中国退耕还林还草发展历程、建设现状与前景展望

退耕还林还草工程是构建人与自然生命共同体最具标志性的世界重点生态工程,经过新中国成立以来的号召动员阶段、20世纪末开始实施的第一轮退耕还林还草、2014年启动实施的第二轮退耕还林还草,截至2020年,中央财政已累计投入5353亿元,在25个省(区、市)和新疆生产建设兵团的2435个县实施退耕还林还草3483万ha,其中退耕地还林还草1423万ha、荒山荒地造林1753万ha、封山育林307万ha,占同期全国重点工程造林总面积的40%,有4100万农户、1.58亿农民直接受益,工程建设取得了巨大成效,每年产生的生态效益总价值量达1.42万亿元,经济效益0.26万亿元,社会效益0.73万亿元,合计2.41万亿元,为建设生态文明和美丽中国做出了突出贡献。展望未来,退耕还林还草将走向高质量发展新阶段,就是要努力实现建设高质量、成果高效益、管理高水平,我国在2021-2035年间将继续推动第三轮退耕还林还草,预计可以退耕还林还草667万ha。     

国土开发整治与区域规划

国土开发整治X171.42006032842西部地区退耕还林(草)工程实施中存在的几个问题及对策/许志农∥陕西林业科技.—2005(2).—39~40退耕还林(草)工程虽已取得了显著成效,但在实施过程中仍存在许多具体问题有待解决.就退耕还林(草)面积不实、退耕户变卖补助粮、种苗质量不高、移民退     

黄土高原地区退耕还林工程的农户响应与影响因素——以甘肃定西大牛流域为例

以甘肃省退耕还林(草)重点实施区为例,通过问卷调查和定量回归分析,研究农户对退耕还林(草)工程的认识和态度。总体上农民有较高的生态环境保护意识,对退耕还林(草)政策的认识基本持积极支持的态度;年龄、文化程度、家庭人口、劳动力数量、人均耕地数量、退耕还林(草)面积是影响农户环保意识和对退耕还林(草)态度的主要因素,农业和非农业农户之间存在一定差异。     

陇中黄土丘陵区农户收入对退耕还林(草)政策的响应——以龙滩小流域为例

退耕还林（草）政策的实施有效改善了陇中黄土丘陵区小流域生态环境、抑制了严重的水土流失,然而,对该区退耕还林（草）政策的实施和交通便利程度对小流域农户收入结构的耦合影响及互馈作用机制尚不清楚。本文选取定西市安定区巉口镇龙滩小流域为研究区,通过问卷调查获取3个区120个农户家庭土地利用情况、经营方式及收入数据,运用方差分析、回归分析和通径分析等方法定量分析交通便利程度和退耕还林比例对农户收入的影响与调控作用。结果表明：退耕还林比例影响了农田面积,进而影响了玉米和马铃薯的种植面积,由此增加了种植业收入,从而导致3个区低比例退耕还林农户收入均高于高比例退耕还林农户收入。同时退耕面积的增加也促使劳动力向非农产业的转移,而交通便利程度影响农户家庭打工人口比例,从而导致Ⅰ（交通便利）区农户的收入显著高于Ⅱ（交通欠发达）和Ⅲ（交通闭塞）区。交通便利程度和退耕还林比例通过农田面积、退耕还林地面积、玉米和马铃薯种植面积及打工人数等影响种植业、劳务输出和退耕还林政策性补助,进而影响流域内农户的收入水平。总之,退耕还林（草）政策的实施影响了陇中黄土丘陵区种植业和劳务输出产业的发展且存在区域差异,而对该区养殖业、林业及副业带动有限。因而,在新一轮退耕还林（草）政策实施之际,该区在加强交通等乡村基础条件建设的同时还需推动林下经济、特色养殖及副业发展,降低农户对种植业和退耕还林政策性补助的依赖,以此实现陇中黄土丘陵区生态和经济的可持续发展,提升农村绿色生产力。     

