到调整。青藏高原大规模的岩石圈构造缩短很可能始于中新世27 Ma左右沿着早期陆块间的接合带发生。一些事实还说明青藏高原的总体隆起很可能是通过10 Ma前后和3 Ma以后多期非均匀隆升形成的。     

万安盆地扭动构造形迹及构造油气藏研究

位于万安滩西陆架区的万安盆地处于印支地块南缘、曾母次地块的西北侧，是新生代发育的大型板内具扭性的断坳复合型盆地。由于可能受向南延伸的红河区域走滑 裂（ＲＲＦ）的影响，多有右旋剪切应力场作用。故万安盆地的边界断层和盆内断层均不同程度地反映出扭动构造特征和扭动构造样式。早第三纪以张扭作用为主，后期（晚中新世）局部地区受到轻微压扭作用的改造。与扭动构造伴生的圈闭类型多样，烃源丰富，成熟度高，具有良好的油     

莺歌海盆地周边区域构造演化

莺歌海盆地周边新生代区域构造演化综合分析表明，该舅地形成和演化构造应力场分四个阶段：第一阶段，古新世末至早渐新世印支地块快速向南东方向挤出，同时伴随着地块的顺时针旋转运动。第二阶段，晚渐新世至早中新世印支地块向南东挤出运动逐渐减弱，华南地块整体仍然相对稳定。莺歌海盆地处于左旋剪切状态。第三阶段，中、晚中新世随着印度地块逐渐楔入欧亚板块内部，印支半岛的挤出运动进一步减弱。至中中新世末，华南地块整体开始挤出。第四阶段，上新世一第四纪印支地块相对稳定，华南地块挤出运动继续进行，两地块间的相对运动呈右旋剪切运动。莺歌海盆地新生代的构造应力场演化受太平洋板块、印度与欧亚板块之间相互作用控制。其中，印度与欧亚板块碰撞作用所导致的印支地块与华南地块的相对运动，是决定莺歌海盆地新生代构造运动应力场变化的主要因素。     

扬子与华南新生代拼贴构造的古地磁证据

根据古地磁测量研究了下扬子地块的演化.研究确认,扬子地块自古生代晚期以来经历了复杂的构造运动.在古生代晚期,下扬子地块位于低纬度地区,是华南地块的组成部分.自三叠纪开始在赤道附近与华南地块分离.自晚侏罗世至早日垩世,独立的下扬于地块,又在中纬度地区与华北地块拼贴,成为华北地块的一部分.自早第三纪晚期(E_S)开始向南运动,于晚第三纪晚期.与华南地块拼贴,形成统一的中国东部大陆块.根据地质特点可以认为,扬子地块自中生代以来与华北地块和华南地块的拼贴,都不是以厚断裂剪切方式而是以薄皮构造方式.     

南沙北部伸展构造的基本特征及其动力学意义

南沙地块辫啊以中南－美洲断裂为分界,其东、西两侧伸展构造的几何学与运动学表明,晚白垩世至早渐新世,其伸展作用以纯剪切为主;中渐新世至早中新世,伸展带东段转换为简单剪切,西段剪切渐停。伸展作用的主要动力来源于陆缘俯冲板片的拆沉、软流圈地幔热物质乘隙上拱和部分熔融作用及周边板块的相互作用。     

南海西南部曾母盆地早中新世以来沉降史分析

采用回剥法和局部均衡模式研究曾母盆地早中新世以来的沉降史，并探讨了该盆地构造演化特征。曾母盆地自早中新世以来经历了17．5-11．6Ma、11．6-5．5Ma、5．5-3．0Ma和3．0-0Ma的4次快速沉降作用，其构造演化受控于曾母地块与南沙地块及婆罗洲地块的碰撞和盆地两侧的万安-卢帕尔断裂与廷贾走滑断裂的综合作用，可划分为南北双向挤压（晚始新世-早中新世）、走滑改造（中中新世-晚中新世）和区域沉降（上新世-第四纪）3个演化阶段。     

