冲绳海槽碱性玄武岩浆的起源及演化

利用电子探针对冲绳海槽133站位玄武岩的斑晶矿物、基质以及斑晶矿物中关晶石包体和岩浆包裹体作了化学主成分分析,结果表明,该站位玄武岩属橄榄玄武岩,岩石中斑晶矿物由培长石、普通辉石、贵橄榄石和磁铁矿组成,尚见有少量外来的脉石英碎块,基质成分由拉长石微晶和玻璃组成。培长石和贵橄榄石中含有玻璃质岩浆包裹体和铬镁尖晶石或铬镁铁尖晶石包体。尖晶石的化学成分证明它是地幔部分熔融成因的。岩浆包裹体代表了一种原生的碱性橄榄玄武岩浆,其化学成分相当于橄榄辉长岩。该站位的玄武岩浆起源于上地幔尖晶二辉橄榄岩的部分熔融,并沿着“碱性橄榄玄武岩浆-粗面玄武岩浆-玄武质粗面岩浆-粗面岩浆”方向演化,每一阶段的岩浆在上升过程中都不同程度地受到地壳物质的同化和混染作用。     

马里亚纳南部弧内坡橄榄岩的岩石学及地球化学特征:对弧前地幔流体交代作用的指示

马里亚纳俯冲带弧内坡由于俯冲的太平洋板片的侵蚀而出露了相当于弧下地幔成分的橄榄岩,这些橄榄岩是研究岛弧岩浆作用及弧下地幔流体交代作用难得的样品。报道了马里亚纳南部关岛以南的弧内坡橄榄岩的矿物组成、主量元素以及微量元素地球化学特征。这些岩石具有非常难熔的矿物组成:橄榄石具有很高的Mg,斜方辉石中的Al2O3含量极低,尖晶石具有很高的Cr。滑石、蛇纹石和角闪石(透闪石为主,有少量镁角闪石和浅闪石)则指示了流体在中低温度下对橄榄岩的交代作用,并表明流体可能含有较高的SiO2、Al2O3和Na2O。全岩的主量元素中,CaO和Al2O3的质量百分比含量很低,而MgO的含量较高(干体系下多在43%左右),显示岩石经历了高度熔融。微量元素中,U和Sr的含量较高,相对富集,可能是来源较浅的板片流体化学特点的反映。     

冲绳海槽的矿物组合、物质来源及原始岩浆性质的初步探讨

该区的碎屑矿物有以下三个来源:即陆源碎屑物质;海底火山喷发的产物及少量海底自生矿物。其中火山喷发的碎屑矿物晶形完好,常包裹着一薄层火山玻璃,这些矿物以紫苏辉石为主,其次是普通辉石、角闪石、磁铁矿、磷灰石等。此外,还有许多浮岩碎块及火山玻璃碎屑,在浮岩的碎块中含有斜长石(An=30—80)、紫苏辉石、磁铁矿及少量橄榄石的斑晶。根据碎屑矿物的组合特征将该区分为3个矿物区和3个矿物亚区。     

铁质宇宙尘中的有机分子的发现

于1983年5－7月，利用向阳红16号考察船在太平洋7—11°N，167－178°W海域进行锰结核调查，从深海沉积物中分离出大量字苗尘（或称宇宙球粒）。此后对宇宙尘进行了全面研究，取得一定进展。最近，又利用激光拉曼分子探针测定了铁质宇宙尘中的分子组成。结果表明，铁质字宙尘中除了含有Fe－Fe，Fe3＋O，Fe－Ni，Al－O，Fe－Obr－Si和Si-Onb分子外，还含有较丰富的C－H－O和C－H－S－O有机分子，无定形碳C=C和C=C，CH2，CH3和挥发分子CO2，H2O，OH－，H2S，SO2等。这些成份与刍星尘埃的分子成分相一致。这一结果对于深入研究行星际尘埃微粒的起源以及探索生命物质的起源都具有重要意义。     

网格状化合物模型II建立中的改进：H2O—CO2—CH4—N2—C2H6流体系统

以一切可利用的实验数据为基础的H20－CO2－CH4－N2－C2H6流体系统的网格状化合物稳定条件已建成为模型,对于包含在网格状化合物模型中的一些参数,如逸度气体在水中的溶解热度及热动力常数,可根据对它们最准确的计算结果估计纯净的CO2、CH4、N2、C2H6等气体水合物最适合的Kihara参数,对于CO2－CH4,CH4－C2H6等混合型气体水合物,引入过量吉布斯自由能函数并得到一个与实验数据非常吻合的结果,过量吉布斯自由能被描述为一个修正过的Margules方程,它取决于克分子量和温度。     

