北京和云南剑川地区的Qpsub> 和 Qssub>

用在一个地震台接收到的同一个震源区内较小地震的振幅谱去除大震的振幅谱,可求得大震震源的频谱在两个拐角频率之间的趋势的斜率.利用 Q 值在0.0001——100Hz 之间几乎是常数的特性,用试错法对大震的振幅谱因衰减造成的高频损耗进行补偿.当补偿后的高频趋势的斜率与频谱比的高频趋势的斜率接近时,便表示所选取的 Q 值是适宜的.用这种方法,我们得到云南剑川地区的 Qp 等于900,Qs 等于400.而北京地区的 Qp 等于800,Qs 等于550.      

华北中北部地区震源参数和场地响应的联合反演

利用遗传算法反演华北中北部地区27个地震震源谱的低频水平、拐角频率和25个台站的场地响应。具体方法是利用研究区的平均衰减模型对记录谱进行路径校正，然后假定每一个地震的ω^2模型，调整低频水平和拐角频率使所有台站场地响应的标准偏差最小，最后给出参与计算的每个台站的场地响应。结果表明，17个基岩台中11个台的场地响应在1～20Hz范围内接近1，6个基岩台的场地响应部分频段放大或缩小3倍以上。8个井下摆台站的场地响应形态相同，表现为低频放大，高频部分迅速衰减。地震矩与震级的关系为logM0=17．1 1．13ML，地震矩与震源半径的关系为logM0=19．4 0．0052r。     

鄂尔多斯地块地壳内S波衰减特征的研究

采用分布于鄂尔多斯地块及其周缘的32个地震台站记录到的19次地震事件共487条数字化波形记录, 利用遗传算法反演得到了整个鄂尔多斯地块地壳内S波的三段几何扩散参数、S波非弹性衰减Q值随频率变化的关系式、32个台站的场地响应以及19次地震的震源参数. 计算结果表明, 鄂尔多斯地块地壳内S波非弹性衰减在1 Hz处的Q值比地质构造活跃地区的结果要大得多. 32个地震台站的场地响应在高频部分除个别台站外基本没有表现出明显的放大效应,但在低频区间部分台站之间有一定的差异. 19次地震事件的地震矩对数值与震级ML有很好的线性关系.      

天津地区场地响应和震源参数联合反演

根据天津数字地震台网记录的发生在天津地区的中小地震波形资料,采用Moya方法,反演天津地区39个地震的震源谱低频水平、拐角频率和28个台站的场地响应,计算了参与反演的地震矩、拐角频率、应力降和震源半径等参数,并讨论了它们之间的关系.结果表明: 27个井下台的场地响应曲线形态基本一致,低频有不同程度的放大,高频衰减较快;蓟县地表基岩台的场地响应低频基本在1附近变化,高频也有明显衰减.地震矩与震级及震源谱拐角频率的关系密切;拐角频率随震级的增大,有明显的下降;对于3级以上的地震,应力降、震源半径随地震震级的增大有明显的增大.     

辽宁地区Lg波衰减及场地响应特征

准确的衰减特征及台站响应对于定量确定地震台网观测环境和分析其构造机制具有重要意义。选取2008—2017年辽宁数字地震台网地震波形资料,利用Lg波谱比与台站场地响应联合反演方法,获得了1～7 Hz Lg波三分向(UD,NS,EW)衰减关系,参与评估的32个台站的场地响应幅值曲线较为平滑,各频段衰减效应存在差异。大多数台站的场地效应幅值在1～8,少数台在低频或高频段上呈现放大效应,最大的幅值近16。结果表明:辽宁地区为低Q₀(对应频率1 Hz)和低频率依赖性的构造活跃区,场地响应特征与浅层结构及地质构造有密切关系。不同场地类型的场地响应特征差异明显:井下场地类型的场地响应在低频段内(1～2 Hz)有明显的放大效应;地表较山洞场地类型的场地响应幅值在径向和垂向上都有抬升;相同场地类型中,场地响应放大效应在径向上比垂向上大的多,可能与台基岩性特征有关,而岩性差异对场地响应特征的影响不明显。     

用Moya方法反演云南数字地震台站场地响应

采用云南区域数字地震台网记录到的178个M≥3.0地震的S波资料,运用Moya方法反演了其中22个子台的场地响应。结果表明,在1～15Hz范围内,22个子台的场地响应都与频率相关,其中3个台的场地响应接近1、平稳变化;11个台站低频部分场地响应接近1、高频衰减;7个台站低频部分场地放大、高频衰减,1个台站场地放大明显。     

