卫星观测的OLR对夏季青藏高原月雨量及凝结潜热的估算

本文用美国NOAA1974年6月—1984年5月(其中1978年3—12月缺测)2.5×2.5经纬度网格月平均OLR资料,以及同期青藏高原上83个站的月总降水量资料,分析发现在夏季(6—9月)两者在空间和年际变化上都有密切的负相关,而地面测站数量和高山积雪对上述相关系数的影响较小。分区求得的回归方程,可以较好地估算高原雨季的平均降水量及相应的总潜热。     

青藏高原东部雨季OLR与降水变化特征及相关分析

利用美国NOAA系列气象卫星观测的1974年6月—2003年12月(其中1978年3~12月缺测)2.5°×2.5°经纬网格月平均射出长波辐射(OLR)资料,以及青藏高原上84个测站同期月总降水量资料,采用EOF方法,取前3个载荷向量及主分量讨论其空间和时间变化特征。结果表明:(1)在雨季(5~9月)降水量的高值中心与OLR的低值中心基本重合,OLR可以较好地反映降水情况。(2)近30年雨季高原台站平均降水量呈增加趋势,高原平均OLR有减小趋势,两者在时间变化上有较好的反相关性。(3)在雨季,高原OLR东南部低,西北部高;降水量的分布则相反,是东南多西北少,OLR低值中心与降水高值中心相对应,在高原主体两者之间的相关系数达到了-0.35以上(通过α=0.05显著性水平检验)。(4)降水与OLR在整体空间特征中呈相反趋势,结合主分量(PC1~PC3)的变化,可以得到高原北部降水减少,南部增加;而OLR则相反,北部增大、南部减小。OLR与降水的空间异常特性呈相反变化分布,这进一步揭示了在高原雨季OLR与降水两者的负相关关系。     

高原东部凝结潜热及其对北半球500 hPa高度场和我国汛期降水的影响

利用1961—2005年青藏高原东部雨季凝结潜热序列进一步分析其气候特征及其对后期北半球大气环流和中国汛期降水的影响。结果表明,青藏高原东部雨季各月的凝结潜热均有所增加,其年际变化的差异也较大,其中5月最大,6~7月较稳定,极大年份均出现在气候明显变暖的近10年,极小年份多数出现在气候相对较冷的时期。青藏高原东部凝结潜热具有一定的持续影响力,当其潜热增强时,可引起北半球同纬度带的位势高度场偏低,特别是西太平洋副热带高压偏弱,位置偏南,进而使我国长江流域汛期降水偏多,西北区东部、华北、东北区南部及华南降水偏少。     

中国大陆OLR与西北夏季降水

中国西北地域辽阔,地形复杂。该区内大部分地方属干旱、半干旱气候区,降水量的时空分布差异很大。为研究这种差异性,作者曾将西北地区夏季(6—8月)降水总量作了EOF分解,指出西北夏季降水总量与热带太平洋海温及ENSO事件关系密切;蒋尚城等用9年NOAA卫星观测的OLR资料对长江流域地区夏季雨量进行的估算、徐国昌等用OLR对夏季青藏高原月雨量及凝结潜热的估算,均得到较好的结果。这些研究表明,OLR与大陆夏季降水量存在着与热带海洋上一样好的关系。由于西北夏季雨量集中,6—8月降水量占全年雨量的一半以上。OLR通过云的变化与降水量之间必然存在较好的相关性。     

用卫星OLR资料估算中国大陆月降水量

利用国家卫星气象中心处理的NOAA下午轨道卫星的OLR资料,用Xie等在1998年的文章中提出的月降水量计算模式,计算了1991-2008年地理范围在10°～60°N、75°～150°E、分辨率为0.5°×0.5°的中国大陆月降水量,得出:用OLR月距平资料可以计算出月降水量,模式估算出的降水量通过与NCEP提供的18年月降水量陆地观测数据对比,精度为:冬季相对误差49.14%、绝对误差7.97 mm;春季相对误差37.60%、绝对误差14.97 mm;夏季相对误差27.37%、绝对误差31.61mm;秋季相对误差37.99%、绝对误差16.95 mm,可见精度效果并不是太好,造成误差的主要原因是降水机制不一,层状云降水特别是逆温层状云和连续阴天不下雨,以及月平均OLR不能完整地反映月内降水云和降水量是造成用OLR月距平估算月降水量的主要误差来源.通过对FY-2C卫星云分类产品的图像分析,得出中国南方冬季主要是层状云降水,OLR月距平值较高,用全球的A、B系数估算出的降水量偏低于实况,因此对中国大陆进行分区、分季节统计A、B系数,是解决OLR月距平估算月降水量精度问题的途径.     

