波动分析约束下的原型盆地剥蚀量恢复——以惠民凹陷为例

为准确的恢复原型盆地剥蚀量，提出在波动分析法约束下，恢复原型盆地剥蚀量的新思路。即通过波动分析法界定剥蚀的区域和厚度范围，再精确计算原型盆地剥蚀量。并以惠民凹陷新生代为例，首先运用波动分析原理，得出反映凹陷形成与发展的主周期波为57，27和7．5Ma，根据7．5Ma的周期波反映凹陷内不同沉积期间断面的剥蚀情况，来确定区域的剥蚀范围。然后根据惠民凹陷的地质特点及资料情况，采用沉积速率法、镜质体反射率差值法、地层对比法等来恢复局部地层的剥蚀量。在波动分析法的约束下，参考地质沉积史和构造演化分析的结果，综合加权平均得到最终的地层剥蚀厚度，以确保计算结果精确。研究结果表明：受波动旋回的影响，沙四段和孔店组地层普遍存在剥蚀，剥蚀厚度较大的区域主要集中在凹陷边缘或靠近隆起区，剥蚀量最小的区域是阳信洼陷，说明该区沙四上亚段和孔二段烃源岩没有遭受破坏，具有较大的勘探潜力。     

物质平衡法计算地层剥蚀厚度——以南堡凹陷东营组为例

地层剥蚀厚度的恢复是盆地模拟中非常重要的一项工作,是反演盆地埋藏史和热史的前提条件。物质平衡法恢复地层剥蚀厚度是充分利用钻井、测井、地震等方法获得的地层物性资料来恢复地层剥蚀量的一种方法。该方法首先利用上下相邻地层的物性差别判断接触关系,在被剥蚀地层的顶部加入一厚度为H、岩性与残留部分相同的一段地层,使上下地层界面的物性差得到弥补,最后利用物质平衡原理得到初始沉积时的被剥蚀量。根据恢复地层剥蚀厚度的物质平衡计算模型编写计算机程序,使模型的计算更加准确、高效。基于物质平衡法模拟计算了南堡凹陷东营组地层的剥蚀厚度,计算出高35井、高62井、柳4井和柳13井东营组地层剥蚀厚度分别为486、466、573、634m。模拟结果与前人研究成果对比表明,物质平衡法恢复地层剥蚀厚度是可行和有效的,与传统方法相比,物质平衡法所需要的物性资料较容易获取,适用于各个勘探阶段开展地层剥蚀量的研究。     

南华北盆地二叠系山西组页岩气成藏地质条件及勘探前景

对南华北盆地二叠系山西组暗色泥页岩发育的地质背景、有机地球化学参数以及钻井资料的分析研究表明,南华北盆地二叠系山西组暗色泥页岩在研究区内分布广泛,沉积厚度达30~100m,其中在太康、鹿邑地区的平均厚度超过60m;有机质丰度中等—高（1.76%~4.16%）,镜质体反射率适中,有机质处于成熟—过成熟阶段。研究区山西组地层发育微孔隙、微裂缝等孔隙类型,储集性能较好。等温吸附实验测得暗色泥页岩吸附气含量平均为1.32m3/t,表明山西组暗色泥页岩具有较强的吸附能力,吸附性较好。综合研究认为,南华北盆地二叠系山西组暗色泥页岩在荥阳—通许—太康—郸城一带分布厚度大,埋深适中,页岩气保存地质条件较好,具有良好的资源开发前景。     

南海北部北部湾盆地迈陈凹陷中南部X井油气成藏地质条件

根据X井钻遇的古近系和新近系有机质镜质体反射率分析,确定X井生烃门限深度在2 600m以下,那么该井钻遇始新统流沙港组泥岩有机质丰度较高的井段（2 100~2 285m）尚未达成熟门槛,而生烃门限以下的烃源岩有机质丰度较低,生烃潜力差,不能提供充足的烃源供给,故导致X井勘探失利。X井位于北部湾盆地迈陈凹陷东3洼南部边缘,钻遇流沙港组厚度达568.5m,且泥岩厚度占该组地层的62.3%,其中单层泥岩最大厚度高达115m,表明流沙港组沉积时期水体环境偏深,沉积可容空间大,可见X井钻探结果与前人＂迈5号同生断裂始新世活动弱,沉积可容空间小,导致东3洼缺少油气形成的物质基础＂的结论存在较大偏差。由于X井处在东3洼陷边缘,流沙港组顶部剥蚀强度较大,推测靠近东3洼沉降中心的始新统流沙港组湖相泥岩沉积厚,埋深亦加大,完全能够达到有机质成熟生烃门槛,故应具有较好的油气成藏地质条件和勘探潜力。     

