川北江油—广元一带二叠系—三叠系界线粘土岩 稀土元素地球化学特征及其地质意义

选择川北江油滚柴坡和广元上寺、杨家湾二叠系-三叠系界线剖面为研究对象．利用中子活化法分析了粘土岩样品中稀土元素的组成。通过对稀土元素丰度、标准配分模式和特征参数的比较研究,探讨了稀土元素地球化学与自然环境突变的关系。结果表明．各剖面的δEu、δce、∑LREE／∑HREE-∑REE、Eu／∑REE-∑LREE／∑HREE、球粒陨石标准化曲线图解和La—Th—Sc三元图解一致反映了界线事件的存在及界线时期稀土元素的地球化学特征与环境突变的关系。同时,通过对3条剖面稀土元素地球化学特征与标准剖面的对比研究,认为P／T（二叠系／三叠系）界线事件时期环境不仅受中酸性火山作用的影响,还可能受（碱性）基性-超基性或地外溅射物的影响。研究结果为从元素地球化学的角度探讨这一重要地质时期的灾变事件提供了新的资料。     

黔西威宁岔河陆相二叠系-三叠系界线粘土岩研究--基于X射线衍射、扫描电镜分析

利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜等分析方法,对黔西威宁岔河陆相剖面二叠系-三叠系界线附近的粘土岩进行了研究.在界线粘土岩中,粘土矿物组合为伊-蒙混层矿物 蒙脱石 绿泥石;碎屑物质中有六方双锥石英和锆石,无球粒;多种化学成分在界线粘土岩中出现了异常.据此得出岔河剖面的二叠系-三叠系事件地层界线确定在第66f层比较合适;第66f和68a这两层粘土岩为此剖面的界线粘土岩;自第66f层底部至第68a层顶部这一段地层为二叠系-三叠系的界线层(组);界线粘土岩的成因可能是由于火山喷发、火山灰降落伴随正常沉积物沉积形成的.     

四川广元上寺剖面二叠系-三叠系界线位置在那里?

<正> 四川广元上寺剖面是我国著名的二叠系-三叠系界线剖面之一,李子舜等(1986)和杨遵仪等(1987)曾推荐它为国际二叠系-三叠系界线候选层型剖面。60年代初中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所川北地层队率先对这个剖面的二叠系和三叠系进行调查。此后,四川二区测队、西南地质研究所、四川石油管理局、武汉地质学院、成都地质学院等均先后到此作了大量工作。70年代末杨遵仪教授组织的界线专题小组(IGCP 106项和 203     

山西宁武陆相二叠系-三叠系界线剖面的磁化率研究

通过对山西宁武陆相二叠系—三叠系剖面的孙家沟组至刘家沟组磁化率的研究，发现该剖面自孙家沟组顶部的粘土岩层至刘家沟组底部，存在着明显的磁化率值升高的现象，认为该现象是由于气温升高和火山事件的影响。对比山西宁武剖面与浙江长兴海相剖面以及贵州威宁陆相剖面二叠系—三叠系界线附近的磁化率研究成果，发现三者具有很好的一致性。这表明，该磁化率值明显升高的现象具有跨区(晋、淅、黔)和跨相(陆、海)的区域性特征，可用于地层的划分和对比。根据磁化率的研究结果，建议将山西宁武剖面的二叠系—三叠系界线设在磁化率值明显升高的地方，印17层顶部纹层粉砂岩之下的粘土岩层。     

湖北兴山大峡口浅海相二叠系-三叠系界线附近粘土岩研究

利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、能谱等鉴定分析方法,对湖北兴山大峡口剖面二叠系—三叠系界线附近的8层粘土岩研究发现,各层粘土岩中的主要粘土矿物均为伊/蒙混层矿物,并且各层中均含有数量不等的六方双锥石英和黄铁矿,非粘土矿物为石膏,个别层位中还含有粘土微球粒。该8层粘土岩均为火山物源成因,联系相应的火山事件记录表明该地区在二叠系—三叠系之交经历了多次火山活动。这些火山事件与同时段牙形石的绝灭和延缓复苏呈现一致性。频繁的火山活动是造成二叠纪—三叠纪之交生物及生态系重大转折的主导事件之一。     

