1991年西北太平洋的热带气旋

本文分析了1991年西北太平洋地区热带气旋的发生情况、强度变化和路径特点。认为近海北上路径少和无登陆北上路径,登陆热带气旋少和登陆的时空分布相对集中,近海强度和速度多变以及近海异常路径偏多,是本年度西北太平洋热带气旋活动的主要特点。     

1995年西北太平洋和南海热带气旋概述

1活动概况和主要特征1．1生成个数少1995年在西北太平洋（含南海）共产生热带气旋24个，23个达到编号标准；仅一个热带低压，比常年平均数显著偏少，是近45年来最少的年份之一（195年生成编号热带气旋20个）。台风占全年编号数的比例比正常偏少22％。表11995年热带气性发生激与历年平均比较1．2生成时间集中第一个热带气旋出现在《月底，最末一个结束于12月31日。l、2、3、5月份无热带气旋生成；8、9、10月为热带气旋多发期，分别为6个、5个和6个，达到历年同期高峰值，占全平年数的74％。其中10月份比历年平均值多2个；6、7、11月份比历年…     

西北太平洋热带气旋变性过程结构演变及其环境分析

用气旋相空间方法（Cyclone Phase Space,简称CPS）对58个经历变性过程的西北太平洋热带气旋的2 021个样本（时次间隔为6 h）资料进行分析,得到该区域热带气旋在变性阶段的气旋结构及其环境特征。聚类分析结果显示,强的热带气旋更易发生变性,变性开始于气旋非对称性增加,随之伴有高层冷心出现和加强,最后完成于低层出现冷心,变性维持平均时间约28 h。利用美国国家环境预报中心（NCEP）再分析资料对各聚类环境场的动态合成分析表明,发生变性的热带气旋在北移过程中逐渐嵌入西风带,在中高纬斜压系统影响下变性为温带气旋。对于发生并完成变性的热带气旋,其西北侧始终有明显的位涡梯度存在,而且在环境中有明显的水汽输送通道。      

西北太平洋近赤道热带气旋生成的特征分析

1979—2012年西北太平洋存在70个形成于0°～5°N的低纬度地区的热带气旋(TC),占TC总量的8%,其中达到台风等级的个数占64%。而针对此类缺少一定科氏力作用而形成的罕见TC生成的研究相对较少。本文利用JTWC的TC最佳观测资料、ERA-Interim再分析资料,以及NOAA-OISST海温资料,以西北太平洋近赤道TC为研究对象,统计诊断了其年际、年代际、季节分布特征,分析了其大尺度环境背景场,重点探讨了近赤道TC生成的影响因子。研究结果表明,近赤道TC具有明显的年际与年代际变化,并且近赤道TC具有与西北太平洋总TC恰好相反的季节变化。近赤道TC生成的大尺度环境背景场是东北冬季风与其在近赤道地区偏转形成的西北风之间的气旋性环流。对流层低层的绝对涡度动力项与对流层中层的湿度热量项是近赤道TC生成的主要贡献因子,并且相对于5°～10°N生成的TC,近赤道TC对对流层低层的正涡度与对流层中层的湿度条件的要求更高。     

1949—2009年西北太平洋热带气旋气候特征

利用1949—2009年中国气象局热带气旋（TC:Tropical Cyclone）最佳路径数据集,对西北太平洋TC生成源地的时空分布、生成和登陆我国TC的年、月频数分布、强度分布和地理分布等气候特征进行统计分析。研究结果表明：在这61年中生成的TC呈减少趋势,登陆我国的TC数量比较稳定,不过近10年来登陆的较强TC数量却呈现出上升趋势;每年6—10月是TC高发期,强度等级越高的TC生成季节越偏晚,而8月是生成和登陆数量最多的月份;TC平均生命期随强度等级的增加而增大,且逐渐表现出单峰值分布特征;TC频数的地理分布以我国南海和菲律宾以东洋面为中心,向四周呈辐射状减少,近10年来其活动范围有所西伸加强。     