青藏高原东南缘新生代地壳运动的转换

在青藏高原东南缘保山地体东部上新世营盘组玄武岩中开展的古地磁学研究,获得了可靠的高温剩磁分量。地层校正后的特征剩磁分方向为Ds=166.5o, Is=–19.3o, k=41.9, a95=5.1o, N=22(采点)。褶皱检验显示其为原生特征剩磁分量。上新世古地磁数据显示,保山地体东部区域自上新世以来相对于东亚构造稳定区古地磁参考极发生了14.5o±4.8o的逆时针旋转运动。虽然保山地体东部上新世的逆时针旋转运动与保山地体其它区域古近纪至中新世的顺时针旋转变形截然相反,但是其与畹町走滑断裂和南汀河走滑断裂上新世以来的左旋走滑运动相吻合。本次研究通过保山地体和腾冲地体内部新生代古地磁数据及地体边界构造带活动演化的综合分析,指出自古近纪早期印度板块与欧亚大陆初始碰撞以来,青藏高原东南缘腾冲地块和保山地体在渐新世末期至早中新世时期,以及上新世早期分别发生了地壳运动方式的转换。保山地体地壳的运动学方式直接控制了地体边界走滑断裂的构造演化过程。     

古阿尔金断裂的岩石构造依据及意义

本文把元古宙阿尔金断裂称为古阿尔金断裂,以区别于第三纪以来左旋剪切的阿尔金断裂。古阿尔金断裂具有右旋剪切的运动学特点,规模大,至少影响到地壳中部层次,并伴有同剪切就位的伟晶岩体。由于塔里木地块与华北陆台之间的汇聚碰撞在时间上晚于柴达木地块与华北陆台之间的汇聚碰撞,所以古阿尔金断裂是在新元古代超大陆汇聚过程中,塔里木地块相对于柴达木地块大规模东移在地块边界走滑剪切的产物。     

古阿尔金断裂的岩石构造依据及意义

本文把元古宙阿尔金断裂称为古阿尔金断裂,以区别于第三纪以来左旋剪切的阿尔金断裂,古阿尔金断裂具有右旋剪切的运动学特点,规模大,至少影响到地壳中部层次,并伴有同剪切就位的伟晶岩体,由于塔里木地块与华北陆台之间的汇聚碰撞在时间上晚于柴达木地块与华北陆台之间的汇聚碰撞,所以古阿尔金断裂是在新元古代超大陆汇聚过程中,塔里木地块相对于柴达木地块大规模尔移在地块边界走滑剪切的产物。     

华南、巽他和掸邦地块之间边界断裂的上新世—第四纪大规模构造反转

印度- 亚洲碰撞后，大陆板块沿着大型的左行走滑断裂挤出。规模最大的哀牢山- 红河剪切带(ASRR)将印支地块(巽他地块)与华南地块分隔开来。长约1000 km的红河活动断裂(RRF)沿哀牢山的北侧延伸，目前呈现出右行走滑兼正断的活动性质。本文在讨论了红河断裂系及其周缘的第三纪和现今变形特征(滑移性质反转、渐新世/第四纪位错、全新世滑动速率、GPS测量、地震机制等)基础之上，重点论述了其在上新世—第四纪从云南东南部到越南西北部、北部湾西部、再到更南的沙巴地区的断裂分布和运动学特征。新的数据证实，跨过三联点和越南西北部的奠边府断层之后，华南地块与巽他地块之间的现今大部分右行走滑主要沿着Da River断裂向Day Nui Con Voi(或称大象山)东南方向延伸。Da River断裂与RRF大致平行，是2020年M w 5. 0莫州地震的发震断层。进一步研究表明，Da River断裂很可能沿着渐新世—中新世莺歌海/宋红盆地西缘和越南东南海岸(归仁剪切带)向南延伸得更远，至少延伸到“Ile des Cendres”火山群，并可能继续延伸到沙巴- 文莱逆冲带的西端，靠近婆罗洲北部的近海活动边缘。最后，我们讨论了在菲律宾群岛、台湾岛和巽他群岛之间南海大部分地区大规模构造反转的运动学效应。     

A tectonic model for the Tertiary evolution of strike–slip faults and rift basins in SE Asia

