南北构造带及邻域地壳、岩石层速度结构特征研究

本文利用重力数据采用Parker-Oldenburg方法反演了南北构造带及邻域地区的地壳厚度,同时采用体波地震层析成像方法反演了研究区的地壳至上地幔的三维速度结构.根据计算结果对研究区的地壳及岩石层结构进行了探讨,力图揭示南北构造带及邻域地壳、岩石层变形特征,并且对青藏高原边缘活动带壳幔构造演化的深部成因、研究区的上地幔流变性及其动力学意义进行了相应的讨论.通过分析研究表明南北构造带地区为地壳厚度剧变区,西侧为地壳增厚区,东侧的鄂尔多斯、四川盆地为地壳稳定区,而再向东为地壳逐渐减薄区.中国岩石层减薄与增厚的边界基本被限定在大兴安岭—太行山—秦岭—大巴山—武陵山一带,这也是东部陆缘带和中部扬子、鄂尔多斯克拉通地区深部构造边界的分界线,其两侧不仅浅层地质构造存在较大的差异,上地幔深部的物性状态和热活动也明显不同,这说明研究区的岩石层和软流层结构以及深部物质的分布存在横向非均匀性.中部地区和青藏高原深部构造边界的分界线位于东经100°—102°左右.     

Palaeomagnetism and palaeogeography of Variscan formations of the Bohemian massif: A comparison with other regions in Europe

Summary Statistical evaluation of palaeomagnetic data from the Early Carboniferous to the Middle Triassic rocks in Europe, north of the Alpine tectonic belt, confirmed previously defined palaeotectonic stability of the whole European Plate since the Early Permian. The Trans-European Suture Zone represents a plate boundary, SW of which the Early Variscan and pre-Variscan formations show different degrees of palaeotectonic rotations, predominantly rotations of clockwise sense. A theoretical model simulating the translation and rotation movements was proposed showing that the West European Variscides underwent Hercynian palaeotectonic rotations comparable with the rotations derived for the Alpine tectonic belt.     

Electrical conductivity of the earth's crust and upper mantle

This review summarizes recent results of electrical resistivity studies of the earth's crust and upper mantle. Where available, the data are discussed in the context of further regional geophysical information. Electrical resistivity is very sensitive to a wide range of petrological and physical parameters, e.g., to carbon, fluids, volatiles and enhanced temperatures, making electrical resistivity methods a powerful tool in crust and upper mantle investigations. Yet, the general increase in resistivity data of the crust and mantle has not ended the battle of explanations for anomalous crustal conductivities.     

Three-dimensional velocity model of the crust of the Bohemian Massif and its effects on seismic tomography of the upper mantle

We have compiled a representative three-dimensional P-velocity model of the crust of the Bohemian Massif (BM) to provide a basis for removing effects of the crustal structure in teleseismic tomography of the upper mantle. The model is primarily based on recently published 2D velocity models from findings of wide-angle refraction and near-vertical reflection seismic profiles of CELEBRATION 2000, ALP 2002, and SUDETES 2003 experiments. The best fitting 3D model of the BM crust (NearNeighbour model) is complemented by velocities according to the reference Earth model at sites where data are sparse, which precludes creating artificial heterogeneities that are products of interpolation method. To test the model, we have performed tomographic inversions of the P-wave travel times measured during the BOHEMA II experiment and compared the results obtained with and without crustal corrections. The tests showed that the presented crustal model decreases magnitudes of velocity perturbations leaking from the crust to the mantle in the western part of the BM. The tomographic images also indicated a highvelocity anomaly in the lower crust or just beneath the crust in the Brunovistullian unit. Such anomaly is not described by our model of the crust since no seismic profile intersects this part of the unit. The tests also indicated that crustal corrections are of the great importance especially for interpretations of the uppermost mantle down to depths of about 100 km.     

Investigations of the earth's crust in Czechoslovakia using industrial blasting

Summary Results obtained in studying the M-discontinuity by means of deep seismic sounding in Czechoslovakia are presented. Apart from profile measurements, surface surveys are being carried out in Czechoslovakia using industrial blasting, where the measured sections are at epicentral distances of 80 to 120 km. The international profiles and points, at which data from surface measurements were obtained, are given in Fig. 1. The suitability of using the method (Fig. 3, 4) is discussed, and a structural map of the M-discontinuity for Czechoslovakia has been constructed from the results obtained (Fig. 5). The M-discontinuity in Czechoslovakia is connected with its layout in the neighbouring countries and the map of the M-discontinuity has been established for Central Europe (Fig. 6). It was found that the zones of larger crust thicknesses in the Alps and Carpathians are very important for treating the contact between the European Platform and the foundations of the Alpine System.     

