区域气候模式RegCM_NCC在东北地区的应用研究

引进国家气候中心业务化的区域气候模式RegCM_NCC,通过操作系统调试、模拟区域确定、模式分辨率调整等本地化工作,初步建立了针对东北地区的区域气候模式系统,并应用该模式以夏季为例,对东北地区的气候进行了15 a（1991—2005年）时间长度的数值积分试验。结果表明：模式对环流的特征和东北地区地面气温具有一定的模拟能力,对气温模拟存在系统性的暖偏差,对降水模拟能力较差。     

土壤湿度影响中国夏季气候的数值试验

利用"全球土壤湿度计划第2阶段"提供的土壤湿度资料强迫区域气候模式RegCM3,通过数值试验讨论了土壤湿度对东亚夏季气候模拟效果的影响。结果表明,合理考虑土壤湿度的作用,能够提高区域气候模式对中国夏季降水和2 m气温的空间分布型及逐日变化的模拟效果;模拟结果与观测的相关分析显示,降水和2 m气温的年际变化都得到了有效改进,这种改进在气温上尤为明显。不过上述改进具有区域依赖性。数值试验结果表明,气温对土壤湿度的敏感性强于降水,这也从一个侧面说明提高降水模拟效果的难度。总体而言,合理的土壤湿度能够提高区域气候模式对中国夏季气候的模拟能力。因此,合理描述土壤湿度的变化,是提高中国夏季气候预报技巧的潜在途径之一。     

区域海气耦合模式对华北夏季大气水汽输送模拟结果的检验及其与单独气候模式的比较分析

将区域海气耦合模式RegCM3-POM和区域气候模式RegCM3 40年(1963-2002年)的模拟结果与NCEP/NCAR再分析资料进行对比,检验区域海气耦合模式对中国华北地区夏季大气水汽含量和水汽输送特征的模拟能力,比较耦合模式与单独区域气候模式的差异.结果表明,区域海气耦合模式RegCM3-POM的模拟性能相对于单独区域气候模式RegCM3,大气水汽输送特征的模拟能力有了较大的改进.分析显示两种模式都能够较好地再现东哑地区气候平均夏季大气水汽储量浅红和水汽输送的空间分布特征,而耦合模式对大气水汽输送的模拟更为合理.在对流层中低层更接近观测;耦合模式对中国华北地区夏季平均大气水汽输送通量在垂直方向卜的分布型及水平4个边界水汽输送收支的模拟,相对于单独大气模式有了一定的改进;耦合模式对伴随华北地区夏季早涝的大气水汽异常输送也具有较好的模拟能力,其模拟的水汽输送异常的来源与观测基本一致,尤其是在20°N以北地区,耦合模式结果相对于单独区域气候模式有了很大的改进.但同时耦合模式在低纬度海洋上对气候平均夏季大气水汽含量模拟的偏差比区域气候模式显著;与观测相比,耦合模式对来自孟加拉湾地区的大气水汽输送模拟偏弱,而对西太平洋副热带高压西侧水汽输送模拟偏强,与华北夏季旱涝相联系的水汽输送异常的模拟在低纬度海洋上也存在明显偏差.     

中国西部植被覆盖变化对北方夏季气候影响的数值模拟

植被覆盖的变化是气候变化的成因之一,植被改变对气候的反馈可能会加强或者减缓气候的变化.文中利用CCM3全球气候模式以及20世纪70年代和90年代中国西部的植被覆盖资料进行数值模拟试验,研究了这两个时期植被变化对北方夏季区域气候的影响.模拟结果表明:植被增加的地方,地面吸收的辐射通量增加;植被减少的地方,地面吸收的辐射通量减少.地面辐射平衡的变化造成局地大气热量异常,并引起周边大气热量的调整,从而导致东亚地区夏季大气环流异常.相对于70年代的植被状况,用90年代植被模拟的北方地区对流层上层为异常气旋性环流,而中、低层为异常反气旋环流,东北亚到中国东部盛行异常北风,同时西太平洋副热带高压强度偏弱、位置偏南.这种异常环流特征说明模拟的90年代中国东部夏季风明显减弱,异常的环流形势造成华北和东北地区夏季水汽输送减少,水汽辐合减弱,年降水量减少了40 mm,呈现减少的特征,这是和观测事实是比较吻合的.降水和环流的异常还造成华北和东北夏季平均地面气温降低了0.4-0.8℃.因此近30年来中国西部植被变化可能是东亚夏季风年代际变化以及北方夏季降水减少的一个重要因素.     

