海泡石应用于调湿材料的研究

为寻找合适的湿度调节材料,本文对海泡石及海泡石复合样品进行了吸湿能力和放湿能力测试。与坡缕石比较,10g200目海泡石样品可以将10L密闭容器的湿度从70%降至4%,吸湿能力强于同样条件下的坡缕石。海泡石(10g)的吸、放湿能力经过3次吸、放湿实验后有所减弱,最后一次吸湿量达0.4g,放湿量达0.15g。实验还发现,30g海泡石和白水泥复合样品可以使10L容器内部的湿度稳定在40%～50%,因此,海泡石可以用作室内湿度调节的建筑材料。     

多孔结构无机材料比表面积和孔径分布对调湿性的影响

测试海泡石、沸石、硅藻土和坡缕石粘土的孔径和比表面积,研究其孔径和比表面积与吸放湿能力的对应关系.利用氮气等温吸附对孔隙结构进行测试、分析,通过BET法计算得出其比表面积分别为81.56、2.46、1.68和187.70 m2/g,平均孔径分别为8.53、18.20、31.57和11.79 nm.在温度25℃相对湿度分别为75%和35%的条件下进行吸放湿试验,4种样品的最大吸湿量分别为5.6%、2.2%、1.8%和6.0%,放湿量分别为4.4%、1.8%、1.6%、5.0%.数据对比发现,比表面积大且孔径分布符合在相应温湿度下以Kelvin公式计算出的孔径分布特点的矿物材料,如海泡石,吸放湿能力强.     

新书介绍

《中国超硬材料新技术与进展》；《中国勘探工程技术发展史集》；新版《简明岩土工程勘察设计手册》和《简明岩土工程监理手册》；《地下工程进展2003》；《微机在勘查与基础工程中的应用》。     

新书介绍

《中国超硬材料新技术与进展》；《中国勘探工程技术发展史集》；新版《简明岩土工程勘察设计手册》和《简明岩土工程监理手册》；《地下工程进展2003》；《微机在勘查与基础工程中的应用》。     

新书介绍

《中国超硬材料新技术与进展》；《中国勘探工程技术发展史集》；新版《简明岩土工程勘察设计手册》和《简明岩土工程监下手册》；《地下工程进展2003》；《微机在勘查与基础工程中的应用》。     

膨润土在土木工程中的应用与机理

由于膨润土中蒙脱石矿物特殊的晶体结构,使其具备了许多优良的技术物理特性。从而使膨润土作为各种地下工程结构和屋面的防水材料、岩土裂隙灌浆材料、槽孔护壁稳定材料以及矿岩防灭火材料等,在土木工程中得到日益广泛的应用。并显示出良好的应用前景。     

地下工程震波技术与应用

激发的震波在工程岩土体中传播，检测其波动力学参数，来测试岩土体的工程力学性质。原位震波波速测试技术可以对井巷的岩体模量，支护选型，围岩性质进行检测；利用地震勘探，面波勘探方法可以对矿层厚度，超前探测等方面进行有效检测；震波CT、导波勘探等探测方法对于采面内的地质异常探测有较好的针对性；通过声发射检测技术可以解决地下工程安全问题。实际应用说明，震波探测技术从地下工程的开拓掘进，采场形成到采后管理等过程中有着广泛的应用前景。一些技术已作为地下工程中的日常工作加以应用，但进一步的生产应用还需深入研究。     

新书介绍

《中国超硬材料新技术与进展》；《中国勘探工程技术发展史集》；新版《简明岩土工程勘察设计手册》和《简明岩土工程监理手册》；《地下工程进展2003》；《微机在勘查与基础工程中的应用》；《定向斜井与水平井钻井的地质导向技术》。     

