甘肃临夏盆地发现已知最早的披毛犀化石

披毛犀(Coelodonta属)是已绝灭的最著名的冰期动物之一。然而,披毛犀的早期记录只有少量材料来自几个约1.7MaBP的中国地点。本项研究从甘肃临夏盆地最早的黄土沉积中发现一个带下颌骨的完整披毛犀头骨和一个具乳齿列的幼年头骨,古地磁年龄测定约为2.5MaBP,是世界上目前发现的最早的披毛犀遗存,将披毛犀的历史向前推进了0.8Ma。这一发现对了解披毛犀的早期进化具有重要意义,因为其进步的特征显示Coelodonta属至少在上新世就已经从真犀族中分离出来。这些Coelodonta属的化石发现于代表干冷气候条件的黄土中,应是大冰期出现和青藏高原隆升所引起的结果。披毛犀起源于华北地区,在更新世时期广泛地扩散到欧亚大陆北部。     

黑龙江青冈晚更新世哺乳动物化石

本文记述的8种哺乳动物化石:Mammuthus primigenius,Equus hemionus,Equus sp.,Coelodonta antiquitatis,Megaloceros ordosianus,Gazella sp.,Bison exiguus,Bosprimigenius?属东北“披毛犀—猛犸象动物群”的成员,时代为晚更新世。对三门马的地层分布时代进行了讨论,认为有可能到中更新世末期甚至晚更新世早期。此外还介绍了大角鹿属各种的特征,并指出了“披毛犀一猛犸象动物群”概念的不恰当之处。     

披毛犀

<正>学名:Coelocdonta Bronn,1831分类位置:哺乳纲奇蹄目犀科披毛屡属特征:披毛犀是一类已绝灭的冰期动物。与猛犸象一样,在晚更新世它的足迹遍布整个欧亚大陆北部,常被合称为猛犸象——披毛犀动物群。通过发现于西伯利亚的披毛犀冻尸与发现于波兰的保存在沥青里的披毛犀木乃伊,古生物学家对这类生物的解剖结构知之甚详:它具有非     

中国第一架五氏水牛化石

介绍了我国第一架王氏水牛化石产地、骨架特征和埋藏特点。该化石埋藏在嫩江Ⅱ级阶地顶部的黄土状亚砂土中。为单一埋藏,无其他化石种属掺杂。属猛犸象－披毛犀动物群成员。根据前人用Ｃ１４年确定该动物群的繁盛时代,结合它与大理冰期形成于同一地质历史时期,确定其生存时代应力距今１－５万年,最早不超过大理冰期的下限７万年。提出了王氏水牛及其所属动物群是在冰期中冷暖交替环境中存在的新见解。     

中国南华系的范畴、时限及地层划分北大核心CSCD

南华系是2000年第三届全国地层委员会审议通过,介于震旦（埃迪卡拉）系和青白口系之间的一个系级年代地层单位,地层范围是原震旦系下统含有新元古代冰积杂砾岩的地层。“南华系”名称来源于刘鸿允先生称谓的“南华大冰期”。由于近年来在华南和新疆获得了大量南华系SHRIMP锆石U—Pb年龄资料,结合莲沱组及其相当层位碎屑建造中发现指示寒冷气候的化学地层证据,南华系底界确定为出现新元古代最早冰期寒冷事件杂砾岩或与之相当的碎屑岩建造的下界;同时依据在华南和新疆所获得的南华系同位素年龄和化学地层资料,以及南华系所出现冰期或寒冷事件的地层序列,将南华系自下而上划分为下、中、上三统。下统时限为725～780Ma,中统时限为660～725Ma,上统时限为635～660Ma。南华系的下、中、上三统分别相当全球新元古代Kaigas冰期（≈770～735Ma）,Sturtian冰期（≈715～680Ma）,Marinoan冰期（≈660～635Ma）。依据目前的同位素年龄资料,南华系底界年龄被厘定为780Ma;顶界年龄即震旦系底界年龄为635Ma。     