对流允许尺度区域气候模拟的研究进展

与以往的区域气候模式相比,对流允许区域气候模式不再依赖于对流参数化方案,其精细的分辨率可以显式表示深对流过程,在夏季对流降水的日变化和极端降水事件模拟等方面具有明显增值能力,是区域气候模拟的发展方向。对现有的对流允许尺度区域气候模拟研究进行了较为详细的回顾和介绍,简述了对流允许尺度区域气候模式中比较重要的物理过程及外部驱动条件的影响,总结了以往对流允许尺度区域气候模拟的研究成果以及当下所面临的挑战和对未来的展望,以期对中国及东亚区域对流允许区域气候模拟的研究提供有益参考。诸多研究表明,对流允许区域气候模拟作为一种有前景的气候模式,可提供更加可靠的区域尺度的气候信息。     

区域气候模式对中国夏季平均气温和降水的评估分析

使用国家气候中心全球海气耦合模式嵌套区域气候模式(RegCM-NCC)对1983-2002年中国夏季平均气温和降水进行了数值回报试验,并对2003-2007年夏季进行实时预报.从模式20年回报的平均状况来看,模式基本上能够反映出中国夏季气候的平均状况.使用国家气候中心气候预测室的业务预报评分(P)和距平相关系数(ACC)等五个评估参数对模式的回报和预报进行了评估分析,结果表明:该模式对我国夏季平均气温和降水具有一定的跨季度预报能力,部分地区有较好的预报效果.区域气候模式20年夏季平均气温的回报与实况在分布形态上较为相似,回报夏季降水量的分布形态与实况有一定的差异.近25年区域气候模式夏季平均气温预报P评分为67.9分,降水为67.6分.     

RegCM4.4对中国夏季气候的回报和2014年预测

利用区域气候模式对全球气候模式季节预测产品进行动力降尺度,是获取未来高分辨率季节气候预测结果的重要途径。使用区域气候模式RegCM4.4单向嵌套国家气候中心气候系统模式BCC_CSM1.1(m)输出结果,进行东亚19912013年逐年3月1日—9月1日的气候回报试验及2014年3月1日9月1日的气候预测试验。分析模式对中国地区夏季（6-8月）地面气温和降水的回报结果表明:RegCM4.4对夏季气候态的回报优于驱动场模式BCC_CSM1.1(m),并能提供更详细可靠的局地信息;RegCM4.4回报和观测的多年平均气温、降水的空间距平相关系数（ACCs）分别为-0.04和0.01,空间距平符号一致率（PCs）分别为51.1%和50.6%,趋势异常综合评分（PS）分别为64.2和70.3,均方差误差（MSE）分别为1.09 ℃和0.30 mm/d。RegCM4.4对中国地区2014年夏季气候预测结果表明,模式对夏季气温、降水距平整体分布的预测较好,但在次区域尺度上预测结果和观测存在差别。本研究只进行了一个区域气候模式RegCM4.4嵌套一个全球模式BCC_CSM1.1(m)单样本回报和预测试验的动力降尺度试验研究,未来在改进驱动场模式和区域气候模式模拟预测性能、订正驱动场模式输出系统误差及提高运算能力的基础上,进行多模式多样本的集合试验研究,有助于提高精细化短期气候预测产品的质量。     

