相似路径台风“摩羯”（1814）和“温比亚”（1818）影响南通降水差异成因分析

为探讨相似路径台风“摩羯”（1814）和“温比亚”（1818）影响南通降水的差异原因,从天气形势、物理量场等方面进行分析,利用水汽通量、假相当位温、湿位涡、垂直螺旋度等物理量对降水进行诊断,得到以下主要结论：1）两台风移动路径主要受副热带高压和冷空气的影响,副热带高压边缘气流为主要引导气流。两台风均有追随200 hPa辐散中心移动的趋势。2）较强冷空气的侵入、鞍形场中的缓慢移动、强正涡度和强盛上升运动、强水汽输送且低空长时间水汽辐合、大气斜压性增强和风垂直切变增大均是台风“温比亚”造成南通更强降水的原因。3）水汽通量辐合增强,低层正涡度中心、强上升运动,低层假相当位温大值区叠加上空假相当位温梯度带,垂直螺旋度增大与正值发展高度均与台风强降水有明显对应。     

11月初北黄海一次海龙卷风暴的中尺度特征分析

利用多普勒天气雷达资料及反演风场和常规观测资料,对2014年11月2日发生在北黄海（山东半岛北部海上）一次罕见海龙卷风暴的中尺度特征进行了分析。结果表明：冷空气、暖湿海面热力边界、山东半岛北部近海岸西北风与偏西风的辐合线是海龙卷风暴发生的天气背景。海龙卷风暴发生时雷达回波PPI最大分贝反射率因子为60 dBZ,高度为2.0 km,最高风暴顶为4.5 km,最大垂直累积液态水含量VIL为21 kg·m-2。利用雷达反演风场进行中尺度特征分析,结果表明：在海龙卷风暴发生发展过程中,低层风辐合对应4.0 km高度上是风辐散,海上有较强的偏南暖湿气流输送到雷暴区。中尺度动力特征：最大正涡度和散度辐合在1.0 km以下,低层正涡度和散度辐合、高层散度辐散是雷暴发生初期动力特征;低层没有正涡度和散度辐合、高层为正涡度和散度辐合是雷暴开始发展的动力特征;低层和高层为大的正涡度和散度辐合是雷暴成熟阶段的动力特征。高空冷空气叠加上低空强的偏南气流,造成局地涡度加大和低层辐合加强,使低层暖湿气流倾斜上升。海龙卷与辐合区的冷空气和暖湿气流有关。     

台风"摩羯"(1814)残涡经渤海突然增强成因分析

利用气象常规资料、自动站资料、FY-4 可见光云图和 NCEP/NCAR 1毅伊1毅再分析资料,对 2018 年 14 号台风“摩羯”残涡经渤海增强前后热力、动力和水汽特征进行分析,结论如下：台风登陆北上后变性为温带气旋,其热力结构呈非对称分布,垂直风切变具有温带气旋特征,台风残涡入海后高空辐散、整层涡度、水汽通量和水汽通量速度等物理因子均明显增强。利用 Petterssen 气旋发展公式探讨入海增强原因,台风残涡入海前,温度平流对台风发展起主要作用,涡度平流对台风发展起抑制作用,台风残涡入海后,温度平流和涡度平流皆有利于台风残涡增强。非绝热加热作用在整个研究时段有利于台风发展,降水释放潜热加热对台风入海增强有正反馈作用,这种作用表现为一种突发性增大的特征。海洋平坦下垫面和适宜的海温是台风残涡入海增强的原因之一。     

热带东风中经向扰动与纬向扰动的非线性相互作用

根据非线性的动量方程,利用多时间尺度分析方法,探讨由经向扰动与纬向扰动相互作用在热带东风中所造成的一类正压不稳定。分析表明:在零级近似下,给出了两个扰动传播的频率表达式,在一级近似下,得到了两个零级扰动振幅的解析表达式。鉴于方程中散度项的存在,当不同尺度的三个波相作用而发生共振时,仅总动能守恒,而总位拟能不守恒,这一点与无辐散大气的结论不同。两种扰动动能相互转换的机制则是涡度场与散度场的相互作用。     

Oceanic eddy-driven atmospheric secondary circulation in the winter Kuroshio Extension region

