高速铁路运行引发场地振动的空沟隔振分析

为研究高速列车作用下,层状地基中空沟对场地振动的隔振效果,基于车辆-轨道耦合动力学理论及有限元法,对建立完善高速车辆-无砟轨道-地基耦合系统动力学模型进行仿真计算,分析设置空沟对场地振动的影响,并探讨了空沟的深度、位置、宽度以及列车速度的影响.结果表明:设置空沟加强了沟前场地的振动,但可使空沟后方地基的竖向和水平振动水...     

循环荷载作用下红黏土累积变形研究

通过GDS动三轴设备对赣南红黏土进行了一系列排水条件下的大次数循环试验,研究不同循环应力比、固结应力比及围压对赣南红黏土累积变形特性的影响。结果表明：在不同固结应力比、固结压力和循环应力比条件下,红黏土的累积应变都呈现出先迅速累积,后增长变缓,最终稳定的趋势;在一定的循环次数之后,不同初始固结应力和不同初始应力比条件下累积应变与循环次数之间的变形规律呈现为线性关系,且初始固结应力和初始固结应力比越小,其线性相关性越好;不同循环应力比下赣南红黏土的平均累积应变速率与循环次数之间也呈现出明显的线性关系。此外,基于以上关系建立了赣南红黏土在长期循环荷载作用下的累积变形预测模型,并通过对比验证了该模型的可行性。     

倾角仪法测量高铁桥梁动挠度研究

荷载作用下,桥梁挠度测试方法有拉线位移计法、水准仪或全站仪法、光电或激光位移计法、全球定位系统（GPS）法、摄像法以及倾角仪法等,但这些方法在高速铁路列车作用下的高频振动实时动挠度测试方面的研究较少。基于倾角仪测试法,对高频振动下桥梁的实时动挠度测试方法进行研究。室内和现场测试结果表明:该法不仅可以测试梁两端的实时倾角值,而且通过测试桥梁有限部位的实时动倾角,可拟合得到整座桥梁的实时动倾角曲线,通过积分可得到桥梁的实时动挠度曲线,且测试的挠度值不受桥墩下沉及支座变形的影响。该方法可为高铁桥梁健康监测提供可靠的实时动倾角曲线和实时动挠度曲线。     

Experimental investigation into ground vibrations induced by very high speed trains on a non-ballasted track

A field measurement of ground vibration was performed on the Beijing−Shanghai high-speed railway in China. In this paper, the experimental results of vertical ground vibration accelerations induced by very high speed trains running over a non-ballasted track on embankment with speeds from 300 to 410 km/h are reported and analyzed in detail for the first time. Characteristics of ground vibration accelerations in both time and frequency domains are analyzed based on the test data. It is shown that the periodic exciting action of high-speed train bogies can be identified in time histories of vertical accelerations of the ground within the range of 50 m from the track centerline. The first dominant sensitive frequency of the ground vibration acceleration results from the wheelbase of the bogie, and the center distance of two neighboring cars plays an important role in the significant frequencies of the ground vibration acceleration. Variations of time–response peak value and frequency-weighted vertical acceleration level of ground vibration in relation with train speed as well as the distance from the track centerline are also investigated. Results show that the time-domain peak value of ground vibration acceleration exhibits an approximately linear upward tendency with the increase of train speed. With the increasing distance from the track centerline, the frequency-weighted vertical acceleration level of the ground vibration attenuates more slowly than the time-domain peak value of the ground vibration acceleration does. Severe impact of high-speed railway ground vibration on human body comfort on the ground occurs at the speed of 380–400 km/h. The results given in the paper are also valuable for validating the numerical prediction of train induced ground vibrations.     

京津高铁北京段地面沉降监测及结果分析

京津高铁是我国第一条高速运行的城际铁路,其安全运行对轨道变形有着严格的要求.京津高铁北京段经过平原区的沉降区域.地面沉降,尤其是不均匀地面沉降已经引起了部分地段路基和桥梁变形,威胁着高铁的运营安全.因此,需要高精度监测铁路路基和桥梁沉降,分析其原因,进而才能提出缓解沉降灾害的合理措施,保证京津高铁安全运行.本文采用时序干涉测量技术、水准测量技术和分层标监测、地下水分层监测手段相结合,对京津高铁北京段地面沉降进行监测,并利用监测结果分析其差异性沉降成因.结果表明:沿线区域地面沉降发展一定程度上受到来广营凸起、南苑—通县断裂和大兴隆起构造控制;地下水超采是区域地面沉降的主要驱动因素,同时第四系沉积环境、地层岩性和补给条件等共同作用,使得地面沉降发展在空间上存在一定差异性,可以分为微小沉降区(DK0-DK9段)、严重沉降区(DK9-DK27段)和一般沉降区(DK27-DK50);沿线区域地面沉降主要贡献层为中深部地层(50~147.5 m),该层黏性土厚度较大,且主要呈现弹塑性形变,占总沉降量的76%左右,是未来地面沉降调控的主要层位.     