内蒙古地区场地响应区域特征分析

本文以内蒙古地区台站分布、地质构造和地震活动性为基础,将内蒙古的大部地区划分为三个研究区域分别进行了场地响应研究。对近几年积累的大量ML≥3.0级以上地震,共计39个台站记录到的124次地震事件的785条波形,根据S波的观测振幅谱,采用遗传算法分别反演了三个区域的介质非弹性衰减系数和台站场地响应,并对其进行了讨论。本文得到的介质衰减模型和台站场地响应,将对台网测定ML震级需要考虑的量规函数、台站校正值等提供重要参考。研究结果表明:除个别台站存在场地放大或缩小的响应外,绝大多数台站的场地响应表现出一定的区域性特征;西部区域(除极个别台站外)对高频存在明显衰减;中东部区域对整个频段的反映都比较稳定;东部区域对整个频段存在明显放大,这与该区域覆盖层厚度大相吻合。     

用Lg波资料反演场地效应与地震波衰减参数

基于谱比法,以台站记录地震波频谱为观测数据,通过扣除仪器响应及几何扩散后同一地震不同台站记录谱比,扣除震源方向性、 震源因子的影响,在此基础上,建立数学模型通过联合反演求解场地效应及地震波衰减参数. 以浙江省地震台网台站记录的台湾地震数字化地震波资料为基础,使用地震波记录中的Lg波, 评估浙江省台网丘陵地带基岩台站场地效应, 计算穿越台湾海峡较单一路径Lg波衰减参数. 研究使用20次发生于2002——2005年、 震级在MS5.0~6.7之间的台湾东北部较小区域地震, 参与评估台站16个, 地震波记录960条. 地震波处理频段为0.5～10.0 Hz, 每间隔0.2 Hz计算一次,对应于垂直、 东西及南北分量获得的衰减参数, 数据结果分别为:gamma;(f )=0.001 75f 0.43485, gamma;(f )=0.001 45f 0.48467, gamma;(f )=0.0021f 0.41241. 庆元台(QIY)在1.5 Hz以上放大效应非常明显,宁波台(NIB)在大部分频率点场地效应最小,参与评估台站场地效应各分向基本相当,未表现出方向性特征.      

川滇及周边地区地壳横波衰减的成像研究

利用由149个台站记录的中国地震年报、四川和云南区域地震台网观测报告的5897个近震的27530条横波振幅与周期资料,反演得到川滇地区及周边的地壳衰减Q0值（频率为1 Hz时的Q值）空间分布图像、台站的场地响应以及由于介质衰减不同造成的震级偏差.结果表明,川滇及周边地区的地壳横波衰减Q0值在200～600范围内变化,平均值为400,横向变化显著.在川西-滇西北-保山地区、云贵交界-昆明-思茅地区以及海原-祁连、汾渭和东昆仑等活动块体边界带的Q0值明显较低,这些地区地震和构造活动相对活跃;而构造相对稳定的四川盆地、马尔康块体、桂西滇东断块以及鄂尔多斯、秦岭-大别等地区的Q0值则明显较高.此外,川滇地区大多数台站的场地响应都在1附近,仅有少数增益或衰减较大,达到2倍左右,且其分布无明显规律性.该区观测报告给出的大多数地震震级偏差不大于0.3,但也有少数震级偏差达0.4,其分布与介质品质因子Q0值分布相关,说明震级测定可能受地壳介质衰减横向变化的影响.     

新疆南天山西段地区介质衰减特征研究

利用新疆数字地震台网记录的15个台站的720条地震波形资料,用Atkinson方法联合反演得到南天山西段Q值随频率f的关系式为Q(f)=313.4f0.548;在400 km的震源距范围内,研究区地震波的几何衰减满足三段衰减模型;研究区的Q值小于天山中东段、北天山和柯坪地区的Q值,说明该区域构造活动强烈。其次根据S波衰减记录得到观测振幅谱,采用Moya遗传算法得到了新疆南天山西段15个台站的场地响应。结果显示,大多数台站的场地响应在1附近,西克尔台(XKR)、塔什库尔干台(TAG)、乌什台(WUS)和神木园台(SMY)的场地响应在1~4 Hz之间均大于2,表现出一定的放大效应,岳普湖台(YPH)呈现余弦波动,可能与台基岩性和仪器的工作状态有关。区域的选择对台站场地相应计算结果影响不大。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.