西藏冈底斯中部淡色花岗岩锆石U—Pb年龄及其地质意义

对冈底斯花岗岩带中段罗扎岩体淡色花岗岩进行的锆石U—Pb同位素定年和岩石地球化学研究表明，淡色花岗岩锆石U—Pb年龄为133．9Ma 0．9Ma，为早白垩世岩浆活动的产物，岩石属于钙碱性系列，具有强过铝质花岗岩的特征，暗示着本区在早白垩世时期发生过同碰撞事件。这一研究成果为冈底斯地区早白垩世时期发生地壳缩短增厚提供了新证据。     

江西武功山穹隆复式花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年代学研究

采用锆石U-Pb法对武功山穹隆复式花岗岩中广泛分布的花岗质岩石开展精细定年研究,结果表明:山庄、张佳坊和武功山岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄分别为460.5±1.5 Ma、427.9±1.2 Ma和428.0±1.0-462.3±2.3 Ma,属早古生代晚期花岗岩;而雅山、温汤和明月山等岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄分别为161.0±1.0 Ma、143.8±1.6 Ma和126.3±6.4.Ma,属晚侏罗世-早白垩世花岗岩。因此认为武功山穹隆复式花岗岩中花岗岩分属早古生代晚期及晚侏罗世-早白垩世岩浆活动产物。从一个侧面说明华南地区大地构造演化过程中可能存在早古生代晚期构造一岩浆作用事件及晚侏罗世-早白垩世构造-岩浆作用事件,为华南大地构造演化研究提供了新的依据。结合前人在武功山地区花岗质片麻岩中白云母40Ar/39Ar法定年(225-233 Ma)资料,说明本区韧性变形形成于晚i叠世,可能意味着武功山伸展构造的启动时间,而晚侏罗世-早白垩世花岗岩浆的形成及向上运移,使周围的岩石软化乃至部分熔融,使得围岩环境更有利于伸展构造发展,并在早白垩世最终形成武功山花岗岩穹隆伸展构造。     

紫金山地区中生代岩浆系统的时空结构及其地质意义

紫金山地区中生代岩浆系统可以划分成晚侏罗世和早白垩世 2个主要的子系统。晚侏罗世岩浆子系统形成于陆内挤压造山的构造背景下 ,侵位于 15 7～≤ 14 1Ma之间 ,先后由深至浅地侵位于区域中部 ,形成由 3个单元复合而成的紫金山超单元花岗岩。其中的金龙桥单元正长花岗岩是晚期分异相 ,应作为紫金山地区锡矿重要的预测标志。早白垩世岩浆岩定位于 12 8～ 94Ma之间 ,是区域伸展作用体制下的产物 ,形成了由上部火山岩和下部侵入岩构成的具双层结构的岩浆子系统。在火山间歇期 (± 10 5Ma) ,花岗闪长斑岩侵入 ,并大规模地隐伏于该区的深部 ,从而导致本区大规模的铜金矿化作用。早白垩世岩浆子系统中的穹状火山构造、隐伏的花岗闪长斑岩岩体的顶面产状和形态 ,应该作为本区铜金矿床成矿预测的重要找矿信息和预测标志。详细的岩石学研究及时空关系显示 ,才溪二长花岗岩是这两个岩浆子系统之间的过渡产物 ,其年龄 ( 13 3Ma)应该是本区中生代区域挤压向区域拉伸转换的时间记录。     

河北省涿鹿县大河南岩体中A型花岗岩特征及构造意义

分布在大兴安岭-太行山构造岩浆活动带上的大河南岩体,是多期岩浆活动的产物,划分为晚侏罗世、早白垩世早期和早白垩世晚期三期。早白垩世侵入岩由细粒正长花岗岩、中粒正长花岗岩、花岗斑岩组成。本文通过对早白垩世侵入岩地球化学特征进行系统研究,发现该期岩体主量元素具有富硅、富碱、富铁,低镁、贫钙特征;稀土元素配分曲线为右倾"海鸥型",负铕异常明显;微量元素以Ba、Sr、P、Ti强烈亏损,K富集为特征。Y/Nb-Ce/Nb图解上,岩体具A1型花岗岩特征,形成于非造山环境的张性环境,是早白垩世华北东部岩石圈减薄、华北克拉通破坏的具体实例。     