Theory of the evolution of the earth and the earth's crust

Summary The paleomagnetic field (declination and inclination) in different geological epochs is represented through the field of the so-called magnetic dipole. The optimal dipole coordinates so obtained show that during older geological times the optimal dipole lay outside the earth's centre and moved towards and around the earth centre. It is supposed that the optimal dipole trajectory in the earth coincides with earth core trajectory. This core motion brought about a motion of the masses of the mantle in a direction opposite to the motion of the core. This in turn brought about the break-down of Pangea and the separation of the continents. The drift of the continents, the relative changing of the earth's rotational axis and many other geological and geophysical phenomena may be explained through such a motion, that is through the motion of an eccentrical core towards the earth centre.     

海南岛及邻区地壳三维P波速度结构

利用海南岛及邻区1999——2005年9个地震数字化台站记录到的3 500余条区域初至波到时资料,确定了海南岛及邻区地壳三维P波速度结构. 结果表明,该区域浅部上地壳的波速异常与地表地质构造有一定的相关性,即王五——文教断裂带以北地区波速较低,而以南地区为相对高的波速异常区. 这与琼北地区为凹陷、并伴有多期火山活动和较高的地热背景,而琼中南地区为较稳定的隆起等构造特征相一致. 在其中下地壳,琼东地区相对琼西地区波速较低,可能暗示了地幔热物质上涌等动力学过程. 波速异常分布模式还暗示出北西向断裂带(如铺前——清澜断裂带)较浅,而近东西向的王五——文教断裂带较深,有可能延伸至莫霍面或更深.      

辽宁及邻区地壳上地幔三维速度的地震成析成像

引言在过去的 2 0年中层析成像技术应用于许多科学和技术领域 ,其中 ,70年代 CT的出现 ,引起了医学放射诊断学的革命 ,并产生了巨大的影响。自那时以来 ,CT技术在许多学科 ,如在地球物理勘探、射电天文学、遥感技术及各应用科学中得到了广泛应用。在地球物理学中 ,地震层析成像的研究大约开始于 70年代后期 ,是取得地壳上地幔三维速度结构图像的一种有效方法 ,我国很多地区采用这种方法对地壳速度结构进行了研究 ,取得了良好的效果。如刘福田用近年来发展的正交投影算子方法对中国大陆中东部地区进行了速度结构成像研究。辽宁及邻区的地震…     

Attenuation of S wave in the crust of Ordos massif

Introduction Located between Qingzang (Qinghai-Xizang) Plateau that highly uplifts due to compression and North China plain that badly subsides due to crustal extension, the Ordos massif has both the basic attributes of stretching tectonic region of North China marginal basin and the features of marginal shear-compression zone of Qingzang Plateau. It has a length of about 600 km in the N-S direction and a width of about 400 km in the W-E direction. Its geological structure is very simple…     

Results of deep seismic soundings along international profile VII in Czechoslovakia and poland

Summary The paper deals with the results of DSS measurements along international profile VII, carried out by Czechoslovak and Polish geophysicists in 1970 – 71. The profile situation is shown in Fig. 1. By 1971 part of the profile in the region of the Bohemian Massif between points 1 and 3 and in Poland between points 5 and 7 had been surveyed (Fig. 2). The seismograms were used to construct the travel-time curves of the fundamental types of waves P^K, P^M, P_n (Fig. 4). The mean velocities were computed from the travel-time curves of the reflected waves (P^M and P^K) and the refracted waves (P_g). Isolines of the mean velocities could be constructed for the region of the Bohemian Massif (Fig. 6). The velocity data found were used for the depth interpretation of the travel-time curves of the principal types of waves and to construct a seismic section (Fig. 8). In the region of the Pre-Sudeten block the thickness of the crust was found to be 34–37 km, and in the Sudeten it increased to 40 km. Towards the south the thickness of the crust gradually reduces to 30 km in the system of the Luice faults. In the Bohemian Cretaceous the thickness of the crust is about 30 km. Further to the south, in the region of the Moldanubicum, the thickness of the Earth's crust increases rapidly, and at the southern border of the Central Bohemian pluton it reaches values of about 42 km.     

Displacements of the earth's surface in seismic regions

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Velocities of seismic waves propagating through the Bohemian massif from foci in Poland

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On the state of stress in the near-surface of the earth's crust

Five models for near-surface crustal stresses induced by gravity and horizontal deformation and the influence of rock property contrasts, rock strength, and stress relaxation on these stresses are presented. Three of the models—the lateral constraint model, the model for crustal stresses caused by horizontal deformation, and the model for the effects of anisotropy—are linearly elastic. The other two models assume that crustal rocks are brittle or viscoelastic in order to account for the effects of rock strength and time on near-surface stresses. It is shown that the lateral constraint model is simply a special case of the combined gravity-and deformation-induced stress field when horizontal strains vanish and that the inclusion of the effect of rock anisotropy in the solution for crustal stresses caused by gravity and horizontal deformation broadens the range for predicted stresses. It is also shown that when stress levels in the crust reach the limits of brittle rock strength, these stresses become independent of strain rates and that stress relaxation in ductile crustal rocks subject to constant horizontal strain rates causes horizontal stresses to become independent of time in the long term.     