退耕还林对岷江上游农户收入的影响研究（英文）

退耕还林的目标之一是减贫,因此退耕还林对农户收入的影响备受关注。本文研究了退耕还林实施13年以后,该工程对农户收入的影响。基于四川省岷江上游2012年329个农户的调查资料,结合分位数回归和多元线性回归模型分析退耕还林的当前影响。同时,比较了退耕户和非退耕户的社会和人口学特征。结果表明,退耕户和非退耕户的社会和人口学特征不存在明显差别。2012年,退耕还林对各个收入水平农户的收入都没有产生明显的影响,对减贫没有产生明显影响。这说明,到2012年岷江上游退耕还林工程已经不能明显增加农户的收入,建议调整实施方案以兼顾生态保护和扶贫。     

中国西部植被恢复重建空间格局分析

西部生态环境建设，需要进行以植被生物地带性为依据的空间格局分析。本文阐明了西部植被恢复重建空间格局分析的思路，报道了对西部地区退耕还林还草空间格局分析的初步结果，提出在西部生态环境建设中，退耕还林和退耕还草的面积分别占总退耕面积的69%和31%，总的格局是以退耕还林为主，但各少自然条件不同，决定了二者比重不同，从而形成各区域不同的格局：其中，四川、贵州和云南退耕还林的比重在95%以上，形成了以退耕还林为主的格局；西藏、陕西退耕还林和退耕还草比重各占50%左右，形成二者并重的格局；甘肃、青海、宁夏退耕还草的比重在75%以上，形成以退耕还草为主的格局。最后，本文还确定了西部各地植被恢复重建的主要自然植被类型，可为各地实施退耕还林还草工程提供参考依据。     

退耕还林政策实施的农户水土保持行为响应研究--以江西省丰城市梅林镇为例

农户水土保持行为与生态环境变化关系密切，分析农户水土保持行为响应机理对退耕还林政策的实施具有重要意义。通过对江西省丰城市梅林镇多元回归模型分析，结果表明：（1）农户水土保持行为与退耕还林实施力度、退耕地收入与退耕还林后补偿比重成正相关，与退耕补偿年限成负相关；（2）农户水土保持投入减少反映农户家庭收入结构发生变化：从农业为主的收入阶段向以非农业或农业与非农业收入为主的阶段转变；（3）退耕还林政策实施农户水土保持行为响应以效益引导型为主。据此，提出相关建议。     

基于多主体模型的典型区域退耕还林工程实施空间模拟

土地利用变化是全球变化的重要驱动力,模拟是研究土地变化重要的方法。退耕还林是中国山区土地利用变化的重要原因。当前退耕还林模拟在综合社会与空间途径方面的不足限制了退耕还林模拟的空间精度及后续社会效益研究。结合社会和空间途径精确模拟退耕还林的空间过程可为该工程实施提供科学依据。本文以云南省东川区铜都镇为研究区,基于人口普查数据、地理环境数据、实地调研数据,综合考虑农民、农户和政府3类主体,基于多主体模型构建了退耕还林工程实施的空间模型,模拟了2010—2015年铜都镇具有空间特征的农户年收入、农户/政府退耕意愿和退耕还林工程空间实施过程。研究发现退耕还林工程实施主要与坡度、交通和农户收入有关,与土壤肥力相关性较小,坡度25°~30°的耕地占了81.47%,离道路0~2 km交通条件较好的地段占56.37%,农户年收入较低的区域退耕还林比例较高,且退耕还林工程的实施显著提高了铜都镇收入,2010—2015年户均收入提高了1475元。本文模拟结果空间精度为91.12%。本文构建的退耕还林工程实施空间模拟方法可为其它区域提供方法借鉴,以期为中国生态保护和精准扶贫等工程实施提供科学支撑。     

国土开发整治与区域规划

国土开发整治S1812006043817塔里木河中下游退耕还林还草地的评价方法研究=Studyontheevaluationmethodsoffarmlandswithdrawnfromfarm-ingtoafforestingandgrasslandplantinginthemiddleandlow-erreachesoftheTarimRiver/王雷涛,尹林克…∥干旱区研究.—2005,22(4).—537~540目前针对塔里木河流域实施退耕的标准还未制定出来,因此,建立一套切合塔里木河中下游地区实际的退耕地的评价体系,确定该地区退耕的规模和空间分布,为国家和当地政府在塔里木河流域实施退耕还林还草提供理论依据、技术支撑和决策支持.针对塔里木河中下游耕地的退耕…     