2007年西北太平洋热带气旋活动综述

利用热带气旋年鉴、海温和大气环流再分析资料,分析2007年西北太平洋(包括南海)的风暴级以上热带气旋(简称TC)活动状况及海-气条件.结果表明,相对于气候平均值,2007年西北太平洋TC活动的季节峰期推后了约2个月,源地明显偏北,生成点纬度发生了2次明显跃变,年度TC的总体活动较弱,但个体的强度较强,路径以西北行为主,登陆比例偏大.影响上述TC活动特征的一个重要原因是年内ENSO循环的位相使得上半年的大气环流不利因素居多,而下半年大尺度上升运动、热带辐合带均较强,副高偏北、局地垂直风切变较小和对流层低层较强的扰动活动等条件,也十分有利热带气旋活动.     

近58年西北太平洋热带气旋频数的气候变化特征

基于中国气象局整编的1949-2006年共58年的《台风年鉴》和《热带气旋年鉴》资料,分析了西北太平洋各种强度类型TC频数的气候变化和TC达到最强时的频数空间分布特征。结果表明：（1）近58a TC频数减少的趋势非常显著,频数上存在多种时间尺度的变化特征。（2）长周期振荡特征看,目前低频数的阶段即将结束,未来10年TC个数很可能是增加的趋势。（3）不同类别的TC分析表明,TD频数是明显减少的,而TS频数则是明显增加的;STS频数的减少并不显著,TY频数的减少则较为显著。（4）长周期振荡分析表明,短时间内仍处于TD频数较少时段,而TS频数则是处于增多的阶段;STS和TY频数未来若干年很可能转增多的趋势。（5）热带气旋在生命史中强度达到最强时的位置有向北漂移的趋势,这在频数空间分布的年代际变化上表现明显。     

大尺度背景下西北太平洋热带气旋的统计分析

利用大尺度再分析资料和静止卫星云图资料,对1995-2004年西北太平洋热带气旋（TC）形成的大尺度环流背景进行了分类研究。在这10a期间,有27．5％的西北太平洋TC形成于赤道辐合带,45．6％形成于季风槽,10．1％形成于东风波,10．4％形成于热带对流层上部槽,6．3％形成于斜压性扰动条件下。统计分析表明,斜压性扰动背景下形成的TC在生命史、强度方面均明显弱于其他情况,平均生命史为108．60h,平均强度为39．250kn,其余4种情况平均生命史约为200h,平均强度为70～80kn。季风槽情况下形成的TC每3个就有一个会登陆我国,其次是东风波情况下的TC,斜压性扰动背景下形成的TC必须在南海附近生成才有可能登陆我国。     

西北太平洋热带气旋气候变化的若干研究进展

简要回顾了近年来国内外在西北太平洋热带气旋活动的季节、年际和年代际变化方面的研究,涉及到热带低频振荡、厄尔尼诺—南方涛动(EI Ni(n)o-Southern oscillation,ENSO)、印度洋海盆增暖、准两年振荡(quasi-biennial oscillation,QBO)等对西北太平洋热带气旋活动气候变化的影响,以及ENSO与热带气旋活动年际相关的年代际变化,展望了该领域的研究前景,并提出当前此研究领域中一些亟需研究的科学问题.     