小导管预注浆技术

在围岩自稳能力差或无自稳能力地层中开挖隧道及地下工程,提出了预注浆机理与分类、参数选择,材料选择与配比等关键问题进行综述,展示了注浆在工程中应用的广阔前景。     

天然黏土矿物和腐殖酸对纳米乳化油吸持的实验研究

为探讨天然黏土矿物及有机质对纳米乳化油在多孔介质中迁移滞留的影响，本文选取高岭石和蒙脱石这两种黏土矿物以及有机质的典型代表腐殖酸，开展了单一矿物、有机质及有机矿质复合物对纳米乳化油的吸持批实验研究，并运用比表面积全分析、扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)等技术手段探讨了吸持机理。实验结果表明，介质对纳米乳化油的吸持均符合Freundlich模型；单一矿物及腐殖酸对纳米乳化油的吸持能力表现为：蒙脱石>腐殖酸>高岭石，有机矿质复合样品的吸持能力表现为：蒙脱石-腐殖酸>高岭石-腐殖酸，且均大于其对应的单一样品，出现了“1+1>2”的现象，表明介质组成越复杂，对纳米乳化油的吸持滞留程度越大。进一步分析证实，纳米乳化油主要通过氢键和疏水作用吸持在矿物和腐殖酸表面，表面结构性质是高岭石和蒙脱石吸持过程中的主导因素，因此蒙脱石具有更强的吸持能力，而腐殖酸的吸持主要通过颗粒间聚集作用来实现；对于复合样品，吸持主要通过氢键、配体交换和疏水作用结合来实现。腐殖酸与矿物的复合会增加吸持位点并且增强矿物表面疏水性，从而促进吸持。腐殖酸与纳米乳化油的共吸...     

Variable temperature and moisture conditions in Yungang Grottoes,China, and their impacts on ancient sculptures

Deterioration of grottoes induced by the negative impacts of the variable temperature and moisture conditions has been an important issue in the conservation of heritage sites in China. In this case study, the spatial distributions and varying patterns of moisture and temperature in the caves of Yungang Grottoes, China, were investigated. The relative air humidity was approximately 100 % in the deep zone of the unsaturated surrounding rocks of the grottoes where the temperature remained almost steady at around 9.4 °C. However, the indoor air temperature, relative humidity, and rock surface temperature in the caves varied significantly because of the active exchange of the air with the outside atmosphere. The condensation water appeared on cave walls in the summer when the dew point in the air was higher than the rock surface temperature. Preliminary assessments with a special collection device indicated that the thickness of the transient condensation water could reach 0.03–0.10 mm on the back wall of a cave. The occurrence of this condensation water is expected to worsen salt deterioration of the sculptures in the grottoes. As revealed by long-term observations, a wooden building in front of a cave can weaken the indoor air temperature fluctuation and reduce the condensation water, and consequently, prevent the negative effects of the microclimate for the sculptures.     

室内空气中甲醛和苯与温湿度及大气压关系的统计分析

采用国家标准分析方法,对室内空气中由装修材料和家居用品释放出的甲醛和苯含量进行了检测。通过对一年内在北京地区采集的1000余个室内空气检测数据的统计分析,发现甲醛和苯浓度的超标现象比较普遍,尤其在6~8月份达到全年的最高值。室内空气中甲醛的浓度随相对应环境的温度和湿度的增大而增加,与大气压力的关系变化不明显,其中湿度对室内甲醛释放能力的影响显著;苯的浓度与其相对应环境的温度、湿度及大气压力的关系不具有明显的相关性。     

水位波动下路基湿度动态响应及地下防排水模型试验研究

设计加工了室内路基防排水模型试验系统,进行了地下水位波动影响下的路基水分迁移及地下防排水的室内试验研究。通过改变地下水位高度,研究了无任何隔水措施、加入普通砂垫层及新型防排水材料作为地下防排水基层工况下路基湿度的动态响应,评价了公路路基地下防排水基层的防排水效果。试验结果表明,在地下水位的波动影响下,近地下水位的路基湿度不仅随着地下水位的变化作相应的变化,上部土体湿度因毛细作用的存在也有较大幅度的增加,当地下水位较低时,砂垫层起到了较好的防排水效果;而当地下水位较高时,砂垫层内部的毛细水上升高度大于砂垫层的高度,路基湿度产生较大变化;新型的防排水材料能有效阻止毛细水进入路基内部,具有较好的防排水效果。     