In the winter Kuroshio Extension region, the atmospheric response to oceanic eddies is studied using reanalysis and satellite data. The detected eddies in this region are mostly under the force of northwesterly wind, with the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly located within the eddy. By examining the patterns of surface wind divergence, three types of atmospheric response are identified. The first type, which occupies 60%, is characterized by significant sea surface wind convergence and divergence at the edge and a vertical secondary circulation (SC) aloft, supporting the “vertical momentum mixing mechanism”. The SCs on anticyclonic eddies (AEs) can reach up to 300 hPa, but those on cyclonic eddies (CEs) are limited to 700 hPa. This can be explained by analyzing vertical eddy heat transport: When northwesterly wind passes the warmer center of an AE, it is from the cold to warm sea surface, resulting in stronger evaporation and convection, triggering stronger upward velocity and moist static heat flux. For the cases of CEs, the wind blows from warm to cold, which means less instability and less evaporation, resulting in weaker SCs. The second type, which occupies 10%, is characterized by divergence and a sea level pressure anomaly in the center, supported by the “pressure adjustment mechanism”. The other 30% are mostly weak eddies, and the atmospheric variation aloft is unrelated to the SST anomaly. Our work provides evidence for the different atmospheric responses over oceanic eddies and explains why SCs over AEs are much stronger than those over CEs by vertical heat flux analysis.     

Effect of Stokes drift on upper ocean mixing

Stokes drift is the main source of vertical vorticity in the ocean mixed layer. In the ways of Coriolis - Stokes forcing and Langmuir circulations, Stokes drift can substantially affect the whole mixed layer. A modified Mellor-Yamada 2. 5 level turbulence closure model is used to parameterize its effect on upper ocean mixing conventionally. Results show that comparing surface heating with wave breaking, Stokes drift plays the most important role in the entire ocean mixed layer, especially in the subsurface layer. As expected, Stokes drift elevates both the dissipation rate and the turbulence energy in the upper ocean mixing. Also, ilffluence of the surface heating, wave breaking and wind speed on Stokes drift is investigated respectively. Research shows that it is significant and important to assessing the Stokes drift into ocean mixed layer studying. The laboratory observations are supporting numerical experiments quantitatively.     

FURTHER ANALYSES OF THE STRUCTURE OF TYPHOON NO.7507 Ⅰ. KINEMATICAL FIELDS

By utilizing the denser upper-air observations from the Okinawa region and the Japanese islands during August 17-23, 1975, the structure of Typhoon 7507 formed in this area has been analysed. It has been indicated that the cyclonic tangential wind maximum occurred in the eastern sector of the typhoon and the strongest inflow occurred in the southern portion of the typhoon about 150 km away from the typhoon centre. There was a deep inflow layer below the 300 hPa level. The anticyclonic outflow was the strongest at 150 hPa and was located in the NE quadrant of the typhoon. The convergence mainly took place in the southern part of the typhoon, while the divergence occurred at the lower and middle levels in the northern sector of the typhoon. The pattern of vorticity and vertical motion field were characterized by the similar asymmetry.     

0414号台风"云娜"登陆后西折路径和陆上维持机制的诊断分析

2004年第14号台风“云娜”在浙江省温岭市石塘镇登陆,针对登陆后的两大预报难点--路径突然西折和陆上长久维持,进行了研究分析.结果表明：台风登陆后的明显西折是由于副高突然加强造成的,地面3h变压、涡度变量、东西风分量变量等物理量对短期台风路径预报非常有用.台风陆上的长久维持与低空水汽通道的连结、高空流出气流的强辐散、登陆后的移向和特殊的下垫面等密切相关.     

Evolution of the upper ocean layer during daytime heating

A one-dimensional model for the evolution of a near-surface layer during daytime heating is suggested. The paper considers how upward thermal fluxes and the Coriolis force affect the heated layer's vertical structure. Experiments have shown that atmospheric heat and impulse are localized in the heated layer, and that the earth's rotation causes deviation of the surface current velocity and reduction of its amplitudinal variations which do not seem to be controlled by the wind speed and depend on the layer's heat budget. Experimental data provide good agreement with model calculations.Translated by V. Puchkin.     