不同数据集下西北太平洋热带气旋变性特征的比较

利用中国(CMA)、日本(JMA)、美国(JTWC)三家西北太平洋热带气旋(TC)年鉴资料,研究了西北太平洋TC变性资料的差异情况。结果表明:(1) 2004—2010年,JTWC在TC变性认定、变性时间判定及变性后维持时间上与CMA、JMA差异较大,而后两家较一致;(2) 1951—2010年,CMA与JMA两家差异主要在TC变性认定及变性后维持时间上,这与目前业务中仍无统一的客观TC变性判别标准不无关系;(3) 西北太平洋变性TC气候特征比较发现,CMA年鉴TC变性比例较JMA低且呈下降趋势,JMA则基本不变;TC变性主要集中在6—11月,2月变性纬度最南,8月最北,8月后南撤;易发生变性的纬度带和区域分别是35～45 °N和日本及以东洋面;TC变性时的强度随变性纬度增加而增强,大陆或近海变性的TC强度弱于海洋上发生变性的TC;完成变性前24 h,TC的强度基本逐渐减弱,变性后CMA(JMA)有21%(27%)的TC经历增强。针对变性资料的差异,建议业务中加强TC变性客观判别方法的使用。      

A CLIMATOLOGY OF EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION OF TROPICAL CYCLONES IN THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC

Based on best-track data and JRA-25 reanalysis, a climatology of western North Pacific extratropical transition (ET) of tropical cyclone (TC) is presented in this paper. It was found that 35% (318 out of 912) of all TCs underwent ET during 1979–2008. The warm-season (June through September) ETs account for 64% of all ET events with the most occurrence in September. The area 120°E–150°E and 20°N–40°N is the most favorable region for ET onsets in western North Pacific. The TCs experience ET at latitudes 30°N–40°N and have the greatest intensity in contrast to other latitude bands. The distribution of ET onset locations shows obviously meridional migration in different seasons. A cyclone phase space (CPS) method was used to analyze the TC evolution during ET. Except for some cases of abnormal ET at relatively high latitudes, typical phase evolution paths—along which TC firstly showed thermal asymmetry and an upper-level cold core and then lost its low-level warm core—can be used to describe the main features of ET processes in western North Pacific. Some seasonal variations of ET evolution paths in CPS were also found at low latitudes south of 15°N, which suggests different ET onset mechanisms there. Further composite analysis concluded that warm-season ETs have generally two types of evolutions, but only one type in cold season (October through next May). The first type of warm-season ETs has less baroclinicity due to long distance between the TC and upper-level mid-latitude system. However, significant interactions between a mid-latitude upper-level trough and TC, of either approaching or being absorbed into the trough, and TC’s relations with downstream and upstream upper-level jets, are the fingerprints for both a second type of warm-season ETs and almost all the cold-season ETs. For each type of ETs, detailed structural characteristics as well as precipitation distribution are illustrated by latitude.     

西北太平洋热带气旋变性的客观判据研究

用体现热带气旋（TC）热力学特征的“相空间”（简称CPS）方法,加入了体现TC动力学特征的两个参数,即中低层风速切变参数和涡倾斜参数,对2000—2007年的222个TC进行检验。结果表明,CPS方法在增加了动力学参数后,可以更好地描述西北太平洋地区的TC变性过程,弥补了CPS方法对TC动力学特征描述的欠缺,同时客观判据的判断结果与《热带气旋年鉴》资料更相近。      

ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE EVOLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES OVER THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC DURING EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION

Fifty-eight extratropical transition (ET) cases in the years 2000-2008, including 2,021 observations (at 6-hour intervals), over the western North Pacific are analyzed using the cyclone phase space (CPS) method, in an effort to get the characteristics of the structure evolution and environmental conditions of tropical cyclones (TCs) during ET over this area. Cluster analysis of the CPS dataset shows that strong TCs are more likely to undergo ET. ET begins with the increment of thermal asymmetry in TCs, along with the generation and intensification of an upper-level cold core, and ends with the occurrence of a lower-level cold core. ET lasts an average duration of about 28 hours. Dynamic composite analysis of the environmental field of different clusters shows that, in general, when TCs move northward, they are gradually embedded in the westerlies and gradually transform into extratropical cyclones under the influence of the mid- and higher-latitude baroclinic systems. As for those TCs which complete ET, there is always much greater potential vorticity gradient in the northwest of them and obvious water vapor transport channels in the environment.     