不同辐射传输方案对P-σ RCM9区域气候模式性能的影响

将NCAR CCM3辐射传输方案CRM(Column Radiation Model)引入到P-σRCM9区域气候模式中,并对两组辐射传输方案下P-σRCM9区域气候模式模拟的东亚冬、夏季气候特征差异进行对比分析,发现采用CRM辐射传输方案能够改善P-σRCM9区域气候模式对中国区域冬、夏季地面温度的模拟,且在夏季的改善比冬季更明显,还改善了P-σ RCM9区域气候模式对对流层高层(200～100 hPa)短波辐射加热率和长波辐射加热率的计算,然后改进了模式对200～300 hPa垂直平均经向温度梯度的模拟,进而使得模拟的冬、夏季东亚高空西风急流比采用KQ辐射传输方案的模拟结果更加接近NCEP/NCAR再分析资料.同时还发现,采用CRM辐射传输方案后,P-σRCM9气候模式模拟的中国地区冬、夏季的降水率在强度和分布形势上均比采用KQ辐射传输方案的模拟结果更接近观测,CRM辐射传输方案能够较明显地提高P-σRCM9气候模式对中国地区冬、夏季降水的模拟能力.     

温室效应引起的中国区域气候变化的数值模拟Ⅰ:模式对中国气候模拟能力的检验

使用RegCM2区域气候模式单向嵌套澳大利亚CSIRO R21L9全球海-气耦合模式,进行了CO2加倍对中国区域气候变化影响的数值试验研究,分析了控制试验(1×CO2)即模式对中国当代气候的模拟情况.首先给出了全球模式控制试验在中国地区的结果,分析表明它对中国区域的地面气温和降水具有一定的模拟能力,其结果可以用来制作驱动区域气候模式的初始场和侧边界.对RegCM2 5 a时间长度控制试验积分结果的分析与检验表明,区域气候模式由于具有较高的分辨率和较完善的物理过程,它对中国区域地面气温和降水的模拟效果较全球模式有了较大提高,如它模拟的各月气温与实况的相关系数全年12个月的平均由全球模式的0.83提高到0.92,降水由0.48提高到0.65.     

区域气候模式对华北夏季降水的气候模拟

使用美国ＮＣＡＲ区域气候模式ＲｅｇＣＭ２对１９９１和１９９４年我国华北夏季降水进行了气候模拟研究,以检验ＮＣＡＲ区域气候模式对华北夏季降水的气候预测能力。模拟结果表明,该模式能较好地模拟华北夏季降水的主要分布特征,对华北少水年（１９９１年）和我水年（１９９４年）夏季降水的模拟都比较成功。模式还能罗好地模拟夏季季风的发展过程,地环流场的模拟也与分析场比较一致,因而该模式可以用于研究物预测华北夏季降水     

Numerical Experiments on the Spin-up Time for Seasonal-Scale Regional Climate Modeling

In this paper,the numerical experiments on the issue of spin-up time for seasonal-scale regional climate modeling were conducted with the newly Regional Climate Model (RegCM3),in the case of the abnormal climate event during the summer of 1998 in China.To test the effect of spin-up time on the regional climate simulation results for such abnormal climate event,a total of 11 experiments were performed with different spin-up time from 10 days to 6 months,respectively.The simulation results show that,for the meteorological variables in the atmosphere,the model would be running in"climate mode"after 4-8-day spin-up time,then, it is independent of the spin-up time basically,and the simulation errors are mainly caused by the model's failure in describing the atmospheric processes over the model domain.This verifies again that the regional climate modeling is indeed a lateral boundary condition problem as demonstrated by earlier research work. The simulated mean precipitation rate over each subregion is not sensitive to the spin-up time,but the precipitation scenario is somewhat different for the experiment with different spin-up time,which shows that there exists the uncertainty in the simulation to precipitation scenario,and such a uncertainty exhibits more over the areas where heavy rainfall happened.Generally,for monthly-scale precipitation simulation,a spin-up time of 1 month is enough,whereas a spin-up time of 2 months is better for seasonal-scale one. Furthermore,the relationship between the precipitation simulation error and the advancement/withdrawal of East Asian summer monsoon was analyzed.It is found that the variability of correlation coefficient for precipitation is more significant over the areas where the summer monsoon is predominant.Therefore,the model's capability in reproducing precipitation features is related to the heavy rainfall processes associated with the advancement/withdrawal of East Asian summer monsoon,which suggests that it is necessary to develop a more reliable parameterization scheme to capture the convective precipitation of heavy rainfall pro- cesses associated with the activities of East Asian summer monsoon,so as to improve the climate modeling over China.     