陆相二叠系-三叠系界线研究进展

着重介绍了几个目前陆相二叠系—三叠系界线（TPTB）研究的重点剖面及其生物地层学研究进展；分析了陆相二叠系—三叠系界线综合地层学研究现状，包括生物地层学、事件地层学、同位素年代学、磁性地层学和层序地层学等；剖析了陆相二叠系-三叠系界线地层学研究中存在的问题及进一步的研究方向。生物地层方面，陆相二叠系-三叠系界线附近存在晚二叠世与早三叠世生物混生的层位，其中不同类别生物的时间界线常不一致，又由于陆相界线地层中含脊椎动物化石的层位一般较少，以脊椎动物化石（Lystrosaurus）为标准的精确界线常不确定，因而需重新寻找并确定陆相三叠系底界的标准化石。事件地层标志可能会成为连结海、陆相二叠系-三叠系界线地层高精度对比的纽带。     

滇黔地区陆相二叠系—三叠系界线附近粘土岩中发现微球粒

在滇东黔西地区的几条陆相二叠系-三叠系界线地层剖面研究中，二叠系-三叠系界线附近普遍存在1-2层非正常事件成因的粘土岩，并在粘土岩中发现了大量微球粒，依据化学成分，这些微球粒可分为硅质和钡质两类，笔者认为这种含微球粒的粘土岩成因很可能是，陨石撞地球诱发大规模火山爆发，其产物又经历正常喾作用并有非火山和撞击的正常沉积物混入，这些奇异的球粒，可能就是撞击的产物之一。     

南非陆相二叠系-三叠系界线研究进展

从岩石地层研究着手,介绍了南非卡鲁盆地内综合地层研究的相关成果.在生物地层方面,脊椎动物和植物化石的研究在该区具有传统优势,孢粉化石的研究则是在最近几年才取得较大进展,在陆相界线地层研究中菌孢化石在二叠系-三叠系界线处约1 m厚的地层内的富集事件属首次报道.在地球化学地层方面,南非有机碳同位素在二叠系-三叠系界线附近的变化趋势与海相二叠系-三叠系界线地层存在相似的对应关系,可以作为海、陆相界线地层对比的辅助标志.在磁性地层方面,南非卡鲁盆地内的磁极性存在从反向到正向然后再反转(R-N-R)的变化,二叠系-三叠系界线则位于第一反向极性带的顶部.同时,结合目前全球陆相二叠系-三叠系界线的研究现状及特点,分析了陆相界线地层研究中存在的基本问题,指出华南地区可能为突破传统观念的研究地区,陆地事件地层研究意义重大.     

石英中子活化微量稀土成分分析在解决金矿床成因及物质来源方面的应用

通过对五台地区高凡矿田高凡银金矿床中的脉石英、石英斑岩中的石英斑晶、铜钼矿化脉石英和变辉绿岩脉中脉石英的中子活化稀土成分分析,并结合苏联有关研究资料表明:石英中微量稀土元素的地球化学特征基本上反映了其形成时初始溶液或岩浆的稀土元素地球化学行为,可利用来判断金矿床的成因及成矿物质来源.浅成金矿床脉石英显示∑REE、∑Y/∑S_c、∑LREE/∑HREE、Eu/Sm较小,La/Yb处于地壳岩石计算值范围,稀土配分模式基本与酸性岩类的一致;深成金矿床脉石英则显示∑REE、∑Y/∑S_c、∑LREE/∑HREE、Eu/Sm较大,La/Yb低于地壳岩石计算值,稀土配分模式与超基性岩类相似.     

广西东攀P-T界线深水相剖面与煤山剖面地层学对比

从放射虫生物地层学、黏土矿物事件地层学和有机碳同位素地层学方面对广西柳桥地区东攀二叠系-三叠系深水相剖面进行了研究,并与浙江煤山剖面(GSSP)同期地层进行了对比.结果表明,东攀剖面上二叠系-三叠系界线处与煤山剖面具有较好的可比性:①东攀剖面放射虫A.yaoi带可以与煤山剖面的Clarkina changxingensis-C.postwangi-C.postsubcarinata-C.deflecta组合带对比;②两剖面都具有性质相似、延伸稳定的界线黏土岩;③在两剖面界线黏土岩中,有机碳同位素组成都发生了巨减.     

Police, politics, and the right to the city

Space and spatiality have recently been at the core of debates concerning the political possibilities of the city. The arguments advanced in this paper might be seen as an attempt to contribute to these debates through a reflection on the spatiality of (in) justice, politics, and the right to the city. The case of French urban policy, with its focus on distressed urban areas, and the `suburban problem' in France are used as examples to make arguments more concrete.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Delivery of Trace Metals (Al,Fe, Mn,V, Co,Ni, Cu,Cd, Ag,Pb) from the Trinity River Watershed Towards the Ocean