COMPARISONS OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES EXPERIENCING EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION IN THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC BASED ON DIFFERENT DATASETS

The differences in the climatology of extratropical transition(ET) of western North Pacific tropical cyclones(TCs) were investigated in this study using the TCs best-track datasets of China Meteorological Administration(CMA),Japan Meteorological Agency(JMA) and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center(JTWC). The results show that the ET identification, ET completion time, and post-ET duration reported in the JTWC dataset are greatly different from those in CMA and JMA datasets during 2004-2010. However, the key differences between the CMA and JMA datasets from 1951 to 2010 are the ET identification and the post-ET duration, because of inconsistent objective ET criteria used in the centers. Further analysis indicates that annual ET percentage of CMA was lower than that of JMA, and exhibited an interannual decreasing trend, while that of JMA was an unchanged trend. The western North Pacific ET events occurred mainly during the period June to November. The latitude of ET occurrence shifted northward from February to August,followed by a southward shift. Most of ET events were observed between 35°N and 45°N. From a regional perspective,TCs tended to undergo ET in Japan and the ocean east to it. It is found that TCs which experienced the ET process at higher latitudes were generally more intense at the ET completion time. TCs completing the ET overland or offshore were weaker than those finishing the ET over the ocean. Most of the TCs weakened 24 h before the completion of ET.In contrast, 21%(27%) of the TCs showed an intensification process based on the CMA(JMA) dataset during the post-ET period. The results presented in this study indicate that consistent ET determination criteria are needed to reduce the uncertainty involved in ET identification among the centers.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE INTENSIFYING AND WEAKENING LANDFALL TROPICAL CYCLONES DURING EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION OVER CHINA

Based on the Tropical Cyclone(TC) Yearbooks data and JRA-25 reanalysis data from the Japan Meteorological Agency(JMA) during 1979-2008, dynamic composite analysis and computation of kinetic energy budget are used to study the intensifying and weakening TCs during Extratropical Transition over China. The TCI shows strong upper-level divergence, strengthened low-level convergence and significantly enhanced upward motion under the influence of strong upper-level troughs and high-level jets. The TCI is correspondingly intensified after Extratropical Transition(ET); TCW exhibits strong upper-level divergence, subdued low-level convergence and slightly enhanced upward motion under the influence of weak upper-level troughs and high-level jets. It then weakens after ET. The increase(decrease) of the generation of kinetic energy by divergence wind in TCI(TCW) at low level is one of the major reasons for TCI’s intensification(TCW’s weakening) after transformation. The generation of kinetic energy by divergence wind is closely related to the development of a low-level baroclinic frontal zone. The growth of the generation of kinetic energy by rotational wind in TCI at upper level is favorable for TCI’s maintenance, which is affected by strong upper-level troughs. The dissipation of the generation of kinetic energy by rotational wind in TCW at upper level is unfavorable for TCW’s maintenance, which is affected by weak upper-level troughs.     

北上变性热带气旋对辽东半岛降水的影响

9711(Winnie)和0509(Matsa)是两个登陆北上影响辽东半岛的变性台风,Matsa直接登陆辽东半岛,但降水量仅为穿过渤海间接影响辽东半岛的Winnie的一半.分析其变性过程与辽东半岛热带气旋降水的关系发现,Winnie和Matsa的降水差异与其北上期间与西风带系统的相互作用密切相关.Winnie变性北上期间被中纬度西风槽"捕获",发生耦合,高层正湿位涡扰动下传,西风带冷空气与热带气旋暖湿气流相互作用,有利于对流云团的生成、发展,在半岛地区产生大暴雨的降水雨带由多个β中尺度云团组成.Matsa在北上变性过程中,只是靠近高空槽底,没有发生耦合,高层正湿位涡扰动不强,没有与低层环流相互作用,冷空气偏南偏弱,变性过程中半岛地区只有1个β中尺度云团生成,降水量较小.     

