兰州市空气质量预报系统结构及效果检验

文中从潜势预报、浓度预报、统计预报和数值预报 4方面介绍了兰州市空气质量预报业务系统的研究方法和结构特点。对 2 0 0 1年 4～ 10月兰州市空气质量预报与日报 (实况 )进行了分析研究 ,结果表明 ,该系统对兰州市空气质量预报有较强的预报能力 ,适用于兰州市空气质量预报业务。     

河西走廊东部城市空气质量预报系统

利用气象和环保资料详细分析了武威市空气质量的特点,针对不同季节、不同时次分别建立了沙尘暴短时、短期预报模式及空气质量统计预报、潜势预报模式,经检验效果良好。应用Fortran和VB语言设计编程,建立了武威市空气质量预报系统,该系统包括沙尘暴预报预警服务系统、空气质量统计预报系统和空气质量潜势预报系统,直接和MICAPS系统接口,具有资料处理、动力统计预报、潜势预报等模式计算及资料采集、处理、模式运行、预报显示、产品分发、资料查询、预报评分等多种功能,在业务应用中效果良好。     

深圳市空气质量预报系统业务应用与软件开发

深圳市气象台空气质量预报系统的研制和开发始于1999年,当年初步完成了对于空气污染程度的潜势预报研究,2000年,完成了空气污染指数的数值预报研究,并将数值预报系统投入业务使用,2001年春,作为全国47个环保重点城市,开展了空气质量指数预报和实况资料上传,对此,我们将空气污染潜势预报、数值预报产品和资料格式转换上传重新整合,开发了集成预报系统软件投入业务使用,收到了较好的效果.     

利用CAPPS2．0系统对太原市空气污染的预报分析

应用本地化后的城市大气污染潜势和污染指数预报系统CAPPS2．0模拟太原市空气质量。检验其对太原市空气污染预报的能力,并对检验期间预报效果较差的个例做了详细分析。     

2003年冬季空气质量趋势预测方法

使用短期气候趋势预报原理与短期空气质量预报相结合的方法，根据1～7月的气候特征（背景）、天气形势以及各种相关气象要素统计分析，对冬季采暖期空气质量进行综合预报。利用上述方法对2003年度（2003．11～2004．3）冬季采暖期空气质量进行了试预测。即：在2003年冬季气候预测的基础上，通过统计分析2003冬季相似年份的天气形势、污染气象条件，确定污染潜势和气象参数。并运用现业务使用的污染物浓度预报方程，计算冬季各月的逐日空气污染物（SO2、NO2、PM10）的浓度。最后综合2003年冬季气候特征预测和日空气质量计算结果，做出冬季空气污染趋势预报。     

西安市空气污染潜势预报方法

介绍了空气质量潜势预报方法,在因子选取上主要考虑了各种地面天气形势对污染物的稀释和扩散能力,在此基础上统计出各种气象因子对污染物稀释和扩散的贡献及对预报因子的选取.     

济南市空气污染潜势预报

通过统计历史资料,总结了影响济南市空气污染物扩散的７个气象预报因子,并给出空气污染潜势报的预报方法和方程,以预测空气质量的演变趋势。     

空气污染气象条件预报的试验研究

采用数值预报方法、气象条件指标判别方法和天气学方法,对本省空气污染气象条件(污染潜势)进行预报,对其预报结果作了分析与评估.并用杭州市监测站逐日发布空气质量指数进行拟合,最后获得全省空气污染潜势预报方法.用此方法对2001年4月进行试报,其结果表明,该预报技术方法是可行的,预报正确率不够理想,有待进一步提高完善.     