高铁震源地震信号的稀疏化建模

我国每天有数千趟高铁列车运行在两万多公里的高铁线路上,不但会引起高铁路基的振动,还会激发出地震波.地震检波器所接收到的数据中不仅包含窄带分立谱特性的高铁震源地震信号,还包含宽频带特性的背景信号.如何实现从检波器所接收到的高铁震源地震数据中分离出高铁震源地震信号和宽频带背景信号是准确利用该类信号的关键.考虑到高铁震源地震信号与宽频带信号在频率域明显的形态特征差异,本文首次将形态成分分析这种信号分离手段引入到高铁震源地震信号处理中,实现高铁震源地震信号的稀疏化建模并进而实现从接收数据中分离出高铁震源地震信号以及宽频带背景信号.对北京大学在中国南方某高铁沿线采集到的大量高铁震源地震数据进行处理,结果表明：采用形态成分分析并结合分块坐标松弛算法,能够实现实际采集高铁震源地震数据中的高铁震源地震信号和宽频带信号的分离.

     

Settlements under consecutive series of cyclic loading

In this study, consolidation settlements of soft clay caused by cyclic loading and the affecting factors such as number of cycles and stress level were experimentally investigated. A group of samples prepared in slurry consolidometer in the laboratory were tested using cyclic simple shear testing device. Normally consolidated samples were subjected to five consecutive series of cyclic loading and drainage for 60 min were applied between each cyclic loading stages. Cyclic tests were performed with stress controlled two-way sinusoidal wave loading with different stress levels and number of cycles. Frequency of cyclic loading was constant as 0.1 Hz. As a result of this study, it can be concluded that soft clays subjected to undrained cyclic loading and drainage cycles exhibit more resistance against subsequent cyclic shear stresses. The consolidation settlements, pore pressures and shear strains decrease after each stage of cyclic loading.     

高速铁路路基动土压力测试信号的小波分析

阐述了小波分析的基本原理与方法,选用Daubechies小波对某高速铁路路基土压力的现场振动测试信号进行分析处理。由此对高速列车荷载作用下,路基动土压力产生的机理及其土压力的构成进行较深入的研究。     

轨道约束系统对高速铁路多跨简支梁桥地震反应的影响

文中结合高速铁路多跨简支梁桥及轨道系统的特点,建立了考虑钢轨、轨道板以及桥梁结构的线桥一体化模型,采用反应谱法研究了轨道约束系统以及相邻后继结构对所选桥跨地震反应的影响。研究结果表明:轨道约束系统对相邻墩高相差较大的多跨简支梁桥的地震反应影响较大,因此对其地震反应分析时应采用线桥一体化模型;由于受端刺等路桥过渡段结构纵向刚度的影响,后继结构的桥梁跨数越少,对边墩地震反应的卸载作用越显著。     

An elastic-wave-based full-wavefield imaging method for investigating defects in a high-speed railway under-track structure

In geotechnical engineering, defect detection for concrete structure can be simplified as a multi-layered media problem in most cases. The types of defects are mainly identified as cracks inside the concrete, interlaminar peeling, and loose bedding voids. The study of the wave propagation phenomenon in multi-scale layered media and the effects on defects merits investigation. The present research focuses first on the analysis of this phenomenon using numerical methods. The wave propagation characteristics of the multi-layered model with defects are assessed with dynamic FEM analyses under three-dimensional conditions. The analysis is obtained in the time domain and allows the consideration of multiple wave reflections between layers. Based on this analysis, a full-wavefield imaging detection method is developed and then applied to reveal the defects in the under-track structure of a high-speed railway. This testing system integrates the point-source/point-receiver scheme with the multi-directional imaging technique to achieve an effect analogous to that achieved with scanning. It is equipped with an impacting hammer, a series of three-component velocity transducers and a signal capturing unit. To evaluate the feasibility of this system for detecting defects in the under-track structure of the high-speed railway, a full-scaled high-speed railway model test with pre-setting defection is conducted. The data are analyzed according to characteristics of waveform and wave energy. The average amplitude is used to evaluate the defect area. It is concluded that the full-wavefield imaging detection method exhibits high potential for inspecting the defects of the under-track structure of high-speed railways by imaging.     