Spin-up behavior of soil moisture content over East Asia in a land surface model

This study presents an investigation of the spin-up behavior of soil moisture content (SMC) and evapotranspiration (ET) in an offline Noah land surface model (LSM) for East Asia, focusing on its interplay with the Asian monsoon. The set of 5-year recursive runs is conducted to properly assess the spin-up behavior of land surface processes and consists of simulations initialized with (1) a spatially uniform soil moisture, (2) NCEP GDAS soil moisture data, and (3) ECMWF ERA-Interim soil moisture data. Each run starts either after or before the summer monsoon. Initial SMCs from GDAS and ERA-Interim data significantly deviate from the equilibrium state (spin-up state) with the given input forcing even though the same equilibrium is reached within 3-year spin-up time, indicating that spin-up of land surface process is necessary. SMC reaches the equilibrium much quickly when (1) the consistent LSMs have been used in the prediction and analysis systems and (2) the spin-up simulation starts before the onset of heavy rainfall events during summer monsoon. For an area with heavy monsoon rainfall, the total column SMC and ET spin up quickly. The spin-up time over dry land is about 2–3?years, but for monsoon rainfall area decreases dramatically to about 3?months if the spin-up run starts just before the onset of monsoon. Further scrutiny shows that the spin-up time is well correlated with evaporative fraction given by the ratio between the latent heat flux and the available energy at the land surface.     

Multi-year simulation of the East Asian Monsoon and Precipitation in China using a Regional Climate Model and Evaluation

1. Introduction As an important way to study the global climate change, because of its low resolution, GCM (general circulation model) shows obvious deficiency and uncer- tainty in capturing some regional features when used in the regional climate study, and the uncertainty is even serious in regional climate simulation over East Asia (Ding et al., 2000; Zhao and Luo, 1998; Qian et al., 1999). The high-resolution regional climate model (RegCM) developed in the 1980s can provide better simu…     

区域气候模式侧边界的处理对东亚夏季风降水模拟的影响

在区域气候模式模拟中,侧边界的作用是引入大尺度强迫场。如何处理好侧边界,即大尺度强迫场和区域气候模式本身之间的关系问题,对于区域气候模式模拟和预报东亚夏季风降水具有重要意义。本文利用美国纽约州立大学Albany分校的区域气候模式（SUNYA-ReCM）,设计了两种不同的侧边界处理方法,来探讨侧边界对东亚夏季风降水模拟的影响。驱动区域模式的大尺度强迫场来自欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）及热带海洋大气研究计划（TOGA）的分析资料场。试验结果表明:（1）当模式的区域较大时,采用较小的侧边界缓冲区会在缓冲区与模式内部的交界处产生不连续;扩大缓冲区并且考虑不同尺度强迫在垂直方向上的不同作用,可以避免这一缺陷。（2）更重要的是采用后一种方案,即减少了区域气候模式在模拟大尺度环流场方面所起的作用,使得模式更多地依赖侧边界来得到更真实的、对东亚夏季风降水起重大影响的一些气流,如副高、西南季风和南海季风,对东亚夏季风降水无论是在大小上还是在雨带位置的演变上都能进行更好的模拟。     

Spatial variability of Holocene changes in the annual precipitation pattern: a model-data synthesis for the Asian monsoon region