Three-dimensional P-wave velocity structure of the crust beneath Hainan Island and its adjacent regions, China

Using over 3 500 first P arrival times recorded by nine digital seismic stations from Hainan Digital Seismic Net-work during 1999～2005,a 3-D P-wave velocity model of the crust under Hainan Island and adjacent regions has been determined. The results show that the pattern of velocity anomalies in the shallower upper crust is somewhat associated with the surface geological tectonics in the region. A relative low-velocity anomaly appears north of the Wangwu-Wenjiao fault zone and a relative high-velocity anomaly appears south of the Wangwu-Wenjiao fault zone,corresponding to the depressed areas in north Hainan Island,where many volcanoes are frequently active and geothermal values are relatively higher,and the uplifted and stable regions in central and south of the Hainan Is-land. In the middle and lower crust velocities are relatively lower in east Hainan than those in west Hainan,possi-bly suggesting the existence of the upwelling of hot materials from the mantle in east Hainan. The pattern of veloc-ity anomalies also indicates that NW faults,i.e.,the Puqian-Qinglan fault,may be shallower,while the E-W Wangwu-Wenjiao fault may be deeper,which perhaps extends down to Moho depth or deeper.     

中国边缘海及邻区地壳和上地幔速度结构特征

本文利用中国地震台网和世界地震台网1 222个地震台记录到的27 909个研究区内地震的479 707条P波到时数据和4 995个研究区外远震事件的90 530条P波到时数据,采用多波多震相地震层析成像法重建了中国边缘海及其邻近地区（10°~45°N,105°~145°E,深至1 061 km）的三维速度图像,揭示了中国边缘海及其邻近地区地壳和上地幔三维速度结构特征.     

Stress in the lithosphere generated by terrain topography and density inhomogeneities in the earth's crust

Summary The methods are described and results presented of computing the two-dimensional stress field in a particular section of International Geotraverse I. The present effects of loads, caused by terrain topography and density inhomogeneities in the Earth's crust, were considered to be the sources of the stress. The corresponding values of the deviatoric stresses in the area considered are of the order of 5 MPa.

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P wave velocity structure of upper and middle crust beneath the Three Gorges reservoir dam and adjacent regions

The three-dimensional P wave velocity structures of upper and middle crust beneath the Three Gorges reservoir dam and adjacent regions were reconstructed by means of the seismic tomography, using the absolute P-arrivals from the events observed by the Three Gorges seismic network. Our preliminary study of the deep structure shows: (1) the lithology of the Huangling anticline, integral and highly solidified, exhibits a uniformity. Down to a depth of 20 km, the Huangling anticline still shows high-velocity anomalies. Note that the characteristics of the velocity images with the different depths are not the same; (2) the depth of the sedimentary rocks beneath the entire Zigui basin is not constant, which is less than 6 km; (3) the top boundary of the crystalline basement varies from 0 to 7 km, whereas the bottom one between 14 and 16 km; (4) the partially molten substances of the upper mantle are located in the Badong-Zigui and its adjacent regions as well as nearby Peishi area. The development and evolution of the current tectonics are associated with the cooling and solidifying process of the molten substances within the upper mantle; (5) the different velocity structures of the deep crust in both east and west side of the Jiuwanxi fault are to be investigated in order to understand the origin of gravitational gradient zone in the Three Gorge areas; and (6) the velocities within the upper crust would be affected by reservoir water permeability. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40574039), National Key Technology R& D Program (Grant No. 2008BAC38B02)     

Combined geothermal-geophysical models of the earth's crust and upper mantle for the European continent

An attempt is made to obtain a combined geophysical model along two regional profiles: Black Sea— White Sea and Russian Platform—French Central Massif. The process of the model construction had the following stages: 1. The relation between seismic velocity (V_p, km/s) and density (σ, g/cm³) in crustal rocks was determined from seismic profiles and observed gravity fields employing the trial and error method. 2. Relations between heat production HP (μW/m³), velocity and density were established from heat flow data and crustal models of old platforms where the mantle heat flow HF_M is supposed to be constant. The HF_M value was also determined to 11 ± 5 mW/m². 3. A petrological model of the old platform crust is proposed from the velocity-density models and the observed heat flow. It includes 10–12 km of acid rocks, 15–20 km of basic/metamorphic rocks and 7–10 km of basic ones. 4. Calculation of the crustal gravity effects; its substraction from the observed field gave the mantle gravity anomalies. Extensively negative anomalies have been found in the southern part of Eastern Europe (50–70 mgal) and in Western Europe (up to 200 mgal). They correlate with high heat flow and lower velocity in the uppermost mantle. 5. A polymorphic advection mechanism for deep tectonic processes was proposed as a thermal model of the upper mantle. Deep matter in active regions is assumed to be transported (advected) upwards under the crust and in its place the relatively cold material of the uppermost mantle descends. The resulting temperature distribution depends on the type of endogeneous regime, on the age and size of geostructure. Polymorphic transitions were also taken into account.