“三江”云龙锡(钨)成矿带晚白垩世二云母花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年及其地质意义

云龙成矿带位于西南“三江”中段,是该区重要的锡(钨)矿集区.本文利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年方法,对带内与成矿相关的二云母花岗岩进行了年龄测试,获得成岩年龄为72.2±0.8 Ma(MSWD=1.9),属晚白垩世.这是在保山地块首次发现确凿的晚白垩世岩浆岩,表明保山地块经受了该时期构造-岩浆活动的影响.通过锆石微量元素和主微量地球化学特征分析,认为其应属S型花岗岩.结合区域地质背景,认为云龙成矿带该期花岗岩可能与腾冲地块晚白垩世S型花岗岩形成于一致的动力学背景,为新特提斯东向俯冲过程中内陆增厚地壳熔融的产物.本次报道的晚白垩世S型花岗岩与成矿带内一期重要成矿期次时代一致.结合前人研究资料认为,云龙成矿带内三期主要的成矿事件均有同期构造-岩浆事件对应,其中早、晚白垩世成矿活动与同期花岗岩体侵入紧密相关,而新生代成矿活动则与崇山剪切带走滑活动关系密切.这表明本区锡(钨)矿床经历了多期成矿过程,岩浆侵入活动和构造相关混合岩化对矿床形成均有贡献,单一的成因机制(花岗岩相关或混合岩化)可能无法合理解释本区矿床的成因.     

内蒙古中部白垩纪碱性花岗岩的发现及意义

作者通过对内蒙古苏尼特左旗地区深成侵入岩类同源岩浆演化系列的研究，首次发现了一个典型的碱性花岗岩杂岩体．在详细的地质填图和室内研究的基础上，按照岩石谱系单位的划分原则，对其作了进一步的解体，并对该碱性花岗岩超单元的岩石学、矿物学、岩石化学以及稀土元素地球化学进行了综合研究．同时，对杂岩体的成因性质及岩浆起源的物化条件作了初步探讨。认为沙尔塔拉碱性花岗岩超单元是形成于早白垩世的Ａ型花岗岩，是该地区造山期后陆壳整体抬升过程中拉张环境下岩浆活动的产物，它的发现将对本区构造岩浆活动发展史的认识具有重要的意义．     

洛扎县幅地质调查新成果及主要进展

在拉康组中发现了早白垩世小型特化类型菊石生物群，为确定该组时代和喜马拉雅地层区划提供了依据。分析结果显示，晚侏罗世-早白垩世早期亚(钙)碱性拉斑玄武岩系列火山岩和辉绿玢岩的岩石地球化学特征与大陆边缘裂谷型拉斑玄武岩相似，表明新特提斯洋在晚侏罗世晚期-早白垩世早期处于扩张阶段。初步确定晚白垩世宗卓组与下伏地层为不整合接触关系，为研究特提斯沉积盆地由被动陆缘盆地转变为“远缘前陆盆地”提供了依据，即沉积盆地性质转化的时间代表了新特提斯洋的闭合时代。在洛扎一带分布着以库拉抗日巨大岩基为代表的大量SP花岗岩，这些花岗岩是在喜马拉雅造山后碰撞作用阶段地壳快速隆升和大规模伸展拆离背景下地壳熔融的产物。     