内蒙古达拉特旗风沙区退耕还林还草生态效益评价

以生态经济学为基础,采用层次分析法(AHP),建立了达拉特旗风沙区退耕还林还草综合生态效益评价指标体系和数学模型,指标体系包括3个层次12项指标;采用德尔菲法和AHP确定了各项指标权重。对试验区3种典型退耕模式进行综合生态效益评价,并与未退耕荒地对比研究。评价结果表明:3种典型退耕还林模式与未退耕荒地的综合生态效益指数大小趋势为:沙柳+沙蒿退耕模式﹥柠条+沙蒿退耕模式﹥杨树+沙蒿退耕模式﹥未退耕荒地;3种退耕模式综合效益值均达到未退耕地的4倍以上;退耕还林还草工程生物效益、土壤效益、小气候效益、防风固沙效益显著;沙棘+沙蒿退耕模式生态效益数值最高,可以作为达拉特旗风沙区或其他风沙区生态建设中最优植被配置模式。     

退耕还林对云南山地利用的影响

云南省退耕还林工程于2000年开始试点实施，2002年正式全面启动。针对云南山地面积比重大的特点，对退耕还林影响进行初步分析。退耕还林工程使土地利用趋于合理化，改善了生态环境，增加了农民收入，但仍存在后续产业不继，管护工作薄弱等问题。为巩固退耕还林建设成果，提出提高耕地质量、优化林草结构、实施生态移民等对策和建议。     

大都市郊区农户生计多样化及对土地利用的影响——以北京市大兴区为例

以北京市大兴区为例,采用农户调查数据,设计不同资源群体农户分类评价指标体系,利用非系统聚类方法将农户划分为5类(①中等资源禀赋,中等非农收入;②高等资源禀赋,中等非农收入;③中等资源禀赋,低等非农收入;④纯农户;⑤非农户),进而分析了不同资源群体农户的生计多样化特点及对土地利用的影响。研究表明:(1)在大都市郊区,农户类型1～3、纯农户和非农户分别采取了农业和非农兼顾、留在农业和脱离农业的生计策略。(2)农户类型1～3和纯农户中,70%农户生计多样化指数分布在2～3之间,且依然呈现粮食作物播种面积较大,选择比例最高,其次是经济作物。(3)农户类型1～3和非农户中,以就地转移方式非农就业是农户家庭劳动力安排的主要选择,且非农就业劳动力年龄最轻和教育水平最高。(4)大都市郊区土地非农化的转型特点促使农户从类型1～4被动地向类型5转化,土地利用效益低下也持续推动了农户生计多样化,同时,农户生计多样化会引发粮食生产能力停滞不前、土地流转和产权调整大规模顺势而生、土壤养分富集等土地利用现象。     

生计资产差异对农户耕地保护经济补偿模式选择的影响(英文)

With rapid urbanization and the socio-economic transformation, cultivated land protection has gradually become a major concern in China. The economic compensation plays a crucial role in promoting cultivated land protection and improving the utilization ratio of cultivated land. Farmer household's satisfaction has a great influence on the effectiveness of compensation. Therefore, households' willingness to select the economic compensation pattern for cultivated land protection has been considered and re-examined. By employing Participatory Rural Appraisal method(PRA), 3 villages and 392 households were investigated and sampled in mesa and hilly areas of Chongqing. Then a quantitative analysis framework of household livelihood hexagon has been developed to quantify the livelihood assets of different farmer households. Finally, the Gray Relation Model and Probit Regression Model have been employed to explore the coupling relationship between the household livelihood assets and their compensation pattern options. The results show that there are both qualitative and spatial heterogeneity in household livelihood assets. We found that the inequality of livelihood assets is evident for five household types. There is a spatial trend that the higher the elevation, the less livelihood assets are. In addition, their options of economic compensation pattern vary from Chengdu Pattern to Foshan Pattern due to their difference in livelihood assets and difference in location. In detail, there is a coupling relationship between household livelihood assets and their compensation pattern; negative correlation is observed between natural assets value and household pattern options, while the other livelihood assets have positive impacts on compensation pattern in varying degrees, which from the top are psychological assets, human assets, physical assets, financial assets, and social assets respectively. A conceptual compensation pattern system has been designed to meet the demands for farmer households mainly according to their shortage in livelihood assets. In addition, compensation method, compensation standard, the basis of compensation and the source of compensation funds have been proposed accordingly.     

