中山市气象局计算机网络建设简介

为配合新的业务大楼投入使用，中山市气象局2002年3月份开始建设新的计算机网络。根据基本业务需要以及考虑未来业务发展方向，制定了新业务大楼网络建设规划：根据实际需求，和中山市多个气象现代化建设项目相匹配，尽可能采用现代最新的计算机网络技术手段，适度超前，     

DBSGP技术在防雷工程中的应用

近几年,气象部门因遭受雷击,致使计算机等电子设备损坏,业务工作被迫中断的事故屡见不鲜.如1994年“6.22”雷电击中中国气象局中心大楼,中心计算机室的大型、小型机网络突然中断,6条北京同步线路和一条国际同步线路被击断,一些计算机终端、微机串行端口、驱动器等设备严重受损.计算机系统中断工作长达46小时,预报业务受到严重影响,直接经济损失达数十万元.频繁的雷击事故,已引起主管部门高度重视.此文将DBSGP系统与DBSGP技术介绍给读者,其目的在于对诸如气象业务大楼避雷装置改造工程作借鉴.     

省气象局成立农业气象中心

省局农业气象中心于3月31日在省局业务大楼成立。省气科所高级工程师徐耀祯同志投标成功,并经中心全体成员投票选举、领导批准任农气中心主任。成立会上,还签订了经济合同,合同规定三年任期内实行奖金包干,中心具有内部人员安排,课题经费落实和经济分配的独立自主权。农气中心的主要职责和任务是:对全省农气业务工作进行管理和业务指导;安排并完成     

小高层建筑物综合防雷保护设计

探讨了小高层建筑物综合防雷保护措施,其中在防直击雷措施中,充分应用大楼本身的金属屋面作接闪器;引下线和接地设施按照标准结合实际情况进行设计;在雷电感应以及雷击电磁脉冲的防护过程中,先对大楼整体进行了SPD的分级安装、均压、屏蔽、等电位连接。而后又根据实际条件对大楼内调度中心进行屏蔽、等电位连接,从而达到综合防雷目的。     

中心台表奖科技人员

今年年初,沈阳中心气象台召开全台表奖大会,对在1993年度做出优异成绩的张景林等科技人员进行了表奖。1993年对中心台来说,是不平凡的一年。全台科技人员胜利地完成了春播、汛期和秋冬的气象服务;顺利地完成了搬迁新大楼和业务切换工作;圆满地完成了中心台承担的区域中心现代化业务系统的建     

省级气象信息高速局域网设计

省级气象信息高速局域网设计 ,以气象卫星综合应用业务系统为依托 ,采用计算机网络新技术以及国际标准结构化综合布线设计 ,系统具备高可靠性 ,实现文字、数据、声音、图形、图象、视频等多媒体信息的综合传输应用 ,满足全省新一代多普勒天气雷达资料、自动气象站探测资料、电视会议及预报会商系统和气象业务拓展的信息传输需求。1　高速局域网设计需求分析省级气象信息高速局域网设计要求 :系统覆盖新建的气象大楼 ,共设有 8个水平配线间 ,每个配线间有大约 1 0 0个信息点 ,连接到楼层内的网络终端节点 ,为每个网络节点提供 1 0 MB/ 1 0 0…     

贵州省气象台业务系统雷害分析及完善措施

从电的角度对贵州气象台１９９５年９月２７日雷击事故原因，雷电电磁脉冲入侵路径进行了分析，提出了完善业务大楼防雷系统应采取的相应措施。     

2005年全省气象工作会在长召开

2005年2月2－3日，全省气象工作会议在省局业务大楼13楼会议室隆重召开。这次会议认真传达了全国气象局长会议精神，总结了2004年全省的气象工作，研究布置了2005年的主要工作任务。     

