浙江潮下带海域秋季初级生产力和叶绿素α的分市

本文报道了1982年10月浙江潮下带(北纬27°10′—30°30′,东经122°30′以西)海域叶绿素α和初级生产力的分布。表层平均叶绿素α为1.85mg·m~(-3),10米层平均叶绿素α为1.91mg·m~(-3),略大于表层。文章比较了象山港、乐清湾、东山湾和渤海湾的叶绿素α分布状况。调查海区平均初级生产力为181.17mgC·m~(-2)·d~(-1)。其值低于浙江沿岸上升流海域。     

黄海海区的叶绿素α和初级生产力

本文是对70年代末以来我国在黄海西部海区进行的叶绿素a及初级生产力调查和研究的综述。内容包括叶绿素a水平分布,垂直分布。粒径大小分级,初级生产力的季节变化,山东近岸初级生产力,浮游植物量子产值及光利用效率,初级生产力模式及利用遥感法估算叶绿素a等。结果显示,黄海初级生产力有明显季节变化,春季最高,冬季最低;高生产力区位于长江口外海及黄海北部;大部份海区年平均值在200～500mg·m~(-2)。d~(-1)(以碳计)之间,平均值在425mg·m~(-2)·d~(-1)左右。     

渤海水域叶绿素a的分布及初级生产力的估算

1980-1981年在渤海90个测站上进行了浮游植物种类组成及数量变化、叶绿素含量、海面辐照度、海水光学参量以及海洋水文要素调查,还作了浮游植物光合作用率和同化系数的测定。绘出渤海水域各季节叶绿素a和初级生产力的平面分布图。渤海水域表层叶绿素a的平均值春季、夏季、秋季和冬季分别为1.04,0.69,1.27和0.64毫克/米3。初级生产力的测定采用叶绿素法。通过调查计算得出渤海初级生产力平均值:春季为357毫克碳/米2·日;夏季为171毫克碳/米2·日;秋季为305毫克碳/米2·日;冬季为88毫克碳/米2·日。渤海初级生产力的年平均量为90克碳/米2·年。整个水域全年有机碳生产量约为800万吨。     

珠江口浮游植物叶绿素a和初级生产力的季节变化及其影响因素

基于2014—2015年4个季节的现场调查数据,系统阐述了珠江口水域浮游植物叶绿素a和初级生产力的空间分布和季节特征,并结合环境因子进行了分析。结果表明:研究水域表层年平均叶绿素a浓度和初级生产力分别为3.77mg·m~(–3)和27.86mg C·m~(–3)·h~(–1),季节变化均为春季夏季秋季冬季。径流量是珠江口浮游植物空间分布的主要驱动因素,并且浮游植物的旺发与河口盐度锋面的位置密切相关。径流较小的季节,由于珠江口外营养盐浓度较低,叶绿素a浓度高值区出现在内伶仃洋水域;随着径流量的增加,叶绿素a浓度高值区随盐度锋面向珠江口外移动,而口门附近浮游植物生长受光限制和径流稀释影响并未出现高值。初级生产力的空间分布趋势与浮游植物叶绿素a相似,二者之间存在显著的正相关关系。研究还表明:夏季,珠江口外由于浮游植物旺发消耗了大量营养盐,磷酸盐浓度被耗尽使其成为浮游植物生长的限制因子;冬季,光限制和低温可能是造成浮游植物初级生产力较低的原因。与以往研究结果对比,珠江口初级生产力处于中间水平,浮游植物碳同化系数年平均值为7.51mg C·(mg Chl a)~(–1)·h~(–1),河口固碳水平为261.52g C·m~(–2)·y~(–1)。     

南沙群岛海区浮游动物次级生产力及转换效率估算

1999年7月在南沙群岛海区进行了初级生产力和浮游生物调查,对海区27个站的100m水层的次级生产力作了估算,结果表明,85号站的次级生产力最高,为139.9mgC·m-2·d-1,其次是96号站和44号站,分别为128.2和113.8mgC·m-2·d-1。海区次级生产力较低的站为1号站、4号站和8号站,均少于50mgC·m-2·d-1。整个海区100m以上水体的次级生产力平均为72.9mgC·m-2·d-1。同时计算了初级生产力与浮游动物的次级生产力的营养传递的效率,平均转化效率为18%。94和102号站的转化效率较低,仅为6%和9%;最高为17号站为32%;其次6、22和85号站转化率也较高,分别为29%、30%和30%。     