The Trinity River (Texas, USA) contains in its watershed 23 different reservoir lakes, the largest one being Lake Livingston situated in the lower Trinity River watershed and two potentially polluting metroplexes, Dallas and Houston. In order to determine fluxes of nutrients and trace metals to Galveston Bay, a survey that included 24 discreet samples collected over a year and at various stages of discharge was carried out during 2000–2001. Geochemical (i.e., sorption by Fe oxyhydroxides), biological (i.e., seasonal uptake by sinking algae in Lake Livingston), and hydrological (i.e., dilution effects by increasing flow rates) controls were found to be mainly responsible for variations in dissolved trace metal concentrations rather than pollution sources. The Trinity River loads of suspended sediments and pollutant trace metals entering Galveston Bay at Anahuac were <20% of those reaching Lake Livingston, and only a few percent of the total upstream trace metal load is entering the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, during the transit through the 23 man-made lakes and an estuary, >96% of the pollutant trace metal load is lost to sediments.     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

Composition,formation conditions,and genesis of the Talatui gold deposit,the Eastern Transbaikal Region,Russia

The mineral composition of the Talatui gold deposit has been studied with modern methods. Previously unknown minerals (ilmenite, siegenite, glaucodot, wittichenite, matildite, hessite, pilsenite, zircon, tremolite, cummingtonite, hercynite, and goethite) have been identified in the ore. A high Re content has been detected in molybdenite. The spatiotemporal separation of Au and Ag is caused by different mineral species of these elements and their diachronous precipitation during the ore-forming process. Gold crystallized along with early mineral assemblages, beginning from virtually pure gold (the fineness is 996). Silver precipitated largely at the end of the process as hessite (Ag₂Te) and matildite (AgBiS₂). The temperature of ore deposition varied from 610 to 145°C, the pressure was 3370–110 bar, and the salt concentration ranged from 56.3 to 0.4 wt % NaCl equiv. The heterogeneous state (boiling) of fluid at the early stages has been documented. The chemical and isotopic compositions of the fluid testify to its magmatic nature and the participation of meteoric water at late stages in the ore-forming process. Thermodynamic modeling reproduces the main specific features of ore formation, including separation of Au and Ag. A physicochemical model of the gold mineralization in the Darasun ore district has been proposed. On the basis of several attributes, the Talatui deposit has been referred to the prophyry gold-copper economic type.     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

Rb-Sr, K-Ar, H-and O-Isotope systematics of the Middle Riphean shales from the Debengda Formation, the Olenek Uplift, North Sibera

Clay subfractions (SFs) of <0.1, 0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.3, 0.3–0.6, 0.6–2 and 2–5 μm separated from Middle Riphean shales of the Debengda Formation are studied using the TEM, XRD, K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotopic methods. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions in the SFs are studied as well. The low-temperature illite-smectite is dominant mineral in all the SFs except for the coarsest ones. The XRD, chemical and isotopic data imply that two generations of authigenic illite-smectite different in age are mixed in the SFs. The illite crystallinity index decreases in parallel with size diminishing of clay particles. As compared to coarser SFs, illite of fine-grained subfractions is enriched in Al relative to Fe and Mg, contains more K, and reveals higher K/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios. The Rb-Sr age calculated by means of the leachochron (“inner isochron”) method declines gradually from 1254-1272 Ma in the coarsest SFs to 1038-1044 Ma in finest ones, while the K-Ar age decreases simultaneously from 1225–1240 to 1080 Ma. The established positive correlation of δ¹⁸O and δD values with dimensions of clay particles in the SFs seems to be also consistent with the mixing systematics. The isotopic systematics along with data on mineral composition and morphology lead to the conclusion that mixedlayer illite-smectite was formed in the Debengda shales during two periods 1211–1272 and 1038–1080 Ma ago. The first period is likely close to the deposition time of sediments and corresponds to events of burial catagenesis, whereas the second one is correlative with the regional uplift and changes in hydrological regime during the pre-Khaipakh break in sedimentation.     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.     

藏北羌塘丁固—加措地区康托组的时代

自西藏区域地质调查大队创建康托组以来,康托组岩石地层单位广泛应用于羌塘地区,普遍认为其时代为新近纪.笔者于丁固-加措地区的康托组地层中采获古近纪轮藻化石Obtusocharat sp.,O.lanpingenis,Gyrogona qinajiangica和部分孢粉化石,并在康托组底部安山岩中获K-Ar年龄65.1～66.5Ma.上述轮藻组合与同位素年龄指示的地层时代为古新世-始新世,据此将测区康托组的时代确定为古近纪.由于测区康托组之上被唢纳湖组或鱼鳞山组角度不整合覆盖,因此康托组时代的确定不仅进一步完善了测区新生代地层系统,还指示测区在康托组与唢纳湖组或鱼鳞山组之间发生了一次强烈的构造运动.