东海盆地H地区花港组烃源岩特征

随着东海盆地H地区油气勘探的发现,花港组烃源岩的勘探潜力也日益受到重视.通过烃源岩岩石热解分析、稳定碳同位素分析、镜质体反射率测定以及干酪根组分分析,对烃源岩特征进行研究.结果表明:氯仿沥青"A"组分中饱和烃和芳烃组分的碳同位素组成特征和碳同位素CV值显示研究区花港组泥岩烃源岩存在海陆相有机质;花港组烃源岩镜质体反射率...     

现代黄河三角洲沉积层压实下沉的计算分析

1855年以来形成的厚度为15 m的现代黄河三角洲分流叶瓣在遭废弃后的最近30 a内的沉积压实幅度为2.28~3.87 m,年平均压实量达0.1 m,其中黏土质粉砂被压实了25.8%,粉砂沉积地层被压实了15.2%,黏土质粉砂的沉积压实量是粉砂沉积压实量的1.7倍,在此期间基本上完成了三角洲压实下沉过程。下伏沉积地层的压缩量有限,不同沉积年代的沉积压实下沉量相差小,如厚度为20~30 m的沉积压实量仅有0.2~0.28 m,其中黏土质粉砂被压实了0.91%,粉砂被压实了1.19%,沉积地层平均被压实了1%。无论是黏土质粉砂还是粉砂,孔隙度与沉积地层深度呈负指数函数关系,黏粒含量愈高,孔隙水则愈难以排出,覆盖在下伏沉积地层上面的表层沉积物对压实下沉贡献愈大。     

现代黄河三角洲沉积层压实下沉的计算分析

1855年以来形成的厚度为15 m的现代黄河三角洲分流叶瓣在遭废弃后的最近30 a内的沉积压实幅度为2.28～3.87 m,年平均压实量达0.1 m,其中黏土质粉砂被压实了25.8%,粉砂沉积地层被压实了15.2%,黏土质粉砂的沉积压实量是粉砂沉积压实量的1.7倍,在此期间基本上完成了三角洲压实下沉过程。下伏沉积地层的压缩量有限,不同沉积年代的沉积压实下沉量相差小,如厚度为20～30 m的沉积压实量仅有0.2～0.28 m,其中黏土质粉砂被压实了0.91%,粉砂被压实了1.19%,沉积地层平均被压实了1%。无论是黏土质粉砂还是粉砂,孔隙度与沉积地层深度呈负指数函数关系,黏粒含量愈高,孔隙水则愈难以排出,覆盖在下伏沉积地层上面的表层沉积物对压实下沉贡献愈大。     

山东半岛南部近岸海域新近系以来地震层序及沉积特征

利用近年来在山东半岛南部近海采集的浅地层剖面、单道地震等资料,进行精细处理与解释,结合前人的研究成果,系统地揭示了研究区内自新近系以来沉积层序。结果表明:研究区主要处在千里岩隆起背景上,第四系和新近系直接覆盖于印支期变质岩系上,由于新近系底界面为向东南缓倾的构造形态,故新近纪以来的海侵层不断向西北超覆,各期地层在厚度图上均表现为北西薄、南东厚的楔形体;全新统地层全区均有分布,最大厚度为15.5 m,整体呈现出楔形体的形态,是最近一次海侵形成的海相地层;上更新统地层的分布受下部构造形态影响较大,在乳山以东海域缺失,整体上在研究区东南部较厚,近岸处减薄,平均厚度约60 m;中更新世沉积仍受到区域构造背景的控制,越靠近南黄海盆地北部凹陷其沉积越厚,反之越薄,直至尖灭消失;下更新世的沉积格局类似于中更新统,也受控于区域构造背景,其分布范围较中更新统更小更局限;上新世时期,黄海海域继续稳定沉降,构造稳定,期间沉积了一层厚度均匀、平坦的地层,厚度大体呈向西北减薄的楔形,等值线变化相对比较平缓;中新统地层作为裂后坳陷沉积的首套地层,其厚度分布特征与新近系底界面埋深基本一致。     