烟台四十里湾海域初级生产力特征

于2008年5月~2009年12月运用"黑白瓶"测氧法逐月观测烟台四十里湾海域的生产力状况,分析讨论两年月份动态变化特征。结果表明:毛初级生产力、净初级生产力、呼吸耗氧量平均值分别为3486.88±2424.67mgO_2·m~(-2)·d~(-1)、1635.02±1304.71mgO_2·m~(-2)·d~(-1)、1832.50±1510.90mgO_2·m~(-2)·d~(-1),月际变化规律明显,春季、夏季、秋季月份毛初级生产力和呼吸耗氧量高于冬季月份(p0.05),单峰型或双峰型,总体2008年毛、净初级生产力水平明显高于2009年同期;春、夏、秋、冬毛初级生产力、净初级生产力垂直变化大,随着水深的增加而减少,其中0.5m层毛初级生产力、净初级生产力明显高于2.0m以下层,且以夏、秋两季最为明显;P/R系数范围0.84~6.16,平均值1.92,且净初级生产力只有在特殊情况下出现负值,在海洋生物活动旺盛的春、夏、秋季节虽然呼吸耗氧量大,但净初级生产力剩余仍较多,说明该海域能量转换快,生命活力强。     

厦门东侧水道海域的初级生产力

厦门东侧水道海域水体叶绿素a年平均值为 2 .79mg/m3,变化于 0 .64～ 8.0 1mg/m3之间 ;初级生产力年平均值为 2 61mg/(m2 ·d) ,变化于 1 5～ 52 5mg/(m2 ·d)之间 .叶绿素a含量以春、夏高 ,秋、冬低为特征 .初级生产力以春、秋高 ,夏、冬低为特点 ,季节差异较明显 ,尤其春、冬季的差别较显著 .研究结果表明该海域具有较高水平的叶绿素a含量和初级生产力 ,这与该海区地处亚热带 ,水温高、光照充足 ,营养盐比较丰富有关 .     

刘公岛水域内叶绿素-α含量和初级生产力

据1990年11月至1991年8月间调查资料，提出刘公岛水域内叶绿素－a含量的时空分布和初级生产力的分布与变化。指出此分布与该水域温度和营养盐含量密切相关。叶绿素－a含量以春季最高，冬季次之，秋季稍低，夏季最低。年变幅为0．21～2．45mg／m3，年平均值为1．02mg／m3。初级生产力以夏季最高，春季次之，秋季略低，冬季最低，年变幅为33．40～512．72mg·c／m2·d，年平均值为181．15mg·c／m2·d。     

厦门海沧沿岸水域初级生产力及其与环境的关系

1994-1995年,对厦门海沧沿岸水域初级生产力进行4个季节调查。该水域初级生产力全年平均为194．6mgC·（m2·d）-1,呈双峰型的季节变化。与九龙江口相比,厦门西港年平均初级生产力略高,这与其叶绿素α含量较高有关。九龙江口的初级生产力受海水盐度影响较大,在不同季节均呈现沿径流方向递增的趋势。海沧沿岸水域氮磷浓度比值较高,其初级生产力受水域磷含量不足所限制。     

山东近岸水域的初级生产力

近几年来,我们对山东近岸34个海岛和一些海湾进行了综合性调查,本文主要根据这些调查的实测资料.在综合分析整理的基础上.获得了山东近岸水域浮植物的现存量(叶绿素 a)为0.91mg/m~2,初级生产力水平为310.2mg/(m~2·d),基本接近温带海洋近岸水域标准;其分布特征是以莱州湾、渤海海峡、千里岩海区为最高,宫家岛、鸭岛海区为最低;季节变化显著,主要显示双峰型特征.根据初级生产力的测定结果,我们对山东近岸水域潜在的各级生物生产力做出了初步估算,旨在为山东近岸水域开展海水增养殖,合理开发海洋资源提供科学依据.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,