西沙群岛东岛浮岩矿物地球化学特征及成因探讨

本文对采自西沙群岛东岛的2件浮岩样品进行了岩石学和矿物地球化学研究,研究表明,东岛浮岩样品属于中性火山岩,SiO_2含量在60%左右,化学组成相当于粗面岩,斑状结构,斑晶主要为斜长石、单斜辉石和少量橄榄石,基质为玻璃质。斜长石及辉石斑晶矿物具有中心熔蚀结构,斜长石形成温度为1030℃-1080℃;单斜辉石属均为普通辉石,斑晶Al_2O_3含量较低;橄榄石属于透铁橄榄石,橄榄石斑晶Fo值为55.40-60.53,从核部到边部各化学成分略有降低,且具有轻微的化学成分环带。从核部到边部Fo值略有降低。东岛浮岩岩浆是西沙地块受到拉张作用,中地壳物质减压熔融形成粗面质岩浆,并经历短暂的岩浆房冷凝时期,拉张减薄作用形成裂谷后,由于压力突然释放,粗面质岩浆沿裂谷快速上升在水下喷发形成浮岩。     

东海陆架边缘北部玄武岩的矿物及化学特征

对东海陆架边缘北部一个站位的玄武岩进行了镜下观测、XRD定量分析和电子探针分析。结果表明东海陆架边缘北部玄武岩斑晶主要由拉长石、贵橄榄石和普通辉石组成，其中，单斜辉石的结晶温度为1108．49℃，岩浆起源深度在42．9km以深。与冲绳海槽和琉球岛弧玄武岩相比，在斜长石An值、辉石Ca-Mg-Fe比例与橄榄石Fo值上均有明显的不同，表明三地玄武岩在成因上有一定的差异。     

包裹体测温在海底火山喷发矿物中的试验与讨论

国内对海底火山喷发矿物中的包裹体测温实例并不多见。本文首次对火山活动较为活跃的冲绳海槽底质沉积物中的紫苏辉石进行了淬火法包裹体测温。根据包裹体特征及类型确定该矿物属海底火山喷发成因,均匀化温度南北存在明显差异,并认为它们是属于不同时代的海底基性岩浆喷发产物。     

马里亚纳南部前弧橄榄岩的岩石及矿物学:对弧下地幔楔交代作用的指示

描述了来自马里亚纳南部前弧的橄榄岩,并对其中的组成矿物进行了电子探针分析,结果显示来自马里亚纳南部前弧橄榄岩中普遍含角闪石,这些角闪石主要为镁角闪石—透闪石系列,其中Al2O3含量变化范围大约为0-10%。橄榄岩中尖晶石的化学组成变化规律与角闪石的出现及其成分有着较好的耦合关系:出现富Al2O3角闪石的橄榄岩中的尖晶石富Al贫Cr;贫Al2O3角闪石大量出现的橄榄岩中尖晶石相对贫Al富Fe3 。这暗示马里亚纳弧下地幔楔橄榄岩经历了两期比较明显的交代作用:①早期较高温压条件下富Al和Ca的含水流体(熔体)的交代作用,消耗斜方辉石,形成富Al2O3角闪石,并引起尖晶石的富Al贫Cr的成分演化;②晚期较低温压条件下富Ca的含水流体(熔体)的交代作用,继续交代残余的斜方辉石,形成贫Al2O3角闪石,并使尖晶石发生富Fe3 贫Al。     

海洋岛群玄武岩浆和地幔源头中的挥发组分

据海洋岛群基性矿物中岩石玻璃和熔融包裹体的成分资料进行了岩体的相关关系分析。资料的原始基础包括代表世界各地海洋岛群岩浆岩的45000多个分析结果。主要的注意力投向挥发性组分（H2O、Cl、F、S）含量,以及相互之间和与具有相似的不相干性程度的非挥发性元素之问的比例关系。分析得出,熔融包裹体的平均成分与取自包含挥发性组分岩石的玻璃的平均成分相吻合,考虑了岩石玻璃较大速度的分异（约20％）。     

琼东南海域表层沉积物常量元素地球化学及其地质意义

对琼东南海域88个表层沉积物的常量元素进行了统计分析,结果表明:琼东南海域表层沉积物中含量最高的两种组分是SiO2和CaO,其平均含量分别为41.15%和15.66%;琼东南海域表层沉积物以陆源碎屑为主,同时生物沉积作用也较发育;陆源物质源区较复杂,主要的陆源物质可能由古红河水系携带而来;因子分析结果表明,该区表层沉积物的常量元素可分为4组,第1组包括SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、MgO、K2O、TiO2,第2组包括CaO、CaCO3、烧失量,第3组包括P2O5和有机碳,第4组包括Na2O和MnO,分别代表了陆源碎屑沉积、钙质生物沉积、海洋化学沉积以及火山碎屑沉积。     