福建紫金山地区中生代构造环境转换的岩浆岩地球化学证据

紫金山地区的中生代岩浆岩主要由晚侏罗世花岗岩和早白垩世火山－侵入杂岩构成，其中后者与该地区大规模的铜金成矿作用有关。此外，该区的才溪二长花岗岩岩枝是在晚侏罗世紫金山花岗岩体定位之后，早白垩世火山－侵入杂岩形成之前侵位的。晚侏罗世花岗岩的元素地球化学特征显示，它是印支期－燕山早期陆内叠复造山过程中，陆壳岩石在相对低压条件下的熔融产物。早白垩世火山－侵入杂岩以高Al和Ti、富集轻稀土、Eu负异常不明显，相对富Sr,Cr,Ni,Zr,Cu,Au,Ag，以及较低的Sn,W,Rb/Sr值和较低的锶氧同位素初始比值，区别于晚侏罗世花岗岩；它们的Sr/Y-Y和Ni-Cr关系与残余10％榴闪岩或榴辉岩的MORB熔融曲线大致吻合，表明它们是地幔上隆、区域拉伸环境下洋壳物质部分熔融的岩浆产物。才溪二长花岗岩的元素地球化学介于晚侏罗世紫金山花岗岩与早白垩世火山－侵入杂岩之间，它是区域挤压向区域拉伸转换的标志性产物。岩浆岩地球化学证据显示，紫金山地区早白垩世大规模铜金成矿作用，形成于区域挤压转换到拉伸的构造环境。     

内蒙古突泉—科尔沁右翼中旗地区中生代花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

内蒙古突泉—科尔沁右翼中旗地区位于大兴安岭中南段,中生代岩浆活动较为频繁,岩浆作用形成的岩石类型主要包括花岗闪长岩、正长花岗岩、二长花岗岩和花岗斑岩等。鉴于目前研究区地质资料缺乏对整个突泉—科右中旗地区中生代花岗岩较为完善的研究和论述,笔者旨在对全区范围内的中生代花岗岩进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄测定,同时在总结前人资料的基础上划分该地区不同的中生代岩浆作用期次,进而讨论本区不同花岗岩所代表的地质意义。花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄测试结果表明,孟恩陶勒盖花岗闪长岩的形成时代为（241.2±2.8） Ma,杜尔基镇南部正长花岗岩的形成时代为（148.2±1.0） Ma,宝格吐岩体的花岗闪长岩的形成时代为（226.0±1.1） Ma,马家屯花岗斑岩的形成时代为（124.6±1.1） Ma,这与广泛分布于本区中生代火山岩的形成时代较为一致。结合前人研究成果以及邻区的地质资料,认为本区岩浆活动可以划分为中—晚三叠世、晚侏罗世和早白垩世;中—晚三叠世花岗岩可能属于古亚洲洋闭合造山后岩石圈伸展作用的产物,而晚侏罗世花岗岩的形成可能与中侏罗世蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋闭合后岩石圈伸展作用有关,早白垩世花岗岩可能反映了板内拉张的构造背景。     

大兴安岭北段诺敏大山地区早白垩世侵入岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

本文选择大兴安岭北段诺敏大山地区早白垩世侵入岩进行了锆石U-Pb年代学和地球化学研究,探讨该区域侵入岩成因类型、岩浆来源及构造环境。该区侵入岩岩性主要为正长花岗岩、正长花岗斑岩和似斑状正长花岗岩,对其中正长花岗岩样品进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年表明,正长花岗岩侵位年龄为129.5±0.4 Ma,应为早白垩世岩浆活动的产物,结合区内侵入岩与地层相互接触关系,本区侵入岩形成时代为早白垩世。区内侵入岩具有富硅（SiO2= 67.36%~74.09%）、富碱（K2O+Na2O= 8.88%~9.34%）、高铝（Al2O3= 12.56%~16.15%）,低MgO、TiO2、CaO的特点,属于高钾钙碱性岩石系列;铝饱和指数（A/CNK）为0.94~1.31,为准铝质—过铝质岩石。微量元素富集Rb、U、Th、K等大离子亲石元素,强烈亏损Ti、Nb、Sr、P等高场强元素,具有明显的Eu负异常,属于高分异I型花岗岩。岩石Rb/Sr为0.9~2.0,Sr/Y为4.2~7.2,显示出高Sr、低Y的特点,指示岩浆源区为地壳物质的部分熔融。结合区域研究成果,蒙古—鄂霍茨克构造域在早白垩世之前已结束碰撞,诺敏大山地区早白垩世岩浆活动可能发生在蒙古—鄂霍茨克造山后的伸展环境。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.