湿度影响下莫高窟壁画地仗层吸附水及吸力变化特征研究

莫高窟气候干燥,窟内壁画地仗层常处于低含水率、高吸力的状态,受到洞窟环境湿度波动的影响较大。为了进一步了解湿度影响下地仗层土体中吸附水以及吸力变化特征,本文通过蒸汽吸附法测试莫高窟不同地仗层高吸力段内的土水特征曲线,并且根据测试结果分析土体中由于范德华力与毛细凝聚作用产生的不同吸力的变化特征;同时进一步利用蒸汽吸附法测试了含NaCl地仗层土水特征曲线并探讨水汽吸附过程中渗透吸力特征;此外利用热重分析方法测试地仗层土体中在范德华力与毛细凝聚作用下所吸附水分的特征。结果表明:地仗层水汽吸附过程中土体内大部分基质吸力来自于毛细凝聚作用,土颗粒分子间范德华力仅在含水率极低的情况下为土体提供比较明显的吸力,湿度影响下地仗层水汽吸附过程中土体内渗透吸力仅在外界环境湿度大于地仗层中盐分的潮解临界湿度时才比较明显;地仗层土体所吸附的水分大部分以弱结合水形式存在,并且地仗层中澄板土含量越高,弱结合水临界含水率越大。结论可以为湿度影响下的壁画病害机理以及地仗层中水汽运移等问题的研究提供理论基础。     

A geotechnical perspective of raw earth building

Much research has been devoted over the past 30 years to the development of construction materials that can lower the environmental and economic costs of buildings over their entire life by reducing embodied energy, minimizing air conditioning needs and cutting down demolition waste. In this respect, raw earth is an attractive material because it is natural and largely available. In its simplest form, this material consists of a compacted mixture of soil and water which is put in place with the least possible transformation. Raw earth construction has been practised in ancient times but has only recently been rediscovered thanks to modern technology, which has improved fabrication efficiency. If properly manufactured, raw earth exhibits comparable mechanical characteristics and better hygro-thermal properties than concrete or fired bricks. After a brief historical overview, we discuss the advantages of raw earth construction in terms of environmental impact, energy consumption and indoor air quality together with the main obstacles to its wider dissemination. We also review the hydro-thermo-mechanical behaviour of raw earth in the context of the recent geotechnical literature, by examining the dependency of key parameters such as strength, stiffness and moisture retention on: (a) material variables (e.g. particle size and mineralogy), (b) manufacturing variables (e.g. density and stabilization) and (c) environmental variables (e.g. pore suction, ambient humidity and temperature).     

花岗岩残积土填料路用工程特性室内试验研究

为了研究花岗岩残积土的路用工程特性,通过击实试验、承载比CBR试验、固结试验以及室内基床系数试验分析了该类材料压实性能及基本力学特性,对压实度为92%的最优含水率和饱和压实土样进行了循环加载试验,研究了动力荷载作用下土体的变形特性。结果表明,花岗岩残积土在K为91%～97%时压实功效率较高,提高压实度对于增强土体局部抗变形能力较为有效;采用室内三轴法得到的基床系数K30值为188.25 MPa/m;最优含水率下花岗岩残积土动力变形稳定性较好,但含水率增加会大幅度增加土体塑性变形,降低土的动弹性模量,不利于变形稳定。所以作为路堤填料,应考虑作为受气候与动荷载影响较小的下路堤备用填料,作为铁路路堤本体及公路上、下路路床填料,应在进行土性改良且满足要求的论证基础上取舍。研究成果可为花岗岩残积土填料的工程应用及土体改良提供技术参考。     