潍坊港中港区3.5万吨级航道工程对海岸冲淤影响

基于水文气象,水深地形等实测资料,运用水动力和泥沙输运数学模型,分析了潍坊港3.5万吨级航道工程对周边海域冲淤环境的影响,预测了淤积趋势。研究结果表明,工程建成后研究区流场变化较小,变化主要集中在口门附近。航道骤淤的淤积厚度最大为0.81m。口门内、外平均淤积厚度分别约为0.26m和0.27m。大风淤积量约为290万m3。口门内、外淤积量分别约为41万m3和249m3。     

晚更新世以来南黄海中部进积体序列与古河流系统

通过高分辨率浅地层剖面声学地层与钻孔沉积地层的综合对比分析,系统研究了晚更新世以来南黄海中部海域的层序地层序列及其对海平面变化的响应。研究显示,基于高分辨率浅地层剖面自老至新划分的6个声学地层单元（U5、U4、U3、U2、U1-2、U1-1）与钻孔划分的沉积地层单元密切相关。MIS4期与末次冰盛期低海面时期发育的2个层序界面（R4、R2）,将研究区晚更新世以来的层序地层自下而上划分为3个层序（SQ3、SQ2、SQ1）,并识别出3期进积体序列与2期古河流系统。MIS5期与MIS3期高海面及海平面下降期间的2期东向进积体序列主要包括高位体系域与强制海退体系域,对应浅海—滨海沉积,厚度分别由西部的24 m与40 m向东明显变薄,而全新世高海面以来向海的进积体序列主要对应高位体系域,与长江源的浅海相泥质沉积相关,最大厚度超过16 m。研究区MIS4期和末次冰盛期发育的2期古河流系统与低位体系域相对应,最大沉积厚度分别超过36 m与24 m,均与长江及黄河密切相关,影响范围延伸至黄海槽及其以东海域,尤其末次冰盛期最远可达济州岛附近海域。     

Size-fractionated uranium isotopes in surface waters in the Jiulong Estuary in China

Surface water was collected from the Jiulong Estuary for determination of activity concentrations of uranium isotopes in different size fractions, namely, greater than 53, 10 -53, 2 - 10, 0.4 -2 μm, 10 000 u -0.4 μm and less than 10 000 u fractions by microfihration and cross-flow uhrafiltration technologies. Results indicated that most of the dissolved uranium （ 〈 0.4 μm） exis- ted in the low molecular mass fraction （ 〈 10 000 u）, and the colloidal uranium-238 （10 000 u -0.4 μm） only contributed less than 1% of the dissolved uranium-238. The fractions of colloidal uranium in the dissolved phases decreased with the increasing sa- linity. A positive linear relationship between uranium-238 activities and salinities was observed for the dissolved, colloidal and low molecular mass fractions, indicating a conservative behavior of uranium in the Jiulong Estuary. In the particulate phases （ 〉 0.4 μm）, the partitioning of uranium isotopes among different size fractions was controlled by the partitioning of particle concentrations. In the regions with salinities below 20, the partitioning of uranium-238 among different size fractions was as follows： 10 - 53 μm 〉 2 - 10 μm 〉 0.4 - 2 μm greater than above 53 μm. However, the order at the offshore station with salinities above 30 changed as follows ： 0.4 - 2 μm 〉 10 - 53 μm 〉 2 - 10 μm greater than above 53 μm. The fraction of the 0.4 - 2 μm particles increased at the offshore station, suggesting the increased contribution of the authigenic uranium. The activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in the dissolved phases, including the low molecular mass fraction and the colloidal fraction, was larger than unity, showing the occurrence of excess uranium-234. In contrast, the activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in all size fractions of the particulate phase was close to the equilibrium value （1.0）. The observed different values of the activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in the dissolved phase and the partic     

Recent advances in marine technology in Canada

Much of the recent Canadian activity in marine technology has focused on development of capabilities in Arctic waters, and on the update and replacement of naval vessels. This paper describes some of the significant projects and programs now under way, and suggests future research and development requirements.     