湖北省两类典型极端降水过程气象因子异常特征对比

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析数据和其他常规观测数据,对湖北省两类典型极端降水型(南北气流汇合型、南北槽叠加型)的天气背景及气象因子异常特征进行分析,结果表明：南北气流汇合型500 hPa上形成南北气流汇合形势,低层切变线南侧南风发展异常强盛,地面上冷锋入暖槽形成静止锋,动力因子(850 hPa涡度、200 hPa散度)和水汽因子(大气可降水量)异常特征显著;南北槽叠加型500 hPa上形成南北槽叠加形势,低层或边界层形成显著低涡切变,地面上暖低压强烈发展,动力因子(200 hPa散度、925 hPa涡度)和不稳定因子(700 hPa温度平流)异常度比例偏高。最后给出了两类集天气背景与气象因子异常度配置于一体的极端降水天气概念模型。     

Toward parameterization of the eddy field near the Gulf Stream

Analysis of measurements from two long-term moored arrays in and near the Gulf Stream suggests a simple parameterization of eddy spatial covariance statistics: a parameterization that can be referred to as “quasi-homogeneous and isotropic”. Taking the normalized covariance function (i.e. the correlation function) for streamfunction to be homogeneous and isotropic and assuming motions to be horizontally nondivergent and hydrostatic permit the velocity and temperature covariances to be derived from the streamfunction covariance. Statistical tests indicate that deviations from these assumptions are indistinguishable from Gaussian random noise. The spatial correlation function used in Gaussian with a decay scale of about 140 km, which is only weakly depth dependent. A simple form is also suggested for the vertical lag dependence. This parameterization permits calculation of derived quantities such as the eddy vorticity flux divergence which is discussed in the context of the mean potential vorticity balances for the depth integrated circulation and for the subthermocline layer. The divergence of the relative vorticity flux is found capable of driving two counter-rotating gyres of strength 30–40 Sv on either side of the Stream, as are observed. The “thickness flux” dominates the lower layer eddy potential vorticity flux and is of the correct sign to make the recirculation more barotropic. The lower layer eddy forcing is weak and the gyres exist in a region of nearly uniform mean potential vorticity.     

两类厄尔尼诺事件期间热带大气GILL响应分析

分析了1979-2018年两类厄尔尼诺事件期间月平均热带太平洋海面温度(sea surface temperature,SST)异常、对流降水异常、大气环流异常等特征,发现东部型、中部型厄尔尼诺期间海洋及大气加热场并不是赤道对称,赤道以南热源强度大于赤道以北.大气对热源的响应表现在:1)低层在大气热源西侧出现南、北半球...     

Steady motion and spiral patterns in typhoon

INTRODUCTIONItiswellknownthattyphoonSareakindofmooscaleatmosphericvortexovertheoceaninthelOwerlatitudes.Thethree-dimenSionalstructures(Anthes,1976)oftyphoonS,inwhichthereareaneyeandthewarrncenterwheretherearealocallOwpressurewithcycloniccirculationan...     

两次大风过程的对比分析

文章对两次冷空气结合低气压大风过程进行了对比分析,揭示了海上低压轴向的突然向西北转变而引起的地面气压梯度的迅速加大是造成浙北沿海大风的重要原因之一。同时,揭示了两次过程由于高低层辐合辐散差异而引起的大风区上空两类不同的高低空垂直下沉速度分布特征,指出动量下传作用在地面造成风速的加大主要决定于对流层低层下沉速度(而非中层),这可能是两次大风过程地面气压梯度接近,而实际风力却差一级的原因。     

ENSO事件非对称性成因研究

利用NCEP、SODA等再分析资料,对东太平洋上层海洋的热量收支进行了计算,研究了产生ENSO冷暖事件强度非对称的可能原因。对海表温度异常(SSTA)的分析发现,在东太平洋SSTA存在明显的正偏,即El Nio事件中正异常的幅度大于La Nia事件中负异常的幅度,体现出ENSO事件的非对称性。通过对上层海洋热量收支的计算发现,造成ENSO事件非对称性的可能原因有3个:(1) 非线性温度平流,水平非线性温度平流在ENSO冷暖事件中均为正值,因此增强El Nio事件而减弱La Nia事件;(2) 次表层温度异常对温跃层深度异常的非线性响应,由于东太平洋温度剖面的特性,使得次表层温度异常对El Nio期间正的温跃层深度变化更为敏感,造成次表层温度异常幅度在El Nio期间比La Nia期间大,从而通过－wT′_z项引起上层海温的非对称性;(3) 赤道太平洋的纬向风异常的正偏:由于赤道太平洋存在较强的纬向西风,导致东太平洋温跃层深度异常正偏,进而造成次表层温度异常的非对称－wT′_z,并通过项影响上层海温的非对称性。     

