煤的灰份、镜质组份指标在煤层对比中的应用——以库车阿艾煤矿区克孜勒库坦东部为例

以大量钻孔煤心化验成果及煤岩鉴定特征资料为基础,通过分析研究,利用各煤层煤的灰份、镜质组份指标的差异性进行煤层对比,很好地解决勘查中各煤层的编号归属.     

煤的灰份、镜质组份指标在煤层对比中的应用——以库车阿艾煤矿区克孜勒库坦东部为例

以大量钻孔煤心化验成果及煤岩鉴定特征资料为基础,通过分析研究,利用各煤层煤的灰份、镜质组份指标的差异性进行煤层对比,很好地解决勘查中各煤层的编号归属.     

Automated petrographic characterization of coal lithotypes

Although petrographic analysis of the lithotypes present in coal samples has been successfully used in the correlation of coal seams, the study of the environments of coal seam deposition, and the evaluation of the mining and cleaning properties of numerous coal seams, coal lithotype analysis is not routinely performed in North America at this time because it is very time consuming and requires the services of a highly skilled petrographer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the capability of one of the newly improved image analysis microscope systems to characterize coal lithotypes and perform automated lithotype analyses on polished block samples of coal.The results of this study show that each of the lithotypes examined, vitrain, clarain, fusain, and durain, yield a characteristic reflectance histogram and that analysis of reflectance histograms taken from a transverse, perpendicular to bedding, down a polished block sample yield results on the kinds and thicknesses of the lithotypes present that are in good agreement with the results obtained by manual methods.     

不同变质程度煤的激光拉曼光谱特征

对不同矿区，不同变质程度煤的9个镜煤样品进行了激光拉曼光谱测定，并对其特征光谱进行了参数化。在1000－2000cm^-1的波数范围内有两个明显的拉曼频率振动峰G峰和D峰。当镜质体反射率R0＜2．28％时，D峰位置随R0的增大向低波数位置偏移。G峰与D峰峰位差和峰高比随R0的增大而增加。当R0约为2．1％时，拉曼光谱特征趋势发生逆转性变化。在2500－3250cm^-1之间有一个明显的拉曼谱带，并随煤变质程度的增加呈现如下规律，其谱带的变化与有机质的成熟度演化具有一珲的同步性，特别是在有机质进入成熟门限后，由于油相和气相成分的大量生成，出现明显的振动峰，而进入无烟煤（R0＞4．4％）后，其振动峰变弱，因此，煤的激光拉曼光谱特征可作为油气盆地判断有机质成熟度的一个指标。     

On the geochemistry of indium in coal-forming process

The content and distribution of In in 168 samples from 7 coal deposits in Bulgaria were studied, using a spectrochemical method with a detection limit of 0.002 ppm. Indium is present in all samples, its content varying from 0.002 to 0.167 ppm in the coal and from 0.005 to 0.57 ppm in the ash. The mean contents for individual deposits do not differ statistically, and for all the deposits the In concentration (ppm) can be expressed generally by the equation In = 0.00068 A (A is the coal ash content in %).Of the petrographic constituents of coal, vitrain, xylene and liptain are enriched in In. In is associated with both the organic and with the inorganic matter of the coal. Inorganic matter and clay minerals in particular, act only as carriers of Indium. In contrast, organic matter concentrates In only to a small degree relative to other trace elements.     

武钢使用配煤组成与胶质层粘结系数关系

近几年来,随着钢铁业的发展,工业用煤需求量愈来愈大,但煤质波动较大,致使炼焦质量在同一配比条件之下的配煤也产生不同程度的差异,使焦炭质量明显下降,其Ｍ４０为７６％～７８％,Ｍ１０为８－４％～９－０％。而焦炭的热稳定性,则是导致高炉高产顺行的主要因素之一。目前,武钢高炉碱负荷大约为７～８ｋｇｔ铁,如此高的碱负荷条件下焦炭在高炉中的热稳定性势必受其干扰。十多年来,我们在试验室及跟踪生产研究表明,焦炭在无碱或低碱（＜２ｋｇｔ铁）害的高炉中,焦炭热强度有明显差异。武钢目前生产所用焦炭,在无碱害、１１…     