莫高窟壁画地仗土-水特征曲线的测定与拟合

壁画的病害对壁画的长期保存和日常维护造成了极大的威胁,水带动易溶盐的迁移是导致壁画病害最主要的原因之一。地仗层作为壁画最直接的载体,其土-水特性关乎着壁画病害的形成与发育。为了研究壁画地仗层的土-水特性,根据莫高窟壁画地仗的物质组成制作了模拟地仗,采用压力板法和蒸汽平衡法分别对模拟地仗进行土-水特性试验,获得了全吸力范围的壁画地仗的土-水特征曲线,并用Van Genuchten（VG）模型和Fredlund-Xing（FX）模型对土-水特征曲线进行拟合。试验结果表明：不同组分的模拟地仗试样的土-水特征曲线有所差异,粗泥层与细泥层土-水特征曲线形态上差异并不明显;同等吸力下粗泥层含水率高于细泥层,在高吸力段粗泥层具有突变性释水的特点;对高吸力段地仗试样土-水特征曲线变化趋势的分析表明,在日常维护中莫高窟洞窟内湿度不应高于58%,湿度宜保持稳定,不应有较大波动;综合全吸力段上的试验数据进行拟合可以获得精度较高的壁画地仗的土-水特征拟合曲线。     

多年冻土地区水泥稳定砂砾抗冻融耐久性模拟试验

通过控制试件湿度,模拟基层实际使用中的最不利湿度状况下的冻融循环试验,分析了冻融循环次数和试件湿度状况对混合料耐冻系数的影响.结果表明,耐冻系数随冻融循环次数的增加而不断减小,湿度对抗冻融耐久性评价结果有明显影响.多年冻土地区水泥稳定砂砾的抗冻融耐久性评价不宜直接采用水泥混凝土的饱水冻融试验方法,采用模拟基层的最不利湿度状况的冻融试验,以10次冻融循环时弯拉强度损失表示的耐冻系数作为指标,评价结果稳定,更符合实际使用情况.     

Influence of temperature and humidity on similar material and its control measures

Similar-material simulation is generally used in mining engineering. The properties of a similar material vary over time in a certain environment. Due to the time-varying characteristics of the material strength, the model and prototype is dissimilar in dynamics and kinematics, which may affect the reliability of simulation results. The present paper conducts block experiments that investigate the time-varying characteristics of the material strength. The paper further investigates methods of reducing the effects of time-varying characteristics of material strength on simulation results and extends the effective monitoring time of the similar-material model in a natural environment and an environment having constant temperature and humidity. The following results are obtained: (1) The strength and moisture content of the similar material have an exponential relationship, which can be divided into three phases. (2) When a similar-material model is laid in a natural environment, sampling and homemade monitoring equipment can be adopted to control the similar-material model’s strength. Meanwhile, homemade monitoring equipment for the relative humidity of the similar material can be used to monitor a critical change in the similar material’s moisture content. (3) An environment having constant temperature and humidity can extend the effective monitoring time of the similar-material model. (4) High humidity can extend the effective monitoring time while high temperature can decrease the effective monitoring time. In an experiment, the temperature and humidity under the environment of constant temperature and humidity and monitoring time of the model should both be set reasonably. Results provide guidelines for setting the model monitoring period and give evidence for the reliability of simulation results.     

On the effect of moisture bonding forces in air-dry soils on threshold friction velocity of wind erosion

Wind erosion is a dominant geomorphological process in arid and semi-arid regions with major impacts on regional climate and desertification. The erosion process occurs when the wind speed exceeds a certain threshold value, which depends on a number of factors including surface soil moisture. The understanding and modelling of aeolian erosion requires a better understanding of the soil erodibility associated with different moisture conditions. In arid regions during the dry season, the atmospheric humidity plays an important role in determining the surface moisture content and the threshold shear velocity. By a series of wind tunnel tests and theoretical analyses, this dependence of threshold velocity on near surface air humidity is shown for three soils of different textures: sand, sandy loam, and clay loam. The results show that the threshold shear velocity decreases with increasing values of relative humidity for values of relative humidity between about 40% and 65%, while above and below this range the threshold shear velocity increases with air humidity. A theoretical framework is developed to explain these dependencies assuming an equilibrium between the surface soil moisture and the humidity of the overlying atmosphere. The conditions under which soil-atmosphere equilibrium occurs were tested experimentally in the laboratory for different soils in order to determine the effect of grain surface area and texture on the time required to reach equilibrium starting from different initial conditions.