青藏高原近40年的降水变化及水汽输送分析

利用中国青藏高原地区1961—2000年56个气象站的逐月降水资料,分析了青藏高原地区1961—2000年的降水量变化趋势及水汽输送。结果表明,青藏高原40 a降水量呈增加趋势,线性增长率为1.12 mm/a。高原南区年降水量呈增加的趋势,线性增长率为1.97 mm/a;北区年降水量变化较小。青藏高原降水量在1978年由少雨期转为多雨期,青藏高原夏季降水与孟加拉湾的水汽输送及副高的水汽输送关系密切。     

青藏高原夏季降水日变化特征分析

利用2008—2014年逐小时空间分辨率为0.1°的全国自动站观测降水资料和CMORPH卫星反演降水融合资料,研究了青藏高原(下称高原)夏季降水日变化特征,并探讨了不同持续时间和等级降水对降水量日变化的影响。结果表明,整个高原地区夏季降水量和降水频率的日变化表现出明显的凌晨和傍晚的双峰结构,而降水强度的双峰结构却不太明显。进一步对各分区降水日变化特征的分析发现,高原中西部降水日变化特征与整个高原地区的一致,而高原北部(东部)地区降水量和频率的日峰值出现在傍晚(午夜-凌晨)。降水持续时间对降水量日变化有显著的影响,高原夏季降水量日变化的双峰特征是由短时(1~3 h)和长持续性(6 h以上)降水共同作用造成的,午夜-凌晨(傍晚)的降水日峰值主要是由于长持续性(短时)降水所引起。分析不同等级降水量日变化特征发现,高原北部地区小-大雨(暴雨)的降水量日峰值基本出现在下午(午夜),而高原中西部不同等级降水量的日变化基本都呈现出傍晚和午夜-凌晨的双峰结构,高原东部地区不同等级降水量的日变化形式较一致,日峰值出现在午夜-凌晨。     

中国区域温度和降水不同空间插值方法精度对比

利用国家气象信息中心基于最优插值法(Optimal Interpolation,OI)、ANUSPLIN插值法(AV 2.0)、普通克里格法(Ordinary Kriging,OK)的1.0°×1.0°与0.5°×0.5°格点化的1961—2004年中国区域月温度和月降水资料及1961—2004年美国NCDC的GHCN 5.0°×5.0°月降水资料,对中国大陆地区温度和降水不同插值方法空间插值数据的精度及时间序列进行了对比研究。结果表明:在1961—2004年平均气候态下,中国区域不同插值法插值后的降水和温度空间分布型较一致,年循环变化也较一致。在中国区域、东部区域和西部区域,OI与AV 2.0方法插值的降水场绝对误差分别为2.15 mm、1.28 mm和0.00 mm,OK与AV 2.0方法插值的温度场绝对误差分别为0.20℃、0.05℃和0.45℃。对于中国区域降水场时间序列,AV 2.0和OI方法插值的降水与GHCN不同季节的降水变化趋势较一致,且不同插值方法插值的夏季降水量差异较大,冬季降水量差异较小。1961—2004年AV 2.0与OI方法插值的降水场相关系数在0.22—0.98之间变化,冬季和春季降水场相关性较高,夏季和秋季降水场相关性较低;个别年份秋季和冬季插值后降水量的偏差稍大,最大偏差达3.08 mm,1961—2004年平均降水量偏差为0.64 mm。AV 2.0与OK方法插值的年平均温度差值小于0.54℃,且多年时间序列变化趋势较一致。     

青藏高原地面感热异常对西北地区东部夏季降水的影响

本文利用1961~2012年夏季西北地区东部(32~40°N,100~110°E)156个站点逐日降水资料,以及1982~2012年青藏高原70个站点的地面感热观测资料,采用EOF、相关分析等方法分析了西北地区东部夏季降水、青藏高原冬末春初(2~4月)地面感热的时空变化特征,讨论了西北地区东部夏季降水对于青藏高原冬末春初地面感热异常的响应,通过环流场分析高原感热异常对西北东部夏季降水的影响成因。结果表明:高原东部冬末春初地面感热偏强时,西北东部地区北部降水偏少,东南部和西南部降水偏多;反之,西北东部北部降水偏多,东南部和西南部降水偏少。      

南海地区潜热输送与长江流域夏季降水的关系

利用美国NCEP的1958--2006年高斯网格月平均再分析资料,以及国家气象中心的全国160站1958—2006年月平均降水资料,使用奇异值分解（SVD）方法,分析了南海及周边地区（简称南海地区,0°-20°N、100°-125°E）夏季潜热输送和长江流域夏季降水的相关关系。结果表明,南海地区夏季潜热输送与长江流域夏季降水呈显著负相关,显著相关的区域分别是南海中部和长江以北的川北、陕南地区以及以南的东部地区,潜热输送和降水都在20世纪70年代中期出现突变。典型旱、涝年潜热通量合成分析表明,南海中部潜热输送与降水也呈明显的负相关。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.