This study provides a detailed analysis of the mid-Holocene to present-day precipitation change in the Asian monsoon region. We compare for the first time results of high resolution climate model simulations with a standardised set of mid-Holocene moisture reconstructions. Changes in the simulated summer monsoon characteristics (onset, withdrawal, length and associated rainfall) and the mechanisms causing the Holocene precipitation changes are investigated. According to the model, most parts of the Indian subcontinent received more precipitation (up to 5 mm/day) at mid-Holocene than at present-day. This is related to a stronger Indian summer monsoon accompanied by an intensified vertically integrated moisture flux convergence. The East Asian monsoon region exhibits local inhomogeneities in the simulated annual precipitation signal. The sign of this signal depends on the balance of decreased pre-monsoon and increased monsoon precipitation at mid-Holocene compared to present-day. Hence, rainfall changes in the East Asian monsoon domain are not solely associated with modifications in the summer monsoon circulation but also depend on changes in the mid-latitudinal westerly wind system that dominates the circulation during the pre-monsoon season. The proxy-based climate reconstructions confirm the regional dissimilarities in the annual precipitation signal and agree well with the model results. Our results highlight the importance of including the pre-monsoon season in climate studies of the Asian monsoon system and point out the complex response of this system to the Holocene insolation forcing. The comparison with a coarse climate model simulation reveals that this complex response can only be resolved in high resolution simulations.     

Validating a regional climate model’s downscaling ability for East Asian summer monsoonal interannual variability

Performance of a regional climate model (RCM), WRF, for downscaling East Asian summer season climate is investigated based on 11-summer integrations associated with different climate conditions with reanalysis data as the lateral boundary conditions. It is found that while the RCM is essentially unable to improve large-scale circulation patterns in the upper troposphere for most years, it is able to simulate better lower-level meridional moisture transport in the East Asian summer monsoon. For precipitation downscaling, the RCM produces more realistic magnitude of the interannual variation in most areas of East Asia than that in the reanalysis. Furthermore, the RCM significantly improves the spatial pattern of summer rainfall over dry inland areas and mountainous areas, such as Mongolia and the Tibetan Plateau. Meanwhile, it reduces the wet bias over southeast China. Over Mongolia, however, the performance of precipitation downscaling strongly depends on the year: the WRF is skillful for normal and wet years, but not for dry years, which suggests that land surface processes play an important role in downscaling ability. Over the dry area of North China, the WRF shows the worst performance. Additional sensitivity experiments testing land effects in downscaling suggest the initial soil moisture condition and representation of land surface processes with different schemes are sources of uncertainty for precipitation downscaling. Correction of initial soil moisture using the climatology dataset from GSWP-2 is a useful approach to robustly reducing wet bias in inland areas as well as to improve spatial distribution of precipitation. Despite the improvement on RCM downscaling, regional analyses reveal that accurate simulation of precipitation over East China, where the precipitation pattern is strongly influenced by the activity of the Meiyu/Baiu rainfall band, is difficult. Since the location of the rainfall band is closely associated with both lower-level meridional moisture transport and upper-level circulation structures, it is necessary to have realistic upper-air circulation patterns in the RCM as well as lower-level moisture transport in order to improve the circulation-associated convective rainfall band in East Asia.     

Simulation of paleoclimate over East Asia at 6 ka BP and 21 ka BP by a regional climate model

Using a regional climate model with detailed land surface processes (RegCM2), East Asian monsoon climates at 6 ka BP and 21 ka BP are simulated by prescribing vegetation and employing paleovegetation respectively in order to examine land surface effects on East Asian climate system and the potential mechanisms for climate change. The RegCM2 with a 120 × 120 km² resolution has simulated the enlargement of the seasonal cycle of insolation, the temperature rising the whole year, and the reduction of perpetual snow in high latitudes at 6 ka BP. The simulation shows the East Asian summer monsoon strengthening, precipitation and P–E increasing, and the monsoon rain belt shifting westwards and northwards. Effect of paleovegetation included in the modeling reduced surface albedo and caused an increase in the winter temperature, which led to weakening of the winter continental cold anticyclone over China. The results make the seasonal characteristics of simulated temperature changes in better agreement with the geological records, and are an improvement over previous simulations of Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP). The RegCM2 simulated the 21 ka BP climate with lowered temperature throughout the year, and with precipitation reduced in most areas of East Asia (but increased in both the Tibetan Plateau and Central Asia). Low temperature over East Asia led to the strengthening of the East Asian winter monsoon and the shrinking of the summer monsoon. The effect of paleovegetation included in the experiment has enlarged the glacial climate influence in East Asia, which is closer to geological data than the PMIP simulations directly driven by insolation, glaciation and low CO₂ concentration.     