窑街矿区海石湾井田油A层腐泥煤有机质成熟度辨析

在石油、天然气、页岩气和煤层气资源勘探开发方面,镜质体反射率指标被公认是唯一可对比的烃源岩有机质成熟度评价指标。为准确测定窑街矿区海石湾井田油A层腐泥煤的有机质成熟度,采集井田钻孔煤岩样品,开展显微镜下显微成分反射光、荧光光学特征观测。测试发现,油A层腐泥煤中存在2种不同特征镜质组,一种为发荧光的镜质组,反射色低、反射率测值低;另一种为不发荧光镜质体,反射色高、反射率测值相对偏高。油A层沉积环境分层明显,上部为腐泥煤,显微成分以藻类体为主,含有大量的黄铁矿,反映深部沼泽强还原环境;下部显微成分以腐泥基质、基质镜质体、角质体为主,相较于上部,藻类体及黄铁矿含量明显降低,反映出其沉积物源发生变化,藻类等低等生物输入比例降低,高等植物物源比例增高,反映为相对较弱的还原环境。根据井田地层沉积环境、油A层腐泥煤显微组成及其与下部煤二层腐植煤的镜质组成熟度对比分析,认为油A层腐泥煤中不发荧光镜质体的反射率能够反映其真实的成熟度,与下部煤二层处于同一变质阶段。研究认识为开展腐泥煤有机质成熟度分析提供了新的方法、思路,当煤岩层中高等植物含量较少,或者与其相邻地层成熟度差异较大时,建议将局部测试结果与整个煤系各煤/岩层进行比对,同时结合其镜质体荧光特征和沉积环境综合判断分析。      

The petrography,structure and mechanical behaviour of coals

Summary The objective of this study is to determine the parameters which influence coal's mechanical behaviour. The two coals examined (HBL, Simon, France and Barro Banco, Brazil) structurally originated from different deposits. The differences are readily explained by the contrasting composition of vitrain, clarain, durain and fusain. Their mechanical behaviour is linked to their petrographical composition. The Lorrainain coal behavioural pattern was evaluated. It is elastobrittle or elastoplastic with progressive failure. Brazilian coal behaves according to a pattern of elastoplastic with progressive failure or perfect elastoplastic.     

Inertinite-rich Tertiary coals from the Zeya–Bureya Basin, Far Eastern Russia

Selected Tertiary coals from the Zeya–Buryea Basin, Far Eastern Russia, were investigated for aspects of their coal type, rank, depositional environment and post-depositional history. The coals have been examined in outcrop (lithotype logging), microscopically (maceral, reflectance and fluorescence), and geochemically (proximate analysis).Two laterally extensive coal-bearing horizons occur: one of Palaeocene age and the other of early Miocene age. The Palaeocene coals were investigated in active open-cut mines at Raichikhinsk and Yerkovtsi and the early Miocene deposit in an abandoned open-cut mine at Cergeyevka.Palaeocene coals at Raichikhinsk and Yerkovtsi were indistinguishable from each other macroscopically, microscopically, and geochemically. The deposits were sufficiently coalified that brightness logging could be undertaken. Dull coals, with numerous fusainous wisps, were dominant. Four dulling-up sequences, which represent stacked peat deposits, were observed at Raichikhinsk. At Yerkovtsi, only a small section of the middle of the seam, which was mostly dull and muddy coal, was investigated. Petrographically, these coals were dominated by inertinite group macerals, which is unusual in non-Gondwanan coals and rare in the Tertiary. Rank classification was problematic with volatile matter (VM) content of vitrain (daf), macroscopic appearance, and microscopic textures suggesting subbituminous B rank, but carbon content, moisture content and specific energy indicating a lignite rank.Notwithstanding complications of rank, estimates of the maximum-range burial depths were calculated. Taking the VM (daf) content of vitrain as 48%, burial depth estimates range from 900 m for a high geothermal gradient and long heating time to a maximum of 3300 m for a low geothermal gradient and short heating time. These estimates are maxima as the coal rank may be lower than implied by the VM.The Cergeyevka deposit is a soft brown coal. Limited sampling of the upper-most portion indicated a high moisture content (75% daf) and an unusual, hydrogen-rich geochemistry. Lack of identifiable liptinites using either reflected light or fluorescence microscopy suggested a significant bituminite component. Otherwise, the coals appear to be typical for the Tertiary. An estimate of 125 m maximum burial depth was obtained using the bed-moisture content of the coal, which is around the present burial depth.Comparison of present-day thicknesses with inferred burial depths suggests that at least 500 m of section is missing between the Palaeocene coals and the early Miocene coals.Palaeoenvironmental considerations suggest that fire played a significant role in the accumulation of the peats at Raichikhinsk and Yerkovtsi. At Cergeyevka, peat accumulation ended by drowning of the mire.Two tuff beds were recognised within the seam at Raichikhinsk and one in the seam at Yerkovtsi. Correlation of the tuff beds is uncertain but they should prove useful in regional coal seam correlation and interpreting coal depositional environments. Geochemical analysis by XRF was complicated by high loss-on-ignition (LOI) values. Despite extensive alteration, an acid igneous source is implied from the presence of free quartz and TiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratios of 0.02 to 0.05.     