现代海底超镁铁质岩系热液系统与地质意义

现代海底热液循环与洋中脊地质过程一直是国际洋中脊计划研究的热点.海底热液系统多数都与海底玄武岩及其水-岩反应直接相关,而一类与深海橄榄岩的产出及其蛇纹石化作用有关的海底热液系统——超镁铁质岩系热液系统,以具有高浓度H2和CH4异常而低SiO2浓度为显著特征,主要分布在慢速扩张大西洋中脊和超慢速扩张北冰洋Gakkel洋脊和西南印度洋中脊.超镁铁质岩系热液系统在流体组成、构造背景和硫化物成矿方面与玄武岩热液系统有很大差异,主要表现在地幔来源超镁铁质岩石的普遍出露、喷口流体高的H2和CH4异常以及硫化物中高Co/Ni比值.超镁铁质岩系热液系统的发现丰富了全球洋中脊热液系统的研究内容,对洋中脊地质过程、海底热液活动及其成矿作用研究具有重要意义.     

Gas Distribution Features in the Upper Layer of Marine Sediments in the Continental Shelf of the Laptev Sea–Arctic Ocean Profile

Oceanology - Hydrocarbon gases (CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, C3H8, C4H8, n-C4H10, iC4H10, nC5H12, iC5H12, neo-C5H12), CO2, H2S, CH3SCH3, and COS were obtained from various marine sediment horizons at a...     

夏季九龙江口红树林土壤-大气界面温室气体通量的研究

红树林湿地土壤是一个潜在的温室气体排放源.调查了夏季福建九龙江口的秋茄（Kandelia candel）红树林湿地土壤-大气界面3种温室气体的通量并分析土壤环境对其的影响.研究结果显示,九龙江口红树林夏季3种温室气体N2O、CH4和CO2的通量分别是0.27～2.45、-0.28～341.43μmol/（m2·h）和-0.49～17.00 mmol/（m2·h）,表明九龙江口夏季红树林土壤总体上是温室气体的排放源.根据3种温室气体的平均通量及其增温潜力计算它们的CO2当量通量以反映3种温室气体产生的增温效应,计算结果显示九龙江口红树林夏季土壤排放温室气体的CO2当量通量为82.33～674.92 mg/（m2·h）,而CO2是最大的贡献因素.双因素方差分析结果表明,CO2通量和土壤理化性质因林地和滩面而异,CH4通量受林地的影响,但N2O通量则不受林地和滩面的影响.相关性分析结果显示,土壤环境因子是影响红树林温室气体通量空间差异的重要原因,其中土壤有机质、氨态氮和总氮含量是影响N2O和CO2通量的主要因子,而CH4则只与土壤氧化还原电位显著相关.     

Experimental Estimates of Integral Anthropogenic CO2 Emissions in the City of St. Petersburg

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - The increase in the content of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, etc.) in the Earth’s atmosphere is changing the radiation balance and leading to...     

Stable carbon isotopic ratios of CH4-CO2-bearing fluid inclusions in fracture-fill mineralization from the Lower Saxony Basin (Germany) - A tool for tracing gas sources and maturity

The stable carbon isotopic ratios (δ¹³C) of methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) of gas-rich fluid inclusions hosted in fracture-fill mineralization from the southern part of the Lower Saxony Basin, Germany have been measured online using a crushing device interfaced to an isotopic ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). The data reveal that CH₄ trapped in inclusions seems to be derived from different source rocks with different organic matter types. The δ¹³C values of CH₄ in inclusions in quartz hosted by Carboniferous rocks range between −25 and −19‰, suggesting high-maturity coals as the source of methane. Methane in fluid inclusions in minerals hosted by Mesozoic strata has more negative carbon isotope ratios (−45 to −31‰) and appears to represent primary cracking products from type II kerogens, i.e., marine shales. There is a positive correlation between increasing homogenization temperatures of aqueous fluid inclusions and less negative δ¹³C(CH₄) values of in co-genetic gas inclusions probably indicating different mtaturity of the potential source rocks at the time the fluids were released. The CO₂ isotopic composition of CH₄-CO₂-bearing inclusions shows slight negative or even positive δ¹³C values indicating an inorganic source (e.g., water-rock interaction and dissolution of detrital, marine calcite) for CO₂ in inclusions. We conclude that the δ¹³C isotopic ratios of CH₄-CO₂-bearing fluid inclusions can be used to trace migration pathways, sources of gases, and alteration processes. Furthermore, the δ¹³C values of methane can be used to estimate the maturity of the rocks from which it was sourced. Results presented here are further supported by organic geochemical analysis of surface bitumens which coexist with the gas inclusion-rich fracture-fill mineralization and confirm the isotopic interpretations with respect to fluid source, type and maturity.     

