统计降尺度方法在天津小时降水和气温精细化预报中的应用

基于ECWMF模式预报数据对2018年3—11月降水和2 m温度进行统计降尺度,利用先频率匹配法、再阈值法对插值后的降水订正,利用Kalman滤波型的递减平均统计降尺度法对插值后的温度订正,最终获得逐小时降水量和温度的预报。结果表明：(1)对于晴雨预报准确率,绝大多数预报时效频率匹配法和阈值法均对其有明显提高,前者最大改进幅度可达20%以上。对于相对误差,阈值法对空报现象有较显著改进。对于1 h降雨量大于等于20 mm的短时强降水,频率匹配法订正后的TS评分有明显提高。对2018年“安比”台风事件,除具有以上改进效果外,频率匹配法提高了降水主体形态和量级的预报水平,阈值法对空报站订正正确。(2)对于温度的ECWMF模式预报检验,几乎在任何预报时效内都是3月的绝对误差最大。通过Kalman滤波型的递减平均统计降尺度法后,各月的绝对误差都有不同程度减小。总体上,订正后的绝对误差曲线仍具有订正前的周期性波动,波峰、波谷位置也与订正前基本一致,且绝对误差越大,订正幅度越大。个例分析也表明订正后保留了温度预报空间分布的准确性,且绝对误差有明显下降。     

基于频率匹配法的SWC-WARMS模式降水订正试验

基于西南区域数值预报模式（SWC-WARMS）2019年5~8月00时起报的24h累计降水预报资料和四川省气象站点降水观测资料,采用频率匹配法对6月1日~8月31日降水预报值进行了偏差订正。结果表明：模式预报的24h累计降水量总体为湿偏差;订正后降水量平均绝对误差减小;大雨和暴雨的偏差评分提高;小雨、中雨、大雨的TS评分提高,暴雨TS评分降低;各量级的空报率均有所降低,小雨和中雨漏报率减小,大雨和暴雨漏报率增大,尤其是暴雨漏报率显著增加;当模式对暴雨降水落区预报较好（差）时,频率匹配订正能提高（降低）TS评分。     

基于频率匹配法的中国降水多模式预报订正研究

基于TIGGE资料中欧洲中期天气预报中心、日本气象厅、美国国家环境预报中心及英国气象局1～7 d日降水量预报以及中国自动站观测资料与CMORPH降水产品融合的逐时降水量网格数据集,利用频率匹配法(Frequency-Matching Method,FMM)对中国降水预报进行客观订正。首先利用卡尔曼滤波方法对降水频率进行调整,并根据不同区域降水强度差异将全国分为7个子区域分别进行频率匹配。结果表明,FMM可以有效减小降水量预报的误差。经过频率匹配法订正后各模式降水预报的平均绝对误差(Mean Absolute Error,MAE)大幅减小,且订正后各量级降水的雨区面积更加接近实际观测值。FMM对小于5 mm和大于15 mm的降水预报技巧改进明显。此外,FMM降低了模式预报的小雨空报率和大雨漏报率,并且明显提高了晴雨预报的准确率。FMM明显消除了大范围小雨空报区域,但是对强降水预报FMM仅能调整降水量大小,强降水落区预报并不能得到明显改善。     

基于集合成员订正的强降水多模式集成预报

基于TIGGE资料集下欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）、日本气象厅（JMA）、英国气象局（UKMO）、美国国家环境预报中心（NCEP）和中国气象局（CMA）5个气象预报中心2016年5月1日—8月31日中国地区逐日起报预报时效为24~168 h的24 h累积降水量集合预报的结果,对各个集合预报成员进行了频率匹配法的订正,并对订正前后的多模式集成预报效果进行评估。结果表明：采用频率匹配法订正后的降水预报,有效改善了集合平均预报中强降水（日降水量25 mm以上）预报由平滑作用产生的量级偏小现象,使预报的降水量级更接近实况,但对降水落区预报改进不明显。基于卡尔曼滤波技术的集成预报效果优于基于线性回归的超级集合预报和消除偏差集合平均预报,对强降水落区的预报较单模式更优。基于集合成员订正的降水多模式集成预报在强降水的落区预报和降水中心的量级预报更接近实况,效果优于原始多模式集成预报与单模式结果。     

我国地面降水的分级回归统计降尺度预报研究

利用TIGGE资料中欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF,the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)、日本气象厅(JMA,the Japan Meteorological Agency)、美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP,the National Centers for Environmental Prediction)以及英国气象局(UKMO,the UK Met Office)4个中心1~7 d预报的日降水量集合预报资料,并以中国降水融合产品作为"观测值",对我国地面降水量预报进行统计降尺度处理。采用空间滑动窗口增加中雨和大雨雨量样本,建立分级雨量的回归方程,并与未分级雨量的统计降尺度预报进行对比。结果表明,对于不同模式、不同预报时效以及不同降水量级,统计降尺度的预报技巧改进程度不尽相同。统计降尺度的预报技巧依赖于模式本身的预报效果。相比雨量未分级回归,雨量分级回归的统计降尺度预报与观测值的距平相关系数更高,均方根误差更小,不同量级降水的ETS评分明显提高。对雨量分级回归统计降尺度预报结果进行二次订正,可大大减少小雨的空报。     