华南南华系年代地层学研究进展

华南南华系对应于国际上的成冰系,关于其沉积时限长期存在争议。近十余年来,通过高精度锆石U-Pb定年,已经基本敲定南华系的重要时间节点。长安组底界年龄被限定在ca. 717 Ma,莲沱组顶部沉积时间被限定在ca. 714 Ma。长安冰期中期暂时冰退的时间被限定在ca. 690 Ma,冰期终止时间限定在ca. 659 Ma。小行星撞击地球可能导致了长安冰期中期的暂时冰退,这期间形成的风暴沉积构造和丘状交错层理可以提供最直接的沉积学证据。结合世界其它地区报道的年龄,斯图特（长安）冰期的起止时间限定在了717～659 Ma。马力诺（南沱）冰期的启动时间被大致限定为649 Ma,终止时间被限定在ca. 635 Ma。结合世界其它地区年龄数据,马力诺冰期的启动时间可限定在649～639 Ma。随着后续工作的深入,马力诺冰期的启动时间范围应会被进一步缩小。华南南华系沉积时限的准确厘定对于理解全球成冰纪地质-生物-环境事件具有重要意义。马力诺冰期持续时间约14 Myr,远远小于长安冰期的持续时间（约58 Myr）。冰期末期大规模岩浆作用是导致这两次冰期持续时间不同的直接原因。通过模拟计算发现,扬子北缘...     

华南扬子地区新元古代地层划分对比研究新进展

华南扬子地区发育有新元古代完整的沉积地层记录,是研究我国新元古代时期古大陆演化与沉积盆地演替的天然平台。四堡—晋宁造山运动(约850~820Ma)以前,新元古代早期的扬子陆块总体上处于弧陆碰撞与弧后前陆盆地充填阶段。约820Ma以后,新生裂谷盆地开启了新一轮板块构造旋回,至约635Ma,华南扬子陆块走过了一段冰与火的不平坦里程。板溪群沉积期(约820~720Ma),在Rodinia超大陆裂解的构造背景下,伴随着三幕重要的火山岩浆事件,沉积了一套裂谷盆地充填序列。板溪晚期,由于Rodinia超大陆主要陆块的裂离(Drifting),伴随着区域性海平面下降,迎来了南华大冰期的长安冰期沉积;实际上,南华大冰期并非严格的"雪球地球",而且期间还存在一个间冰期(富禄间冰期);随后,可能与海平面持续的海侵上超有关,南沱冰期沉积区域展布广泛。由此可见,华南扬子地区晋宁—四堡造山后至南华冰期,沉积序列、事件序列特征明显,阶段性清楚,为新元古代地层划分对比提供了基础条件。     

大冰期成因新见——“陆壳型火山与洋壳型火山爆发交响”

与“地球只形成一次”不同，大冰期是一而再、再而三地出现，且仅在最近约600Ma才出现。大冰期的成因得不到解决，应当反省研究思路。前人并没有真正认识清楚大冰期现象。只有认识地质现象，理解地质作用，才能解释其成因。     

现生河狸的起源

本文通过对来自欧洲、亚洲、北美洲的河狸属(Ｃａｓｔｏｒ)化石和现生种的头骨形态学之研究，认为河狸属的起源可上溯到中新世的Ｓｔｅｎｅｏｆｉｂｅｒ。现生欧洲河狸Ｃ．ｆｉｂｅｒ与中国化石河狸Ｃ．ａｎｄｅｒｓｓｏｎｉ有密切关系；而北美现生河狸Ｃ．ｃａｎａｄｅｎｓｉｓ则可能源于美国的化石河狸Ｃ．ｃａｌｉｆｏｒｎｉｃｕｓ。约六百多万年前，河狸属从欧亚大陆穿越白令陆桥向北美的扩张，导致了现生河狸两个种的出现。这六百多万年的隔离是造成两种现生河狸在基因库、生态、头骨形态方面分异的根本原因。     

湘中长安组碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

我国南方扬子板块是国际上新元古代冰期地层最具代表性的地区之一,冰期地层出露广泛,为国内外学者所关注.对扬子地块东南缘湘中大乘山地区长安组二段底部的凝灰质板岩中所获得的碎屑锆石的U-Pb LA-ICP-MS同位素年代分析研究结果显示,长安组碎屑锆石年龄主要为831 ～ 720 Ma,少数为新元古早期1005 ～ 842Ma,含有少量古元古—中元古的2500 ～ 1933 Ma的锆石.长安组较年轻的两组锆石加权年龄为769 Ma(2σ,n=9,MSWD=11.3)和828 Ma(2σ,n=16,MSWD=7.9),最小年龄720.2±12 Ma(206Pb/238U表面年龄).长安组碎屑锆石的U-Pb年代学表明,该地层最早形成时代＜770 Ma,那么长安冰期的启动年龄应不大于770 Ma.组成碎屑锆石年龄谱中最大碎屑锆石群体的年龄组构750～830Ma为华南在新元古代时期的生长和再造时代,可能与Rodinia超大陆的裂解有关.古元古代2500 ～ 1933 Ma年龄信息在长安组碎屑锆石的出现,则暗示了湘中大乘山地区或扬子东南缘的一次地壳再造事件.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.