The nature and origin of light hydrocarbon gases associated with mineralization in the Northern Pennines

Earlier studies have shown the occurrence of anomalous amounts of methane in rocks associated with lead/zinc mineralization in a number of deposits in the British Isles and Europe. This has led to speculation that the gas may have originated either as a consequence of reactions involved in the mineralization process or as a result of maturation of the organic matter in the sediment or from a deep source. New data are presented showing the distribution of light hydrocarbon gases from fluid inclusions in minerals from the North and South Pennine Orefields which differ from those observed in the host rocks. Possible sources for the gases in the host rocks and the minerals are examined. Based on the close correlation between the distribution of the gases in the carbonate rocks of Northern England and the conodont colour alteration index map for the area, it is suggested that the anomalous amounts of methane gas in the Northern Pennine host rocks are the result of maturation prior to mineralization. The distribution of gases in the fluid inclusions in the minerals serves as a distinguishing feature, and two assemblages are recognized from the South Pennine Orefield, both of which are distinct from that of the Northern Pennines. It is concluded that these gases, trapped at the time of mineralization, originate as a consequence of reactions which occurred during mineral deposition.     

Stable carbon isotope ratios of CH4-rich gas inclusions in shale-hosted fracture-fill mineralization: A tool for tracing hydrocarbon generation and migration in shale plays for oil and gas

Fluid inclusion gases in minerals from shale hosted fracture-fill mineralization have been analyzed for stable carbon isotopic ratios of CH₄ using a crushing device interfaced to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). The samples of Paleozoic strata under study originate from outcrops and wells in the Rhenish Massif and Campine Basin, Harz Mountains, and the upper slope of the Southern Permian Basin. Fracture-fill mineralization hosted by Mesozoic strata was sampled from drill cores in the Lower Saxony Basin. Some studied sites are candidates for shale gas exploration in Germany. Samples of Mesozoic strata are characterized by abundant calcite-filled horizontal fractures which preferentially occur in TOC-rich sections of the drilled sediments. Only rarely are vertical fractures filled with carbonates and/or quartz in drill cores from Mesozoic strata but in Paleozoic shale they occur frequently. The δ¹³C(CH₄) values of fluid inclusions in calcite from horizontal fractures hosted by Mesozoic strata suggest that gaseous hydrocarbons were generated during the oil/early gas window and that the formation of horizontal fractures seems to be related to hydraulic expulsion fracturing. The calculated maturity of the source rocks at the time of gas generation lies below the maturity derived from measured vitrinite reflectance. Thus, the formation of horizontal fractures and trapping of gas that was generated in the oil and/or early gas window obviously occurred prior to maximal burial. Rapidly increasing vitrinite reflectance data seen locally can be explained by hydrothermal alteration, as indicated by increasing δ¹³C (CH₄–CO₂) values in fluid inclusions. The formation of vertical fractures in studied Mesozoic sediments is related to stages of post-burial inversion; gas-rich inclusions in fracture filling minerals recorded the migration of gas that had probably been generated instantaneously, rather than cumulatively, from high to overmature source rocks. Since no evidence is given for the presence of early generated gas in studied Paleozoic shale, it appears likely that major gas loss from shales occurred due to deformation and uplift of these sediments in response to the Variscan Orogeny.     

Glass inclusions in volcanic rocks in the Okinawa Trough back-arc basin:constraints on magma genesis and evolution

INTROOUcr1ONThe Okinawa Trough is a typical marginal back-arc basin, where its oPening began in rela-tively recent years* There is a great controversy about the origin of its initial magYna. haltand acid volcanic pumice make up the bimedal volcanism in the Okinawa Trough. MOSt of geol-ogists believed that the acid pumice was the preduct of extremely crystal fractionation of baseltInagTna, but the others argued that it should com from the melting of lower-crust. Som de-tailed petrolOgic…     

湿地生态系统影响气候变化的活性气体交换通量的研究进展

湿地生态系统是影响气候变化的活性气体的重要“源”或“汇”,随着人类活动的增加和气候变化的加剧,湿地生态系统活性气体对全球气候变化的影响越来越受到关注。已开展的研究主要集中于二氧化碳(CO2)、甲烷(CH4)、氧化亚氮(N2O)和二甲基硫(DMS)等活性气体。本文综述了湿地生态系统CO2、CH4、N2O和DMS的交换通量、时空变化特征以及影响因素。然而,目前对湿地生态系统活性气体的研究还不够系统和深入,对不同类型湿地的活性气体的源汇格局,碳氮硫的耦合作用机制、人类活动和环境压迫的影响等开展系统地研究,才能定量评价其对全球气候变化的贡献,并阐明变化趋势。