一氧化氮在浮游植物中的研究进展

对一氧化氮在浮游植物中的研究进展进行了归纳,总结了一氧化氮对浮游植物生长的影响,探讨了浮游植物中一氧化氮的产生机制,并对今后的研究重点提出展望。     

Challenges in cross-sectoral marine protection in Europe

Marine environment protection in Europe faces a number of challenges. One is the coordination of relevant sectoral policies — such as agricultural and fisheries policies — with regard to marine protection objectives. The question in the following is on how marine protection issues can be more closely integrated in sectoral policies under the conditions prevailing at present. In particular the strength and weaknesses of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) as the key instrument for marine environment protection in Europe are analyzed in this context. In particular, the MSFD does not adequately address all sectors and policies which are relevant to marine environment protection. One possible means of giving the MSFD greater influences on other policies of relevance to marine waters is to integrate the objectives established under the MSFD in the European maritime policy. The aim should be to require the further development of sectoral policies to take unrestricted account of the objectives of the MSFD implementation process. But also other instruments of marine policy such as maritime spatial planning and marine protected areas are crucial to advance the protection of European seas.     

夏季珠江口沉积物中营养盐剖面分布和界面交换通量

通过对夏季珠江口区域沉积物间隙水营养盐剖面分析,调查了营养盐含量分布和特征,探讨了有机物的降解特性、营养盐的底部通量估算和作用.结果表明,珠江口沉积物间隙水中营养盐以高含量铵盐为主要的存在形式,沉积物中有机物的降解反应主要在厌氧状态下进行,底部水体铵盐的增加来源于底部沉积物有机质的降解释放,而且对水体的营养盐循环有较大的贡献.     

Recent progress in submarine geosciences in China

In China submarine geosciences represents a newly established discipline of oceanography, focusing on the oceanic lithosphere, and its interface with the hydrosphere and biosphere. Recently, supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program and other high-tech development projects, significant progress has been made in the development of advanced technologies and equipment. This en- ables the scientists in China to carry out explorations of the international seabed area in the Pacific Ocean and on the Southwest Indian Ridge. In addition, they have been active in the research activities associated the mid-ocean ridges and western Pacific marginal seas. It is anticipated that this research field will continue to be highly fruitful in the near future.     

湄洲湾夏季的初级生产力

湄洲湾１９９２年夏季的叶绿素ａ，三磷酸腺苷，碳比积累速率，初级生产力的变化范围和均值分别为０．４５－４．７２，１．４９ｍｇ／ｍ＾３；０．１２－１．０７，０．３１μｇ／ｄｍ＾３；０．０６－０．５８，０．３４ｄ＾－１；０．０７－０．３４，０．２１ｍ／（ｍ＾２．ｄ）。叶绿素ａ与三磷酸腺苷之间。初级生产力与碳比积累速率之间均呈正相关关系。叶绿素ａ三磷本能腺苷的比值为４．８，湄洲湾夏季浮游植物的生长受氮不足     

Seasonality in nutrient concentrations in Galveston Bay

In order to investigate factors controlling nutrient cycling in the shallow and turbid coastal ecosystem of Galveston Bay, data from: (1) the Texas Water Commission (TWC) database 1980–1989, and (2) salinity transects in 1989 and 1993 are presented and analyzed. Statistical regression and time-series analysis were carried out on data acquired by TWC between 1980 and 1989, in an attempt to establish seasonally of nutrient and chlorophyll-a (chl.-a.) concentrations in the bay and to determine factors which regulate these concentrations.A strong seasonality was found for phosphorus and chl.-a. in the upper and mid-bay stations. A recurring maximum for phosphate occurred in September and a chl.-a. maximum occurred regularly in March–April. It is hypothesized that benthic regeneration of phosphorus at the end of summer is responsible for the phosphate maximum. The inverse correlation of the partition coefficient (K_d) for phosphate with the concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM), coupled to a strong enrichment of phosphate in suspended particles at low SPM concentrations, indicates additional control by geochemical and physical processes such as particle sorting and/or particle-colloid interactions. Nitrate is inversely correlated with salinity at the upper and mid-bay stations, indicating the Trinity River is a major source.Nutrient concentrations in the lower bay (East and West Bay stations) are considerably lower and less predictable, as they are not correlated with salinity or temperature. Data from the 1989 and 1993 transects confirm the yearly maximum in phosphate concentration in late summer months, with peak concentrations in the upper Trinity Bay. It is concluded that despite possible phosphate buffering by physical and geochemical mechanisms, relatively large concentration maxima recur regularly every year during the summer, possibly caused by a benthic source of phosphate.