遥感和GIS支持下的云南省退耕还林还草决策分析

以云南省为例，探讨利用地理信息系统技术来确定需要退耕还林还草的耕地数量及其空间分布，其中包括4个步骤，首行,建立土地利用，土壤侵蚀，坡度，植被指数，水体，降雨和温度等数据库，其次，从土地利用数据库中提取旱地的数据，并与坡度数据，土壤侵蚀数据，植被指数数据进行叠架分析，对水体建立缓冲区，并与耕地数据进行叠加分析，再次，退耕还林还草的原则，并在GIS的支持下，确定需要退耕还林还草的空间分布及其面积，最后，利用降雨和温度数据进一步确定分别退耕还林和还草的空间分布及其面积，研究结果可以为云南省的生态环境建设提供科学的依据。     

Impact of farmer households’ livelihood assets on their options of economic compensation patterns for cultivated land protection简

With rapid urbanization and the socio-economic transformation, cultivated land protection has gradually become a major concern in China. The economic compensation plays a crucial role in promoting cultivated land protection and improving the utilization ratio of cultivated land. Farmer household＇s satisfaction has a great influence on the effectiveness of compensation. Therefore, households＇ willingness to select the economic compensation pattern for cultivated land protection has been considered and re-examined. By employing Participatory Rural Appraisal method （PRA）, 3 villages and 392 households were investigated and sampled in mesa and hilly areas of Chongqing. Then a quantitative analysis framework of household livelihood hexagon has been developed to quantify the livelihood assets of differ- ent farmer households. Finally, the Gray Relation Model and Probit Regression Model have been employed to explore the coupling relationship between the household livelihood assets and their compensation pattern options. The results show that there are both qualitative and spatial heterogeneity in household livelihood assets. We found that the inequality of livelihood assets is evident for five household types. There is a spatial trend that the higher the eleva- tion, the less livelihood assets are. In addition, their options of economic compensation pat- tern vary from Chengdu Pattern to Foshan Pattern due to their difference in livelihood assets and difference in location. In detail, there is a coupling relationship between household live- lihood assets and their compensation pattern; negative correlation is observed between natural assets value and household pattern options, while the other livelihood assets have positive impacts on compensation pattern in varying degrees, which from the top are psy- chological assets, human assets, physical assets, financial assets, and social assets respec- tively. A conceptual compensation pattern system has been designed to meet the demands for farmer households mainly according to their shortage in livelihood assets. In addition, compensation method, compensation standard, the basis of compensation and the source of compensation funds have been proposed accordingly.     

Impact of farmer households’livelihood assets on their options of economic compensation patterns for cultivated land protection

With rapid urbanization and the socio-economic transformation,cultivated land protection has gradually become a major concern in China. The economic compensation plays a crucial role in promoting cultivated land protection and improving the utilization ratio of cultivated land. Farmer household's satisfaction has a great influence on the effectiveness of compensation. Therefore,households' willingness to select the economic compensation pattern for cultivated land protection has been considered and re-examined. By employing Participatory Rural Appraisal method (PRA),3 villages and 392 households were investigated and sampled in mesa and hilly areas of Chongqing. Then a quantitative analysis framework of household livelihood hexagon has been developed to quantify the livelihood assets of different farmer households. Finally,the Gray Relation Model and Probit Regression Model have been employed to explore the coupling relationship between the household livelihood assets and their compensation pattern options. The results show that there are both qualitative and spatial heterogeneity in household livelihood assets. We found that the inequality of livelihood assets is evident for five household types. There is a spatial trend that the higher the elevation,the less livelihood assets are. In addition,their options of economic compensation pattern vary from Chengdu Pattern to Foshan Pattern due to their difference in livelihood assets and difference in location. In detail,there is a coupling relationship between household livelihood assets and their compensation pattern;negative correlation is observed between natural assets value and household pattern options,while the other livelihood assets have positive impacts on compensation pattern in varying degrees,which from the top are psychological assets,human assets,physical assets,financial assets,and social assets respectively. A conceptual compensation pattern system has been designed to meet the demands for farmer households mainly according to their shortage in livelihood assets. In addition,compensation method,compensation standard,the basis of compensation and the source of compensation funds have been proposed accordingly.     