Models for the Tertiary evolution of SE Asia fall into two main types: a pure escape tectonics model with no proto-South China Sea, and subduction of proto-South China Sea oceanic crust beneath Borneo. A related problem is which, if any, of the main strike–slip faults (Mae Ping, Three Pagodas and Aliao Shan–Red River (ASRR)) cross Sundaland to the NW Borneo margin to facilitate continental extrusion? Recent results investigating strike–slip faults, rift basins, and metamorphic core complexes are reviewed and a revised tectonic model for SE Asia proposed. Key points of the new model include: (1) The ASRR shear zone was mainly active in the Eocene–Oligocene in order to link with extension in the South China Sea. The ASRR was less active during the Miocene (tens of kilometres of sinistral displacement), with minor amounts of South China Sea spreading centre extension transferred to the ASRR shear zone. (2) At least three important regions of metamorphic core complex development affected Indochina from the Oligocene–Miocene (Mogok gneiss belt; Doi Inthanon and Doi Suthep; around the ASRR shear zone). Hence, Paleogene crustal thickening, buoyancy-driven crustal collapse, and lower crustal flow are important elements of the Tertiary evolution of Indochina. (3) Subduction of a proto-South China Sea oceanic crust during the Eocene–Early Miocene is necessary to explain the geological evolution of NW Borneo and must be built into any model for the region. (4) The Eocene–Oligocene collision of NE India with Burma activated extrusion tectonics along the Three Pagodas, Mae Ping, Ranong and Klong Marui faults and right lateral motion along the Sumatran subduction zone. (5) The only strike–slip fault link to the NW Borneo margin occurred along the trend of the ASRR fault system, which passes along strike into a right lateral transform system including the Baram line.     

Polyphase structural evolution of the southwestern Argentine Precordillera

The western and southwestern parts of the Argentine Precordillera display complex geometries which are not consistent with those of a typical high-level fold-and-thrust belt. They are the result of a polyphase structural evolution which spans the Early Paleozoic to Late Tertiary period. After an Early Paleozoic folding and shearing event under a greenschist facies metamorphism, uplift, erosion, and deposition of Late Carboniferous to Early Permian clastics were accompanied by extensional faulting. This was followed by a Permian folding and faulting event which led to a partial inversion of the Late Carboniferous-Early Permian graben fill. Permian to Triassic crustal extension was combined with block faulting and the deposition of a thick volcanic sequence. The subsequent Late Tertiary crustal shortening partly reactivated older fault lines. Excluding folds, a few thrusts, and reverse faults, the crustal shortening within the older blocks was accommodated by a dominant sinistral strike-slip faulting under a W-E compressive regime. Above a major décollement, the entire sequence of faulted and folded blocks was carried from west to east towards its present position. The regional situation indicates that this southern part of the orogen was transferred further to the east with respect to the central thin-skinned parts. The movements are interpreted to be related to an important thrust fault which obliquely cuts through the fold-and-thrust belt.     

莺歌海盆地构造演化与强烈沉降机制的分析和模拟

莺歌海盆地新生代发生了快速沉降, 盆内充填了最厚达17 km的沉积, 根据模拟实验, 印支地块或之上刚性地块的存在对莺歌海盆地的强烈沉降具有重要的贡献, 可能是造成莺歌海盆地裂陷期强烈沉降的重要原因之一.结合地质分析和物理模拟实验, 莺歌海盆地的演化大致可以分为以下4个主要阶段: 早期(42 Ma以前) 主要受到南海北部陆缘(主要是北部湾盆地) 裂解造成的右旋转换伸展作用的影响, 但影响范围较小, 主要为莺歌海盆地西北部和东部边界.42~21 Ma期间, 主要受控于印支地块左行走滑和顺时针旋转作用的影响, 莺歌海盆地在此期间发育了主体裂陷体系, 东侧受到右旋转换伸展应力场的叠加影响而导致沉降加强; 21~10.4 Ma期间, 受印支地块逐渐减弱直至停止的左行走滑作用的影响, 盆地西北部在21~15.5 Ma期间发生局部反转褶皱, 但盆地整体进入以热沉降为主的时期; 10.4 Ma以后, 盆地受华南地块沿红河断裂右旋走滑作用和5 Ma以后新一期热事件的影响.      

EARTHQUAKE FOCAL MECHANISM AND ITS TECTONIC SIGNIFICANCE ALONG THE TWO SIDES OF THE RED RIVER FAULT ZONE

The Red River Fault Zone is a gigantic slide-slip fault zone extending up to 1000km from Tibet to South China Sea. It has been divided into the north, central and south segments according to the difference of the geometry, kinetics, and seismicity on the land, but according to the contacted relationship between the old pre-Cenozoic block in Indochina Peninsula and the South China block, the Red River Fault Zone was divided into two parts extending from land to ocean, the north and south segments. Since the Tertiary, the Red River Fault Zone suffered first the sinistral movement and then the dextral movement. The activities of the north and the south segments were different. Based on the analysis of earthquakes and focal mechanism solutions, earthquakes with the focus depths of 0-33km are distributed over the whole region and more deep earthquakes are distributed on the northeastern sides of the Red River fault. Types of faulting activities are the thrust in the northwest, the normal in the north and the     