Study on the currents in Lake Biwa (I)

Some numerical experiments by the barotropic nonlinear two dimensional models are performed to study the water circulations in Lake Biwa, especially to study the large anticlockwise gyre in the north basin. The wind fields used in the experiments have no rotational component. This gyre is induced by the southerly wind and is approximately on the geostrophic balance. The vorticity of this gyre is contributed from the vertical stretching of the vortex tube by the variable bottom topography and the inertia term. But the latter term does not become effective if the bottom profile of the basin is flat. Therefore the horizontal circulation in the barotropic closed basin is the “topographic gyres”. The bottom stress has a little contribution to the vorticity balance of the gyre.     

Near inertial motion excited by wind change in a margin of the Typhoon 9019

An excitation of inertial oscillation in the upper layer east of course of Typhoon 9019 was fortuitously observed at three surface buoys deployed during the Ocean Mixed Layer Experiment (OMLET). The observed inertial oscillation was compared with wind fluctuation measured at Ocean Weather Station T (29°N, 135°E) which was placed at the center of a triangle with three vertexes occupied by the respective surface buoys. Inertial oscillation is effectively excited in the mixed layer at the eastern margin of the typhoon by a rapid decrease of wind rather than by prevailing strong wind. It is shown by means of a least square deviation that the inertial oscillation observed in the mixed layer has a period of 23.9 hours shorter than the local inertial period of 24.7 hours. This shorter period suggests that the inertial oscillation has the finite velocities of phase and group as an inertial internal wave. A theoretically obtained ratio of vertical component of group velocity to that of phase velocity, approximately agrees with observed value. The inertial internal wave is excited by fluctuation of divergence with near inertial period in the mixed layer.     

台风的定常运动和螺旋斑图

应用控制台风的大气运动方程组求得了台风的三维定常流场以及相应的气压场和温度场,其中的三维流场构成了物理空间的一个非线性自治动力系统。研究指出:根据台风运动的定常解,台风的下层中心是低气压且是正垂直涡度(气旋式涡度)和水平辐合,上层中心是高气压(反气旋式涡度)和水平辐散;根据台风自治动力系统所获得的两个鞍一焦点很好地说明了台风的螺旋斑图,下层空气螺旋向内,引起台风中心附近的上升运动,上层空气螺旋向外引起台风外围的下沉运动,这些都与实际台风结构相似,文中阐明,地球的旋转和大气粘性对台风的螺旋结构是至关重要的。     

登陆热带气旋的维持条件和涡度收支

本文统计1960—1986年登陆或登陆后移入珠江三角洲范围内的44个热带气旋陆上维持时间等气候特征,结果指出热带气旋登陆后平均维持时间为31.7h。陆上平均维持时间与热带气旋登陆时的中心强度和范围成正比,并选取了比平均维持时间长和短的两个个例作涡度收支等计算,结果表明两者涡度收支的主要差别在垂直输送项和反映积云对流作用的余项上。     

北太平洋夏季热带海区大气运动的平衡关系

利用1998~2003年6~8月的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料(1.0°×1.0°经纬度网格),以对流层中部500 hPa高度层为重点,利用北半球夏季(6~8月)低纬度(0°~30°N)太平洋地区(160°E-120°W)各物理量(水平速度u,v,P-坐标垂直速度ω等)计算了水平运动方程中各分量的大小,通过比较对热带大尺度运动方程进行了简化,并给出了相应的简化方程,认为纬向风在除了赤道这一奇异带以外都是满足地转平衡的,而经向风则在离开赤道30°以外达到地转.由于热带太平洋地区是台风的重要发源地之一,因此弄清此地区的大气运动基本平衡关系有助于台风形成机制的研究.