Prediction of high-speed train induced ground vibration based on train-track-ground system model

The development of analysis on train-induced ground vibration is briefly summarized. A train-track-ground integrated dynamic model is introduced in the paper to predict the ground vibration induced by high-speed trains. Representative dynamic responses of the train-track-ground system predicted by the model are presented. Some major results measured from two field tests on the ground vibration induced by two high-speed trains are reported. Numerical prediction with the proposed train-track-ground model is validated by the high-speed train running experiments. Research results show that the wheel/rail dynamic interaction caused by track irregularities has a significant influence on the ground acceleration and little influence on the ground displacement. The main frequencies of the ground vibration induced by high-speed trains are usually below 80 Hz. Compared with the ballasted track, the ballastless track structure can produce much larger train-induced ground vibration at frequencies above 40 Hz. The vertical ground vibration is much larger than the lateral and longitudinal components.     

Mitigation of railway induced ground vibration by heavy masses next to the track

The effectiveness of heavy masses next to the track as a measure for the reduction of railway induced ground vibration is investigated by means of numerical simulations. It is assumed that the heavy masses are placed in a continuous row along the track forming a wall. Such a continuous wall could be built as a gabion wall and also used as a noise barrier. Since the performance of mitigation measures on the transmission path strongly depends on local ground conditions, a parametric study is performed for a range of possible designs in a set of different ground types. A two-and-a-half dimensional coupled finite element–boundary element methodology is used, assuming that the geometry of the problem is uniform in the direction along the track. It is found that the heavy masses start to be effective above the mass–spring resonance frequency which is determined by the dynamic stiffness of the soil and the mass of the wall. At frequencies above this resonance frequency, masses at the soil׳s surface hinder the propagation of surface waves. It is therefore beneficial to make the footprint of the masses as large and stiff as possible. For homogeneous soil conditions, the effectiveness is nearly independent of the distance behind the wall. In the case of a layered soil with a soft top layer, the vibration reduction strongly decreases with increasing distance from the wall.     

Centrifuge modelling of ground-borne vibrations induced by railway traffic in underground tunnels

Increased attention has been given to ground-borne vibrations induced by railway vehicles and to the effects of these vibrations as they propagate through the ground into nearby buildings.Various studies,mainly based on numerical methods as well as physical modelling,have been carried out to investigate this problem.To study the dynamic response of tunnels and the surrounding soil due to train-induced vibration loads,a centrifuge te st was conducted with a small-scale model in 1 g and 50 g stres...     

Numerical prediction of low-frequency ground vibrations induced by high-speed trains at Ledsgaard, Sweden

The ground vibrations induced by a passenger train at the test site of Ledsgaard, Sweden, have been analysed and numerically simulated through a spectral element discretization of the soil. To calculate the spatial distribution of loading due to train passage, the train is decoupled from the track, and a suitable series of static forces is applied. The track and the embankment are modeled as a beam on elastic foundation, using analytical solutions for loads moving at constant velocity. The results of both 2D and 3D modelling assumptions are thoroughly discussed, in terms of prediction of track motion and of attenuation of peak ground velocity with distance.     

Influence of soil non-linearity on the dynamic response of high-speed railway tracks

The main objectives of this paper are the evaluation of the relevance of the non-linear behaviour of the soil on the track response and the validation of a methodology, which includes these effects through an equivalent linear analysis. The proposed numerical model is based on 2.5D finite/infinite elements method, coupled with an iterative procedure in order to obtain an agreement between the strain levels and the dynamic properties of the materials. In order to validate the model, the case study of Ledsgard was simulated, and the experimental and numerical results of displacements of the track were compared, considering several circulation speeds for the X2000 train. From the results, it is possible to recognize that the stiffness degradation, function of the strain level, plays a relevant role for the case of high-speed railway lines on soft ground. Moreover, the simulations developed with the proposed methodology provided similar results to those observed, independently of the train speed, contrary to what was obtained when the elastic linear model was used.     

