旬邑地区长6储层压裂生产动态预测模型的建立

针对鄂尔多斯盆地旬邑油层复杂、水力压裂措施效果不理想的问题,在统计分析水力压裂历史数据的基础上,利用数理分析方法研究单因素和多因素对措施效果的影响权重,并运用回归方法建立旬邑水力压裂措施效果预测模型。研究发现旬邑地区长6天然裂缝多,且为高角度裂缝。对前期压裂进行分析,储层电阻率、孔隙度、声波时差对压后产量均无明显统计规律;但随含油饱和度增加,压后日产油量增加、日产水量减小,压后日产油量和产液量随施工总液量、加砂量和施工排量增加而增加,但与平均砂比成反比例关系。采用大规模压裂有利于提高增产效果,在此基础上建立压裂生产动态预测模型。     

大宁–吉县区块深层煤层气井酸压工艺及现场试验

我国深层煤层气资源储量丰富,但煤储层改造工艺技术与深层地质条件匹配耦合性问题亟需解决。为探究深层地质条件下煤储层改造技术,以大宁–吉县区块为地质背景,从该区块深层8号煤层岩石力学参数角度对体积压裂可行性进行评价,并采用室内三轴酸压物模实验进行验证。基于室内实验的基础上,针对此区块8号煤层特征,提出采用“高排量、低酸量、适中砂比”体积酸压工艺技术,并配合“交替注酸、分段加砂、变排量注入”复合工艺。基于此工艺原理开展复合盐酸、氨基磺酸体积压裂现场试验。结果表明:现场11口产气井日产气量累计达20 469 m3,其中10口生产直井最高产气量可达5 791 m3/d;1口生产水平井投产后日产气最高1.1万m3,同时体积酸压工程因素(排量、加液强度)与裂缝监测破裂面积存在较好相关性。提出应进一步提升压裂液排量且应优选在11~15 m3/min;应减小整体用酸量,同时进一步优选酸液浓度;优选低密度支撑剂并优化加砂工艺以提升加砂规模;清洁压裂液加液强度优选在150~250 m3/m;同时应提升配套设备质量,例如提升套管钢级,优化压裂设备等。研究从体积酸化压裂工程角度为该区块及类似地质条件下深层煤层气的勘探开发提供了技术借鉴。      

煤层顶板定向长钻孔水力加砂分段压裂技术与装备

针对碎软煤层渗透率低、瓦斯抽采衰减快、压裂不均匀、裂缝易闭合、瓦斯抽采效果差、无法实现区域瓦斯超前预抽的问题,提出了煤层顶板定向长钻孔水力加砂分段压裂强化瓦斯抽采的技术思路,研发适合煤矿井下煤层顶板定向长钻孔水力加砂分段压裂煤层增透技术,研制了成套的煤矿井下水力加砂压裂泵组装备、定向喷砂射孔装置及工具组合、防砂封隔器及工具组合。水力压裂泵组装备最大排量90 m3/h,最大泵注压力70 MPa,最大携砂能力20%,支撑剂粒径小于等于1 mm;定向喷砂射孔装置通过水压驱动喷射器定向,最大旋转角度180°;防砂封隔器最大承压70 MPa,最大膨胀系数为2。研发的定向长钻孔连续定向喷砂射孔工艺技术和定向长钻孔拖动式水力加砂分段压裂工艺技术,在山西阳泉新景煤矿井下开展工程试验,完成2个压裂钻孔(孔深均为609 m)共计16段水力加砂分段压裂施工,累计实施80次定向喷砂射孔作业,石英砂的体积分数2%~3%,定向喷砂射孔压力22.6~28.6 MPa,共计使用石英砂19.8 t;水力加砂分段压裂单段注入压裂液153.8~235.1 m3、核桃壳砂的体积分数2.02%~2.56%,累计注入压裂液2 808.57 m3,注入核桃壳砂36.47 t;综合评价本次水力加砂分段压裂影响半径为20~38 m,统计分析压裂后2个钻场100 d瓦斯抽采数据,1号钻场、2号钻场日均瓦斯抽采纯量分别为1 025、2 811m3。试验结果表明:压裂装备加砂量大,施工排量大,能够实现连续作业,压裂后煤层透气性显著增加,极大地提高瓦斯抽采浓度和瓦斯抽采纯量。研究成果对碎软煤层区域瓦斯增透提供新思路,为我国类似矿区区域瓦斯超前治理提供技术借鉴。      

地应力分层技术在压裂设计优化中的应用

纵向连续地应力分布对井中储层的压裂施工设计具有重要的指导意义。以卫星油田葡萄花油藏储层为研究对象,结合实际储层压裂数据,优化建立由连续测井数据计算地层最小主应力的数学模型,给出合理的沿井轴连续的地应力剖面。以自然电位曲线的分层为基准,按照一定规则将应力剖面曲线、自然伽马曲线分层取值,并计算待压裂层与上(下)隔层间的"隔层厚度"、"储隔层应力差"、"隔层品质"等参数。利用研究区实际压裂设计数据,以避免压裂过程中待压裂岩层发生"窜槽"为目的,研究给出了不同参数岩层,在压裂排量、压砂强度、单位厚度用液量及压裂方式等施工参数方面的约束条件。实际井例的应用说明,这些条件可有效保障勘探开发压裂工艺的成功率。     