NCAR RegCM2对1991年夏季江淮流域异常降水事件中关键物理过程的模拟能力检验(英文)

选取１９９１年夏季江淮流域发生的持续性特大暴雨洪涝个例，利用ＮＣＡＲ第二代区域气候模式ＲｅｇＣＭ２对逐日降水过程及其关键物理因子进行了数值模拟。模式的侧边界条件出ＥＣＭＷＦ的大尺度分析资料提供，模拟时间为１９９１年５－８月。模式范围包括东亚地区及相邻海域，水平分辨率为 ６０ ｋｍ × ６０ ｋｍ，垂直方向为 ２３层。试验结果显示，该模式能够合理地模拟出１９９１年夏季东亚地区的逐日降水过程，特别是在江淮流域发生的异常降水事件。对一些关键物理变量和过程时空结构的分析表明，大气垂直速度和水平散度的时间演变与江淮流域的５次降水事件一致；形成异常降水的水汽来源主要是大气的水平运动输送。西太平洋副热带高压控制着东亚夏季季风的进退，ＲｅｇＣＭ２能够模拟出西太平洋副高的南北位置移动。而且，模式能够较好地再现出对水汽输送至关重要的低空急流的逐日变化。     

Variability and teleconnections of South and East Asian summer monsoons in present and future projections of CMIP5 climate models

Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) model outputs of the South and East Asian summer monsoon variability and their tele-connections are investigated using historical simulations (1861-2005) and future projections under the RCP4.5 scenario (2006-2100). Detailed analyses are performed using nine models having better representation of the recent monsoon teleconnections for the interactive Asian monsoon sub-systems. However, these models underestimate rainfall mainly over South Asia and Korea-Japan sector, the regions of heavy rainfall, along with a bias in location of rainfall maxima. Indeed, the simulation biases, underestimations of monsoon variability and teleconnections suggest further improvements for better representation of Asian monsoon in the climate models. Interestingly, the performance of Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator version 1.0 (ACCESS1.0) in simulating the annual cycle, spatial pattern of rainfall and multi-decadal variations of summer monsoon rainfall over South and East Asia appears to more realistic. In spite of large spread among the CMIP5 models, historical simulations as well as future projections of summer monsoon rainfall indicate multi-decadal variability. These rainfall variations, displaying certain epochs of more rainfall over South Asia than over East Asia and vice versa, suggest an oscillatory behaviour. Teleconnections between South and East Asian monsoon rainfall also exhibit a multi-decadal variation with alternate epochs of strengthening and weakening relationship. Furthermore, large-scale circulation features such as South Asian monsoon trough and north Pacific subtropical high depict zonal oscillatory behaviour with east-west-east shifts. Periods with eastward or westward extension of the Mascarene High, intensification and expansion of the upper tropospheric South Asian High are also projected by the CMIP5 models.     

Simulation of East Asian Summer Monsoon by Using an Improved AGCM

The IAP 2-L AGCM is modified by introducing a set of climatological surface albedo data into the model for substituting the model’s original surface albedo parameterization. The comparison between the observations and the simulation results by the modified model shows that the general features of the East Asian summer monsoon can be well reproduced by the modified IAP 2-L AGCM. Especially for the simulation of monsoon precipitation, the modi-fied model can well reproduce not only the monthly mean features of the summer monsoon rainfall over East Asia, but also the stepwise advance and retreat of the East Asian summer monsoon rainbelt. Analysis results demonstrate that the good simulation of the monsoon rainfall is closely related to the reasonable simulation of the large scale gen-eral circulation over East Asian region, such as the western Pacific subtropical high, Asian monsoon low and the low level flows. The good performance of the modified model in the rainfall simulation shows its great potential to serve as a useful tool for the prediction of summer drought / flood events over East Asia.