Application of organic petrology and geochemistry to coal waste studies

Coal wastes produced during mining activities are commonly deposited in nearby dumps. These wastes mostly composed of minerals and variable amounts (usually 20-30%) of organic matter start to weather immediately after deposition. Oxidation of the organic matter can lead to self heating and self combustion as a result of organic and mineral matter transformations. The degree of alteration depends on the properties of the wastes, i.e., the maceral and microlithotype composition of the organic matter and its rank.Alteration of wastes also depends on the heating history, i.e., the rate of heating, final heating temperature, duration of heating, and the degree of air access. Although air is probably necessary to initiate and drive the heating processes, these usually take place under relatively oxygen depleted conditions. With slow heating, color of organic matter particles changes, irregular cracks and oxidation rims develop around edges and cracks, and bitumen is expelled. As a result, massive and detritic isotropic and strongly altered organic matter forms. On the other hand, higher heating rates cause the formation of devolatilization pores, oxidation rims around these pores and along cracks, vitrinite-bands-mantling particles, and bitumen expulsions.Organic compounds generated from the wastes include n-alkanes, iso-alkanes, alkylcyclohexanes, acyclic isoprenoids, mainly pristane, phytane and, in some cases, farnesane, sesquiterpanes, tri- and tetracyclic diterpanes, tri- and pentacyclic triterpanes, and steranes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (mostly with two- to five rings, rarely six rings), and phenols. The compounds formed change during the heating history. The fact that phenols are found in dumps where heating has not yet been completed, but are absent in those where heating ceased previously suggests the presence of water washing. The organic compounds formed may migrate within the dumps. However, when they migrate out of the dumps, they become a hazard to environment.This paper is a review on transformations of organic matter (both maceral composition and reflectance and chemical composition) in coal wastes deposited in coal waste dumps. Immediately after deposition the wastes are exposed to weathering conditions and sometimes undergo self heating processes.     

煤岩结构与煤体裂隙分布特征的研究

通过对河东煤田太原组8#煤层的19个煤样进行煤岩结构划分、裂隙微观分形特征和裂隙密度测量,研究了煤岩结构与裂隙分布特征的关系。结果表明:不同煤岩类型条带中,裂隙密度具有较大的差异,镜亮煤条带是裂隙分布的主要部位;镜煤条带中裂隙的密度和分维数与条带厚度、相邻条带煤岩类型有关;全煤样裂隙密度和裂隙分维数与煤岩结构类型有密切关系。煤岩结构的研究在预测煤层的渗透性方面有重要意义。      

论煤岩组分的液化性能

通过高压釜在溶剂和催化剂条件下对煤的加氢液化试验,探讨了低煤级煤中煤岩组分的液化性能。结果表明,在不同宏观煤岩成分的液化试验中,转化率和油产率表现出镜煤>亮煤>暗煤>丝炭;对于显微组分的液化,不仅镜质组和壳质组具有反应活性,半镜质组也有一定活性,且活性组分(镜质组+半镜质组+壳质组)含量与液化转化率、油产率表现出良好的正比关系。低煤级煤中,R_max<1.50%的半丝质组分在液化时有反应活性,其活性低于同一煤中的半镜质组,而R_max>1.50%的惰质组分已不具反应活性。      

Rare earth elements and yttrium in lithotypes of Bulgarian coals

Rare earth element and yttrium abundances in vitrain, xylain, liptain, fusain and whole coal samples from Bulgarian coal deposits have been studied. Vitrain, xylain, and liptain are depleted, while fusain is enriched in REE and Y as compared to the whole coal samples from which they were selected. Chondrite-normalized patterns show relative enrichment of light (LREE) against heavy (HREE) rare earth elements, negative Eu anomaly, and positive Lu anomaly. The shale-normalized patterns of the lithotypes reveal an increase from LREE to HREE, while those of the whole coal samples and mineral interlayers are less fractionated. The petrographic composition of the coals is of secondary importance for the concentration of the REE and Y. The main factors are the source area and the input of dissolved REE and Y into the coal depositional sites.     