煤矿井下高压端连续水力加砂压裂增透技术与装备研究

针对煤矿井下作业空间小,供电供水能力有限,地面加砂压裂装备无法直接应用于煤矿井下的现状,提出了高压端加砂压裂的技术思路。基于液动冲击混携砂原理,研发了高压端连续水力加砂压裂装备。该装备不需要外部动力源进行混砂,而是通过压裂液流态和流场的变化形成旋流冲击实现混砂和携砂。理论分析、数值模拟和室内仿真试验均表明,该装备在原理上是可行性的,能够有效混砂和携砂。研发的装备整体耐压达到55 MPa,一次可装石英砂750 kg,可实现单个或者多个穿层钻孔的连续加砂压裂。配套设计了三通道并联的煤矿井下高压端连续水力加砂压裂控制系统,该系统通过矿用压风实现开关的开合,与压裂泵的控制系统协同对加砂过程实现远程集中控制,确保加砂过程安全可靠。运用该装备在安徽淮南矿区潘三煤矿进行了5个底板穿层钻孔的现场试验。结果表明:该装备携砂能力较强,仅需开启通道二即可实现有效加砂,最大连续加砂量150 kg,最大注水量316 m3,加砂压裂钻孔瓦斯抽采纯量、百孔瓦斯抽采量分别是清水压裂钻孔的2.38和2.03倍,增透效果明显。研发的装备可应用于煤矿井下高压水射流、水力切割以及水力加砂压裂等领域。      

沁水盆地南部煤层气井增产的储层生产控制探讨

以沁水盆地南部区块煤层气生产井的工程、测试、监测数据为依据,对影响煤层气井产能的储层生产控制因素进行了分析,探讨了优化储层生产控制、提高煤层气井产能的工程措施,重点研究了水力压裂工艺施工参数与煤层气井产能的关系,提出了有利于提高煤层气井产能的水力压裂工艺施工参数。结果表明：合理控制钻井液的密度与粘度,可提高煤层气井的产能;煤层气井的产能与固井工艺中的水泥浆密度与用量呈现负相关关系;水力压裂采用变砂比、控制压裂液、变排量等施工工艺和优化的工艺参数值可有效提高煤层气井气产量。     

用人工神经网络方法分析油藏压裂效果——以靖安油田塞A井区长2油藏为例

通过已有的少数井的试井资料分析得出压裂裂缝参数,以现有的参数为样本建立人工神经网络系统.以影响压裂结果的地层厚度、孔隙度、泥质含量、压裂施工参数、工作压力加砂排量为输入参数,以裂缝导流能力和裂缝半长为输出参数,用BP神经网络训练,推断出所有井的压裂裂缝参数,从而得到整个油藏的压裂裂缝分布特征,对压裂措施的效果有了直观的评价.     

影响煤层气井压后产量的因素分析——以韩城区块为例

影响煤层气井压后产量的因素众多而复杂,主要包括客观地质条件、压裂施工和排采等因素。通过对韩城区块2009-2010年大量施工数据的统计、处理和分析归纳,探讨了影响煤层气井压后产量的压裂施工因素。结果显示:停泵压力、入井液量和入井加砂量等参数与A#、B#、C#各煤层压裂效果呈正比关系;煤层的压降倾角与A#、C#煤层压裂效果呈反比关系。据此研究结果,通过调整和优化施工参数,可使压裂后的煤层气井获得理想的产量效果。      

弱固结砂岩气藏水力压裂裂缝延伸规律研究

针对我国疏松砂岩层出砂严重需要进行压裂以填防砂的情况，对疏松砂岩压裂裂缝启裂有延伸规律进行了数值模拟计算，并重点对地应力、储层强度、射孔地裂缝扩展延伸的影响规律进行了分析计算。结果表明：用螺旋射孔方式完井在疏松砂岩储层中难以获得大而平整的裂缝，防砂效果不理想，定向射孔可得到较为理想的人工裂缝。研究结果对疏松砂岩储压裂充填防砂设计具有较大的指导意义。     

川南泸州地区页岩气甜点地质工程一体化关键要素耦合关系及攻关方向

页岩气甜点地质工程一体化关键要素分析与评价是页岩气高效勘探开发的必要工作.从甜点优选、钻完井工程、压裂工艺等多方面对川南泸州地区开展研究,结合地质工程一体化研究思路,系统分析了工程要素与地质要素的耦合关系.结果表明：泸州地区地质条件复杂,水平最大主应力方向为NWW-SEE向,由西向东裂缝发育程度减少;天然裂缝方向与最大主应力方向和井轨迹有效匹配提高压裂改造体积,井轨迹方位与地应力夹角大于60°、与裂缝主方向夹角大于20°时,水平井压裂效果越好;通过加密分簇、提高排量、暂堵转向、提高加砂强度等技术优化,可保证深层页岩改造体积及缝网有效性.综上,利用工程与地质双因素耦合分析,开展深层井轨迹与甜点预测关系、深层裂缝体积改造与地应力关系、深层钻-完井工程与岩石力学关系技术攻关,能够有效推动地质工程一体化的动态运行,提高单井最大可采量和区块最大动用量.     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861