发生在中国大陆的台风变性加强过程分析

通过对登陆台风Winnie(1997)的演变过程分析，发现登陆后的台风经历三个阶段：衰减阶段、变性阶段、重新加强阶段。其变性过程类似于Sekioka等人提出的复合型，变性后逐渐演变为Shapiro—Keyser气旋模型。通过对物理量的诊断分析发现，对流层中高层冷空气的下沉入侵以及对流层低层的暖平流是热带气旋变性的原因。冷空气的入侵使具有暖心结构的热带气旋演变为斜压结构的温带气旋。变性后气旋得到了重新发展，低层维持的较明显暖平流以及与高空急流相对应的散度区和高空涡度平流是导致气旋重新发展的重要物理因子。     

IMPACTS OF TWO TROPICAL CYCLONES EXPERIENCING EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION DURING NORTHWARD PROGRESSIONON THE RAINFALL OF LIAODONG PENINSULA

Both of Typhoon Winnie (9711) and Matsa (0509) underwent an extratropical transition (ET)process when they moved northward after landfall and affected Liaodong Peninsula. However, Matsaproduced half as much rainfall as Winnie, although it struck Liaodong Peninsula directly while Winniepassed through the Bohai Sea. The relations between the ET processes and the precipitation over LiaodongPeninsula are examined. The result shows that the precipitation difference between Winnie and Matsa wasclosely related to the interactions between the westerly systems and typhoons during their ET processes.Winnie was captured by the upper westerly trough and then coupled with it when moving to themid-latitudes, and the positive anomaly of moist potential vorticity (MPV) was transported downward fromthe upper troposphere over the remnant circulation of the tropical cyclone (TC). It was favorable to theinteraction between tropical warm and wet air and westerly cold air, causing convective cloud clusters toform and develop. The rain belt composed of several meso-β cloud clusters over the Liaodong Peninsula,resulting in heavy rainfall. On the other hand, Matsa did not couple with any upper trough during its ETprocess and the positive anomaly of MPV in the upper troposphere and its downward transfer were weak.Only one meso-β cloud cluster occurred in Matsa’s rain belt during its ET process that tended to lessenrainfall over Liaodong Peninsula.     

ANALYSIS OF EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION OF TROPICAL CYCLONE OVER MAINLAND CHINA

~~ANALYSIS OF EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION OF TROPICAL CYCLONE OVER MAINLAND CHINA@朱佩君$Key Laboratory of Severe Storm Research, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Physics School, Peking University, Beijing 100871 China @郑永光$Key Laboratory of Severe Storm Research, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Physics School, Peking University, Beijing 100871 China @陶祖钰$Key Laboratory of Severe Storm Research, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Physi…     

IMPACT OF TROPICAL INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION ON THE TRACKS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES IN THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC

In this work,an index of tropical 20-90 d oscillation(intra-seasonal oscillation;ISO)in the western North Pacific(WNP)was determined via the combined empirical orthogonal function(EOF)method using daily outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)field data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA),daily wind field data(at 850 hPa)from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)and referencing the Madden-Julian oscillation(MJO)index proposed by Wheeler and Hendon.An in-depth investigation was conducted to examine the impact of the ISO on changes in tropical cyclone(TC)tracks in the WNP during different ISO phases.The research results indicate that during the easterly phase of the ISO,under the impact of the northeastern airflow of anti-cyclonic ISO circulation,the easterly airflow south of the western Pacific subtropical high is relatively weak,and TCs generated in the subtropical high tend to change their tracks east of 140°E;during the westerly phase,there is a relatively high probability that TCs change their tracks west of 140°E.This work also analyzed the ISO flow field situation in cases of typhoons and determined that the track of a tropical cyclone will experience a sudden right turn when the center of the ISO cyclonic(anti-cyclonic)circulation coincides with that of the cyclone.