Effects of variation in loading protocol on the strength and deformation capacity of ductile reinforced concrete beams

Understanding the impact of prior earthquake damage on residual capacity is important for postearthquake damage assessment of buildings; however, interpretation of such impact is challenging when based on tests using traditional reversed‐cyclic loading protocols. A new loading protocol, consisting of a dynamic earthquake displacement history followed by quasi‐static reversed‐cyclic loading to failure, is presented as an alternative to traditional simulated seismic loading protocols. Data are analyzed from a set of 12 nominally identical ductile reinforced concrete beams that were tested by using variations of this protocol and traditional reversed‐cyclic and monotonic protocols. Differences in the cycle content of the earthquake displacement histories applied to the test specimens allowed for the effects of load history variation below 2.2% drift to be isolated. It is found that such variation had no effect on the beam deformation capacities. The effects of dynamic loading rates are also analyzed and compared against control quasi‐static specimens. Relative strength increases due to dynamic loading are found to be more significant at yield than at ultimate. Dynamic loading rates led to modest reductions in the beam deformation capacities, but the presence of causality between these variables remains uncertain.     

地铁列车循环荷载试验论证研究

地铁循环荷载作用下饱和软黏土的动力特性研究对于揭示软黏土在地铁荷载下的孔压、强度以及变形模式具有重要意义,可以为控制地铁长期沉降、降低运营风险提供理论依据。试验加载形式的不同会带来不同的动力特性表征,需选取最能反映地铁列车真实性质的荷载形式。本文在列车荷载作用下研究土动力特性,采用室内动三轴试验的方法,对比分析不同形式下动力荷载作用效果。试验研究表明:偏压正弦波可以作为简化波形研究列车荷载,它不仅可以确保加载过程中地基土只有压应力,而且能较好地模拟列车循环荷载。     

基于CORS站网监测三峡地区陆地水负荷对地壳形变和重力变化的影响

三峡地区水资源丰富,加上三峡水库蓄放水的影响,水动力环境复杂,对该区域陆地水负荷变化影响的研究还比较薄弱.本文基于CORS站网,辅以少量重力台站数据,采用负荷形变和重力场球谐分析方法,研究了三峡地区陆地水负荷对地壳形变和重力变化的影响.本文研究发现：①基于CORS站网能够监测陆地水负荷引起的地壳形变和地面重力时空变化.②陆地水负荷对垂直形变的影响达厘米级,对水平形变的影响较小,对地面重力的影响可达数百微伽.③2011年1月至2015年6月陆地水负荷对垂直形变影响的年变化趋于平衡,对地面重力变化影响主要集中在三峡水库和重庆市附近.④基于CORS站网确定的三峡地区陆地水地壳垂直形变,与GRACE卫星重力成果在分布规律和趋势上具有较高的一致性,但在部分区域存在差异.本文研究成果可用于水动力环境监测与水资源保护利用,为高程基准和重力基准的动态维护提供支持.

     

Numerical prediction of ground vibrations induced by high-speed trains including wheel–rail–soil coupled effects

A simplified analytical model including the coupled effects of the wheel–rail–soil system and geometric irregularities of the track is proposed for evaluation of the moving train load. The wheel–rail–soil system is simulated as a series of moving point loads on an Euler–Bernoulli beam resting on a visco-elastic half-space, and the wave-number transform is adopted to derive the 2.5D finite element formulation. The numerical model is validated by published data in the literature. Numerical predictions of ground vibrations by using the proposed method are conducted at a site on the Qin-Shen Line in China.     

Numerical modeling of vibrations induced by railway traffic in tunnels: From the source to the nearby buildings

In this paper, a numerical approach for the prediction of vibrations induced in buildings due to railway traffic in tunnel is proposed. The numerical method is based on a sub-structuring approach, where the train is simulated by a multi-body model; the track–tunnel–ground system is modeled by a 2.5D FEM–PML approach; and the building by resource to a 3D FEM method. The coupling of the building to the ground is established taking into account the soil–structure-interaction (SSI). The methodology proposed allows dealing with the three-dimensional characteristics of the problem with a reasonable computational effort. Using the proposed model, a numerical study is developed in order to better discern the impact of the use of floating slabs systems for the isolation of vibrations in the tunnel on the dynamic response of a building located in the surrounding of the tunnel. The comparison between isolated and non-isolated scenarios allowed concluding that the mats stiffness is a key parameter on the efficiency of floating slab systems. Furthermore, it was found that the selection of the stiffness of the mats should be performed carefully in order to avoid amplification of vertical vibrations of the slabs of the building.