镜煤有机溶剂逐级抽提的甲烷吸附响应及其作用机理

利用二硫化碳、苯、丙酮和四氢呋喃对不同煤级5 件镜煤样品逐级抽提,测试了原煤和抽余物对甲烷的吸附特性, 分析了产生抽余物吸附性差异的动力学原因。研究发现,逐级抽提改变了镜煤的吸附性,改变方向和幅度取决于煤化作用 程度的高低,第二次煤化作用跃变对抽余物吸附性的变化起着关键作用。研究认为,镜煤抽余物吸附性的改变可能起源于 物理扩容和化学缩容两种主要机理。二硫化碳一级抽提对长焰煤-焦煤早期阶段煤样产生物理扩容效应,对焦煤后期-贫 煤阶段煤样则产生化学缩容效应。苯二级抽提和四氢呋喃四级抽提对煤吸附性的损伤以化学缩容作用为主,丙酮三级抽提 则主要表现为物理扩容效应。     

Pressure-temperature microscopy of coal liquefaction

A pressure-temperature microscopy system (PTM) has been developed for obtaining observations on coals and heavy hydrocarbons at elevated temperatures and hudrogen pressures commonly used in the hydroprocessing of coal, coal liquids, and petroleum residua. A Pittsburgh #8 seam coal, from near New Eagle in Washington County located south of Pittsburgh, Penna., was extensively characterized by petrographic analysis, proximate and ultimate analysis, Gieseler plastometer, and Ruhr dilatometry as well as data on grindability, ash characteristics, and oxidation properties. Novel direct microscopic observations at elevated temperatures and pressures with catalysts give observable changes in phase transition behavior of coal. Direct microscopic observations of fresh vitrain particles at elevated temperature and high nitrogen pressure in the presence of a tin chloride catalyst show plastic deformation. Upon replacement of nitrogen by pressurized hydrogen, individual vitrain particles are observed to liquefy in the presence of molten tin. After liquefaction, further temperature increase at 1950 psig hydrogen results in the formation of mesophase and the segregation of the molten tin.Pressure-temperature microscopy is also presented on the liquefaction behavior of a solvent-refined coal (SRC) from Wilsonville, Ala. Additional pressure-temperature microscopy is presented on the tin-catalyzed co-liquefaction behavior of the solvent-refined coal with the Pittsburgh #8 seam vitrain. The pressure-temperature microscopy of the liquefaction experiments and mesophase development have been video recorded and are available for viewing.     

Delineation of the distinctive nature of tertiary coal beds

Floral character in mires has changed progressively through time. In the Carboniferous, pteridophytes, sphenophytes and lycophytes were dominant but by the Permian gymnosperms were an important component of mire flora. During the early Mesozoic gymnosperms remained the characteristic mire vegetation, together with pteridophytes, and conifers became dominant during the Jurassic. Cretaceous and Paleocene vegetation are similar, with taxodiaceous flora being important in mire vegetation. From the Eocene onwards, however, angiosperms were increasingly dominant in mire communities and in the Miocene herbaceous vegetation began to play a significant role. Together with these changes in floral character at least three aspects of coal character also appear to vary sequentially with time and are distinctive in the Tertiary: (1) proportions and thickness of vitrain banding, (2) coal bed thickness and (3) proportions of carbonised material. A compilation has been made of data from the coal literature comparing older coals with those of the Tertiary, in order to give a perspective in which to examine Tertiary coals. It was found that only Tertiary coals contain significant proportions of coal devoid of vitrain bands. In addition, Tertiary coals are the thickest recorded coal beds and generally contain low percentages of carbonised material (many less than 5%) as compared to older coals. It is interesting to note that Paleocene coal beds are similar to Cretaceous coals in that they tend to be thinner and contain higher proportions of carbonised material than do younger Tertiary coals.The absence of vitrain bands in some Tertiary coal beds is thought to result from the floras dominated by angiosperms, which are relatively easily degraded as compared to gymnosperms. The thickness of Tertiary coals may be related to an increase in biomass production from the Carboniferous through to the Tertiary, as plants made less investment in producing lignin, an energy-intensive process. In addition, with less lignin in plants, easier degradation of biomass may have facilitated nutrient recycling which, in turn, led to greater biomass production. Increased biomass production may have also ‘diluted’ the carbonised material present in some Tertiary peats, leading to lower proportions in the coal. Another possible cause of decreased carbonised components in Tertiary coal is that decreasing lignin content resulted in decreased charring during fires, as lignin is particularly prone to charring. A third possibility is that the carbonised component of peat may be concentrated during coalification so that Tertiary coals, generally of lower rank than Mesozoic or Paleozoic coals, contain a smaller fraction of carbonised plant material. It is not at present clear which of these mechanisms may have affected carbonised material in peat and coal but it is clear that lignin type and content has had an important role in determining peat and coal character since the Paleozoic.     