40Ar/39Ar dating of the Jiali and Gaoligong shear zones: Implications for crustal deformation around the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis

We conducted a comprehensive ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronological study of the Jiali and Gaoligong shear zones to obtain a better understanding of crustal deformation and tectonic evolution around the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis (EHS). The new age data reveal that the main phase of deformation in the Jiali and Gaoligong shear zones occurred from 22 to 11 Ma and from 18 to 13 Ma, respectively. Structural data collected during this study indicate that the Jiali shear zone underwent a change in shear sense from sinistral to dextral during its movement history. Based on a comparison with the deformation histories of other major shear zones in the region, we argue that the initial sinistral motion recorded by the Jiali shear zone was coincident with that of the Ailao Shan–Red River shear zone, which marked the northern boundary of the southeastward extrusion of the Indochina block during the Early Miocene. From the Middle Miocene (～18 Ma), the Jiali shear zone changed to dextral displacement, becoming linked with the dextral Gaoligong shear zone that developed as a consequence of continued northward indentation of the Indian continent into Asia. Since this time, the Jiali and Gaoligong shear zones have been united, defining the southwestern boundary of the EHS during clockwise rotation of the eastward-extruding Tibetan block, as revealed by recent GPS data. The temporal change in regional deformation pattern from southeastward block extrusion to clockwise rotation of crustal fragments may have played an important role in the development of the eastern Himalayan drainage system around the EHS.     

Crustal anisotropy from Moho converted Ps wave splitting analysis and geodynamic implications beneath the eastern margin of Tibet and surrounding regions

In addition to crustal thickening, distinctly different mechanisms have been suggested to accommodate the huge convergences caused by the continental collision between India and Eurasia. As the transition zone between the two grand tectonic domains of Asia, the Tethys and the Pacific, east Tibet and its surrounding regions are the ideal places to study continental deformation. Pervasive rock deformation may produce anisotropy on the scale of seismic wavelengths; thus, seismic anisotropy provides insight into the deformation of the crust and mantle beneath tectonically active domains. In this study, we calculated receiver function pairs of radial- and transverse-components at 98 stations located in Sichuan and Yunnan provinces, China. We selected 7423 pairs with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and unambiguous Moho converted Ps phases (Pms) to measure the Pms splitting owing to the crustal anisotropy. Both the crustal thickness and the average crustal Vp/Vs ratio were calculated simultaneously by the H–k stacking method. The geodynamic implications were also investigated in relation to surface geological features, GPS velocities, absolute plate motion (APM), SKS/SKKS splitting, and other seismological observations. In addition to the fast polarization directions (FPDs) of the crustal anisotropy, we observed a conspicuous sharper clockwise rotation around the eastern Himalayan syntaxis than was revealed by GPS velocities. The distributed FPDs within and near the main active fault zones also favored the directions parallel to the faults. This implied that the deformation of a continuous medium revealed by GPS motions is a proxy for the deformation of the brittle shallow crust only, while the main active faults and the deep crustal interiors both play important roles in the deep deformation. Our results suggest that the deformation between the crust and upper mantle within the northernmost section of the Indochina block is decoupled due to the large difference in the directions between the observations related to the crust (GPS and crustal anisotropy) and mantle (APM and mantle anisotropy). Focusing on the transition zone between the plateau and the South China and Indochina blocks, we suggest that the motion of the Central Yunnan sub-block is a southeastward extrusion by way of tectonic escape. There is less deformation in the deep crust and the motion is controlled by the active boundary faults of the Ailaoshan–Red River shear zone to the west and the Xianshuihe–Xiaojiang fault to the east; the lower crustal flow within the plateau southeastward reached the Lijiang–Xiaojinhe fault, but further south it was obstructed by the Central Yunnan sub-block.     