频率匹配法在海河流域ECMWF集合预报融合产品中的应用研究

针对ECMWF(European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts)集合预报,融合降水产品在海河流域的偏差特征,进行基于频率匹配法的降水偏差订正,并对订正前后降水评分结果进行了系统检验。结果表明:经过2016年5—8月逐日试验分析表明,改进后的ECMWF集合预报融合产品显著改善了原产品降水量和雨区范围偏大的特征,订正后降水预报的平均强度与实况更接近,且预报时效越长、降水量级越大、预报偏差越大改进效果越明显;改进后ECMWF的集合预报融合产品降水预报的TS评分均有一定程度的提高,降水预报的Bias评分更接近1,特别是对于小雨和暴雨、大暴雨量级的改进尤其明显,消除了大片降水虚报区;降水预报的空报率明显减小,但漏报率有所增加。     

基于西南区域中尺度模式系统预报的陡峭地形过渡带降水订正方法

基于地形和西南区域中尺度模式系统(southwest center WRF ADAS real-time modeling system, SWCWARMS)20:00(北京时,下同)和08:00起报的逐3 h风场、相对湿度场,计算地形降水估算量并结合SWCWARMS预报降水场构建降水订正方程,进而对2018—2020年汛期6—8月日降水、四川盆地降水过程及四川盆地西部降水过程3类降水进行订正,并仅对川西高原东坡到四川盆地西部的陡峭地形过渡带进行检验评估。结果表明：(1)各量级降水量订正值TS相对于SWCWARMS预报降水量的TS均有不同程度提高,20:00起报的订正效果优于08:00。对于大雨及以上量级均以四川盆地西部降水过程订正效果最佳,20:00起报的12～36 h大雨、暴雨和大暴雨的降水量订正值TS相对提高率分别为19%、25%和37%,且命中率高,空、漏报率明显减小,订正效果较好。(2)降水订正方程对四川盆地西部降水过程类型中的区域性暴雨个例和一般性降水个例均有较好的订正效果,即使是SWCWARMS模式预报的大雨、暴雨和大暴雨预报降水落区与实况差异甚远的个例也有一定订正效果。     

最优TS评分方法在逐时降水订正中的初步应用及评估

使用2020年3—9月逐时更新的CMA广东短临3 km数值模式(CMA-GD(R3)模式)1～12 h逐小时降水量资料,利用最优TS评分订正方法(OTS)对逐小时降水量进行分级订正,并分别从整体和分类型降水过程预报订正效果进行了检验和对比评估。结果表明：从整体预报订正性能来看,通过OTS方法对CMA-GD(R3)模式订正后,对于≥1 mm/h及以上量级的降水,OTS均有较好的订正能力,并且随着雨强的增加,其TS评分的改善比率越大;同时,OTS可有效减少各个预报时效的漏报率和空报率,其中漏报率减小更加明显,表现出明显的湿偏差(空报偏多)。从三类暴雨过程逐时降水预报订正效果来看,通过OTS订正之后,对于≥1 mm/h的降水,OTS对三类暴雨类型均有正的订正能力。其中在0.1 mm、1 mm、10 mm、20 mm、35 mm、50 mm 6个量级上,季风型的逐时降水预报表现最好,6个量级的TS评分值分别为0.403、0.232、0.053、0.023、0.009和0.004;在5 mm量级上锋面型的逐时降水预报表现最优,其TS值为0.102。从改善效果来看,经过OTS订正后,在1 mm量级...     

频率匹配技术在暴雨预报中的应用及改进分析

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心和美国国家环境预报中心2017年5—8月逐日降水预报资料及同时段MICAPS降水观测资料,采用频率匹配技术对江淮流域夏季降水预报进行模式偏差订正及改进技术探讨。结果表明:(1)模式对小雨预报偏多,存在大量空报;对大雨及以上降水预报偏少,存在较大漏报。(2)偏差订正通过下调小量级降水、上调大量级降水,使各量级降水的强度和面积偏差均得到一定程度改善,降水量级两端订正效果明显,订正后小雨和暴雨准确率显著提升。(3)偏差订正对暴雨落区预报的改进效果与过程相关,个例分析表明:对于雨带位置预报较准确的大范围梅雨锋暴雨,偏差订正后暴雨TS评分明显提升;对于副高边缘的小范围暴雨以及雨带位置预报失误的梅雨锋暴雨或台风暴雨,偏差订正后暴雨TS评分改善不明显甚至降低。(4)针对上述问题,提出了系数动态调整和模式集成的改进思路,即对于平均雨量5 mm以下的小范围暴雨,适当上调订正系数;平均雨量在15 mm以上的大范围暴雨,适当下调订正系数。模式集成订正可有效提高暴雨TS评分。     

面向台风暴雨的集合预报成员优选订正技术研究及应用试验

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心和美国国家环境预报中心2017年5—8月逐日降水预报资料及同时段MICAPS降水观测资料,采用频率匹配技术对江淮流域夏季降水预报进行模式偏差订正及改进技术探讨。结果表明：（1）模式对小雨预报偏多,存在大量空报;对大雨及以上降水预报偏少,存在较大漏报。（2）偏差订正通过下调小量级降水、上调大量级降水,使各量级降水的强度和面积偏差均得到一定程度改善,降水量级两端订正效果明显,订正后小雨和暴雨准确率显著提升。（3）偏差订正对暴雨落区预报的改进效果与过程相关,个例分析表明：对于雨带位置预报较准确的大范围梅雨锋暴雨,偏差订正后暴雨TS评分明显提升;对于副高边缘的小范围暴雨以及雨带位置预报失误的梅雨锋暴雨或台风暴雨,偏差订正后暴雨TS评分改善不明显甚至降低。（4）针对上述问题,提出了系数动态调整和模式集成的改进思路,即对于平均雨量5 mm以下的小范围暴雨,适当上调订正系数;平均雨量在15 mm以上的大范围暴雨,适当下调订正系数。模式集成订正可有效提高暴雨TS评分。

     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.