Comparative geochemistry of vitrinite kerogens from Carboniferous and Tertiary provinces

In this study, vitrinite concentrations were prepared from vitrain bands from two Carboniferous coal seam locations in Eastern United States, a Tertiary age coal seam in Alaska and a Tertiary age coal seam in Western Canada. These vitrinite samples were characterized using pyrolysis-gas chromatography in addition to petrographic and bulk chemical analyses. The purpose of this study is to apply quantitative pyrolysis-gas chromatography to a set of vitrinite concentrates from different coal basins of different age which are at relatively similar levels of rank and determine whether compositional variation can be observed.     

褐煤高温水萃物生物产气及化学组成变化

微生物与煤的相互作用过程复杂，为了深入分析煤中有机物在生物产气过程中的作用及变化规律，选取义马褐煤和实验室保存的产甲烷菌群作为研究对象，研究褐煤水溶性有机物产气特征及其产气前后化学组成变化。利用去离子水在70℃下萃取褐煤得到水溶性有机物、水萃余煤，分别以其作为底物开展生物产气实验，并利用甲醇对产气后的残煤进行有机萃取，采用GC、HPLC-MS和GC-MS方法分析产气量变化及发酵液和煤甲醇萃取物的化学组成。结果表明，褐煤原煤、水溶性有机物和水萃余煤的产气量分别为0.46、0.45和0.15 mmol/g。产气初期水溶性有机物化学组成复杂，分子量主要集中在200~300 Da，生物产气后化合物种类减少，分子量降至150~200 Da，并且产气后发酵液中检测到一些分子中具有苯环结构的含氮和氧杂原子的化合物。水萃余煤生物产气后的甲醇萃取物中出现少量水溶性化合物如甲酰胺、乙酰胺、亚硫酸二甲酯等。70℃萃取得到的义马褐煤水溶性有机质能被产甲烷微生物利用产气，经过生物产气后煤中非水溶性有机物会转变成水溶性有机物。本研究探索了褐煤中水溶性有机物在生物产气过程中的潜在作用，为阐明煤生物产气的物质基础提供了实验依据。      

The petrology of greek brown coals

Results are given in the petrography of Greek coals collected from most of the major coal-bearing basins in Greece.Rank was determined by measuring reflectances on the maceral varieties eu-ulminite A and eu-ulminite B and on the maceral textinite. Reflectances obtained from these components indicate a coalification stage of brown coal for all samples. Within this group of samples there is, however, a fairly wide scatter of reflectance values indicating for some of them the transition zone from peat to brown coal and for others a coalification stage close to the transition into bituminous coals. Reflectances obtained from eu-ulminite A and eu-ulminite B were found to correlate well with chemical rank parameters such as volatile matter and calorific value.Composition was determined by maceral analysis. The coals are in general characterized by low amounts of macerals of the inertinite group, low to intermediate amounts of macerals of the liptinite group and high amounts of macerals of the huminite group. Within the latter group densinite, attrinite, eu-ulminite and textinite make up the bulk of the samples.Typical macerals observed in the coals are illustrated by two black and white and three colour plates.Cluster analysis based on maceral distribution, mineral matter and reflectance indicates that the samples studied can be divided into three major groups. The first one is dominated by eu-ulminite and densinite with relatively high reflectances. The second is dominated by attrinite, textinite and texto-ulminite with somewhat lower reflectances. The third is represented by a single sample in which textinite and resinite are the most abundant macerals. This sample also has the lowest reflectance.     

临沧超大型锗矿床的沉积环境、成岩过程和热液作用与锗的富集

临沧超大型锗矿庆的形成与其沉积、成岩和热液作用有密切联系。详细研究了矿床煤岩产出特征、煤岩组成、无机矿物、微量元素、腐殖体反射率,认为该矿床中的锗主要源于盆地西缘的白云母花岗岩的风化作用。在沉积作用阶段,锗被湖水中的低等生物和腐殖酸富集,为形成矿化煤打下基础。临沧褐煤经历了泥炭化阶段、早期成岩阶段和热液改造阶段。泥炭化阶段,沉积物中锗被凝胶体吸附和配合。早期成岩阶段,与腐残酸结合的锗,在碱性还原条