The Early Triassic Indosinian orogeny in Vietnam (Truong Son Belt and Kontum Massif); implications for the geodynamic evolution of Indochina

New structural field data at various scale and ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar geochronological results, from the basement rocks in the Truong Son belt and Kontum Massif of Vietnam, confirm that ductile deformation and high-temperature metamorphism were caused by the Early Triassic event of the Indosinian Orogeny in the range of 250–240 Ma. A compilation of isotopic data obtained in other countries along the Sibumasu–Indochina boundary broadly indicates same interval of ages. This tectonothermal event is interpreted as the result of a synchronous oblique collision of Indochina with both Sibumasu and South China, inducing dextral and sinistral shearing along E–W to NW–SE and N–S fault zones, respectively. The collision along Song Ma follows the northwards subduction of Indochina beneath South China and the subsequent development of the Song Da zone which in turn was affected by the Late Triassic Indosinian phase of shortening. Within the Indochina plate, internal collisions occurred coevally in the Early Triassic, as along the Poko suture, at the western border of the Kontum Massif.     

巽他弧北部掸邦高原地壳变形、长期块体运动和发震过程:来自大地测量研究结果的约束

本文通过约束大地测量研究来探索掸邦高原及其周围地区现今的地壳变形和长期块体运动,以期提供该地区地球动力学和相关地震危险状况的最新状态。掸邦高原在横向上由西侧的萨干(Sagaing)断裂和东侧的红河断裂这两条主要断裂包围。其中,青藏高原地壳的韧性流挤压被认为是该夹层变形单元变形的主要因素。大地测量清楚地表明,萨干断裂和红河断裂段分别具有约18 mm/a和约45 mm/a右旋运动走滑速率。此外,掸邦高原内部断层体系大地滑移累积表现为1213 mm/a的整体左旋运动速率。我们认为相对于刚性巽他古陆,研究区域的形变分布和长期块体运动主要受区域书架型断层作用控制,其原因是掸邦高原两侧的主断裂(萨干断裂和红河断裂)存在差异性断裂活动。     

The Role of India-Asia Collision in the Amalgamation of the Gondwana-Derived Blocks and Deep-Seated Magmatism During the Paleogene at the Himalayan Foreland Basin and Around the Gongha Syntaxis in the South China Block

Southeast Asia comprises collage of continental blocks that were rifted out in phases from the northern parts of the Gondwanic Indo-Australian continent during the Paleozoic-Mesozoic time and were accreted through continental collision process following closure of the Paleo- and Neo-Tethys. The South China and Indo-China blocks were possibly rifted during early Palaeozoic, whereas, the Tibetan and SIBUMASU blocks were rifted during Permo-Carboniferous when the said margin was under glacial and/or cool climatic condition. The Indo-Burma-Andaman (IBA), Sikule, Lolotoi blocks were also rifted from the same Indo-Australian margin but during late Jurassic. This was followed by break-up of the Indian and the Australian continents during early Cretaceous. The opening of the Indian Ocean during the Tertiary was synchronous with closing of the Tethys.India-Asia collision during early-middle Eocene was a mega tectonic event. Apart from initiating the Himalayan orogeny and the eastward strike-slip extrusion of the Indochina block from the Southeast Asian continental collage along the Ailao Shan — Red River shear zone, it also caused early-mid Eocene continental-flood-basalt activity in the Himalayan foreland basin. Indian continent's post-collisional indentation-induced syntaxial buckling of Asian continental collage at its eastern end possibly caused late Paleogene highly potassic magmatism around the Gongha syntaxial area that was located close to the sutured margin of South China continent with Indochina block at the outer fringe of Namche Barwa syntaxis. These magmatic bodies are soon after left-laterally displaced by the Ailao Shan — Red River shear zone. The nature and chemistry of magma at these two settings indicate that both groups result from similar petrogenetic and tectonic processes representing deep-seated melts due to mantle decompression. Some deep faults produced at the edge of flexed Indian continental lithosphere and responsible for the development of the foreland basin may have produced continental-flood-basalt and related magma by decompressional melting of enriched sub-continental mantle. The site-specific location and time sequence of magmatism from the marginal parts of South China continent and located at the outer fringe of Namche Barwa syntaxis are strongly significant. It suggests that these magmatic bodies may also be genetically related to the India-Asia collision process and indentation-induced syntaxial buckling of upper mantle beneath the marginal parts of the South China rigid continent.     

试论南中国海盆地新生代板块构造及盆地动力学

南海地处欧亚、印度—澳大利亚和菲律宾海板块的交互带,是西太平洋地区面积最大的边缘海之一,其成因机制和演化过程对探讨特提斯构造域和太平洋构造域相互作用及油气勘探等问题具有重要意义,虽备受关注但仍存争议.综合目前该区及外围已有的大地构造等方面的资料,本文从探讨南海外围的构造格架及中-新生代演化过程入手,分析了南海及外围板块...