晋江城市空气质量污染潜势统计预报方法初探

根据实际工作经验,通过分析气象条件对晋江空气质量的影响,建立了一套以天气形势为依托、综合考虑气象要素变化、以分类法和趋势外推法相结合的空气污染潜势的统计预报方法。经实践检验：用该方法预报空气质量为Ⅰ级和Ⅲ级以上的准确率分别为95.2%和79.2%,API指数误差在[-10,10]的命中率达到82.5%。预报方法简单、经济、实用,预报准确率较高,可为沿海地区中小城市今后开展空气质量预报提供参考。     

兰州市空气质量统计预报模型设计

引　言目前 ,城市空气污染预报主要利用 3种方法进行预报集成 ,即气象形势潜势预报、要素统计模型预报和污染模式预报。通过对 3种结果的经验集成 ,综合得出预报产品进行分发服务。为了配合兰州市 4月 1日按时开展空气质量试预报 ,我们设计了一个利用实时资料和数值资料相结合并直接用于业务应用的要素统计模型。1　污染观测及污染资料现状兰州空气质量监测点设在西固兰炼宾馆 ,污染物主要来自于兰州当地工厂排放和生活废气排污。兰州市地形是一个东西狭长河谷 ,盛行风向对观测值有较大的影响 ,因此 ,观测的污染值并不具备很好的代表性。文…     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

前寒武纪气候演化中的三个重要科学问题

自地球形成至寒武纪将近40亿年（距今46亿～5.4亿年,通常称为前寒武纪）的气候演变是一个具有特殊难度和挑战性的研究领域,同时也是基础和前沿的研究领域。文章选择了前寒武纪气候演化中的三个重要科学问题进行综述：大气演化、两次全球性的冰川期以及暗弱太阳问题。关于大气演化,本文首先描述了大气成分的演化历史,然后简述了影响大气成分演化的三个基本过程：大气逃逸、两次大气氧含量突然增加、碳酸盐-硅酸盐循环及其对气候系统的负反馈作用。两次全球性的冰川期分别发生在古元古代（距今24亿～21亿年）和新元古代（距今8亿～5.8亿年）,文章简述了其成因以及相关的气候模拟结果。暗弱太阳问题是地球历史气候演化的一个经典问题,论文简要地综述了一些最新的研究成果和观点。     

淮河流域水文极值预测模型研究

为探索气候变化影响下水文极值的非平稳性和预测方法,建立了水文极值非平稳广义极值（GEV）分布的统计预测模型。利用1952-2010年淮河上游流域累计面雨量和流量年最大值资料、同期500 hPa环流特征量资料以及17个CMIP5模式对环流特征量的模拟结果,筛选出对水文极值影响显著的年平均北半球极涡强度指数作为GEV分布参数的预测因子。分析了在RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下2006-2050年淮河上游流域水文极值对气候变化的响应。结果表明,10年以下与10年以上重现期的水文极值在非平稳过程中呈现前者下降而后者上升的相反变化趋势;多模型预测的集合平均在未来情景中均呈现上升趋势,情景排放量越大增幅越大,重现期越长增幅也越大。与极值的常态相比,极值的极端态更易受气候变化影响。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

The impact of AIRS atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles on hurricane forecasts: Ike (2008) and Irene (2011)

Atmospheric Infra Red Sounder(AIRS) measurements are a valuable supplement to current observational data, especially over the oceans where conventional data are sparse. In this study, two types of AIRS-retrieved temperature and moisture profiles, the AIRS Science Team product(Sci Sup) and the single field-of-view(SFOV) research product, were evaluated with European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) analysis data over the Atlantic Ocean during Hurricane Ike(2008) and Hurricane Irene(2011). The evaluation results showed that both types of AIRS profiles agreed well with the ECMWF analysis, especially between 200 h Pa and 700 h Pa. The average standard deviation of both temperature profiles was approximately 1 K under 200 h Pa, where the mean AIRS temperature profile from the AIRS Sci Sup retrievals was slightly colder than that from the AIRS SFOV retrievals. The mean Sci Sup moisture profile was slightly drier than that from the SFOV in the mid troposphere. A series of data assimilation and forecast experiments was then conducted with the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model and its three-dimensional variational(3DVAR) data assimilation system for hurricanes Ike and Irene. The results showed an improvement in the hurricane track due to the assimilation of AIRS clear-sky temperature profiles in the hurricane environment. In terms of total precipitable water and rainfall forecasts, the hurricane moisture environment was found to be affected by the AIRS sounding assimilation.Meanwhile, improving hurricane intensity forecasts through assimilating AIRS profiles remains a challenge for further study.