Family or Enterprise? What shapes the business structures of Australian farming?

Australian farmers navigate their contemporary circumstances through the use of different business and legal arrangements that are shaped by the commercial realities of farming and the aspirations of farm-owning households. In posing the question ‘Family or Enterprise?’, this paper examines the extent to which various household and farm business indicators are associated with different forms of farm ownership, namely sole proprietorships, partnerships, trusts and companies. Results from a postal survey of farm enterprises in Victoria, Australia suggest that both household and enterprise factors contribute to the business structure used, although the strongest determinants appear to be those factors that are less well understood in the rural geographical and sociological literature: household composition, farmer age and farm size. Greater scrutiny of the business instruments deployed by farmers to manage family and enterprise pressures should inform expectations of the fate of family farming in advanced financialised economies.     

重庆市山区农户耕地转入特征及其影响因素

耕地流转有利于缓解耕地撂荒和闲置问题,促进土地规模化经营,但已有山区的研究侧重耕地转出,且未深入分析农户耕地转入的特征.本文运用重庆市“两翼”地区12 个典型村的1015 份农户调查问卷,从地块尺度详细分析了农户耕地转入的特征,并通过Tobit 模型,定量分析了农户转入耕地面积的影响因素.结果表明:①农户多无偿转入耕地,但仍主要转入质量好、坡度小、离家近的地块;因受地形影响,转入地块又多为旱地,且难灌溉、面积小,并存在“去粮化”和粗放化经营.②农户特征方面,转入耕地的农户多为普通农户,经营耕地规模小、效益低,且地块细碎化程度高.③影响因素方面,农业劳动力比例、农业收入、农具数量和耕作面积对农户转入耕地面积有显著正向影响,而户主年龄、地块平均面积和地区哑变量则武隆县有显著负向影响.     

东北典型丘陵漫岗区沟谷侵蚀动态及空间分析

以黑龙江省克山县为例,分析1954年和2000年侵蚀沟密度变化,探讨研究区土壤侵蚀的时空动态变化,并以侵蚀沟密度变化值为依据进行不同分区侵蚀因素的耦合分析。结果表明:过去46年间,克山县东南部侵蚀沟密度趋于减少,西北部侵蚀沟密度增大。1954～2000年侵蚀沟密度变化值在侵蚀减弱区与高程和坡度呈负相关,在侵蚀增强区呈正相关。随着坡长增加,侵蚀沟密度变化量呈增加趋势。侵蚀沟变化与坡长相关性最大,R²达0.9743,其次为高程,R²为0.6893,与坡度的相关性最小,R²为0.3437。结果表明,高程和坡度不是东北丘陵漫岗地区土壤流失的主要影响因子,坡长是该区侵蚀的一个重要影响因子。土地利用结构变化与土壤侵蚀强度变化密切相关,耕地面积大幅度增加与草地面积明显减少加速侵蚀沟发育。     

西藏高原农户的投资行为——以达孜县为例

根据农户调查资料和有关的统计数据对西藏达孜县农户的投资行为进行了研究。结果表明：该县农户的投资主要以直接投资为主，间接投资所占的比重较低；在直接投资中，又以家庭经营投资和固定资产投资为主；农户对科技教育、文化娱乐方面的投资较少，而对宗教信仰方面的投资相对较多；其投资资金来源主要是自有资金。其次是银行贷款和其他资金，国家财政拨款所占的比重不大；受投资结构等因素的影响，该县农户的投资效益基本上呈农年降低趋势。