德国气象局最新进展

德国气象局（DWD）最新发表了2008年报。2008年是DWD取得很多生要进展的一年。年初DWD的主管部门一德国交通、建筑和城市事物部批准了DWD到2015年的新战略。这一战略分析了在全球变暖背景下各种需求的增加和今后将持续的预算限制,因此DWD今后的发展主要集中在其核心业务上。2009年DWD总部将开始建设国家警报中心,气候监测活动也将扩展。DWD位于奥芬巴赫的总部30多年来一直分散在多处办公的情况,随着2008年DWD总部新大楼建成使用而得到根本改变,约900名员工终于能够在一幢大楼内办公,大大方便了部门之间的交流和协作。     

百色市气象局综合办公大楼的雷电防护设计

通过建筑物环境的雷击风险评估和内部信息系统设备雷电防护等级的计算,结合该综合大楼的使用性质和重要性.谈谈该综合大楼的雷电保护措施.     

Continental vegetation as a dynamic component of a global climate model: a preliminary assessment

A simplified vegetation distribution prediction scheme is used in combination with the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) and coupled to a version of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM1) which includes a mixed-layer ocean. Employed in an off-line mode as a diagnostic tool, the scheme predicts a slightly darker and slightly rougher continental surface than when BATS' prescribed vegetation classes are used. The impact of tropical deforestation on regional climates, and hence on diagnosed vegetation, differs between South America and S.E. Asia. In the Amazon, the climatic effects of removing all the tropical forest are so marked that in only one of the 18 deforested grid elements could the new climate sustain tropical forest vegetation whereas in S.E. Asia in seven of the 9 deforested elements the climate could continue to support tropical forest. Following these off-line tests, the simple vegetation scheme has been coupled to the GCM as an interactive (or two-way) submodel for a test integration lasting 5.6 yr. It is found to be a stable component of the global climate system, producing only ~ 3% (absolute) interannual changes in the predicted percentages of continental vegetation, together with globally-averaged continental temperature increases of up to + 1.5 °C and evaporation increases of 0 to 5 W m^–2 and no discernible trends over the 67 months of integration. On the other hand, this interactive land biosphere causes regional-scale temperature differences of ± 10 °C and commensurate disturbances in other climatic parameters. Tuning, similar to the q-flux schemes used for ocean models, could improve the simulation of the present-day surface climate but, in the longer term, it will be important to focus on predicting the characteristics of the continental surface rather than simple vegetation classes. The coupling scheme will also have to allow for vegetation responses occurring over longer timescales so that the coupled system is buffered from sudden shocks.     

Numerical analysis of a thermotopographically-induced mesoscale circulation in a mountain basin using a non-hydrostatic model

Summary The boundary-layer wind field during weak synoptic conditions is largely controlled by the nature of the landscape. Mesoscale (sub-synoptic) circulations result from horizontal gradients of sensible heat flux due to variation in local topography, variation in surface-cover, and discontinuities such as land-sea contrasts. Such flows are usually referred to as thermally-driven circulations, and are diurnal in nature and often predictable. In this paper we use a state-of-the-art non-hydrostatic computer model to shed light on the physical mechanisms that drive a persistent easterly wind that develops in the afternoon in the Mackenzie Basin, New Zealand. The easterly – Canterbury Plains Breeze (CPB) – is observed early in the afternoon and is often intense, with mean wind speeds reaching up to 12 m s⁻¹. Although computer modelling in mountainous terrain is extremely challenging, the model is able to simulate this circulation satisfactorily. To further investigate the mechanisms that generate the Canterbury Plains Breeze, two additional idealized model experiments are performed. With each experiment, the effects of the synoptic scale wind and the ocean around the South Island, New Zealand were successively removed. The results show that contrary to previous suggestions, the Canterbury Plains Breeze is not an intrusion of the coastal sea breeze or the Canterbury north-easterly, but can be generated by heating of the basin alone. This conclusion highlights the importance of mountain basins and saddles in controlling near-surface wind regimes in complex terrain.     

Summer dryness in a warmer climate: a process study with a regional climate model

Earlier GCM studies have expressed the concern that an enhancement of greenhouse warming might increase the occurrence of summer droughts in mid-latitudes, especially in southern Europe and central North America. This could represent a severe threat for agriculture in the regions concerned, where summer is the main growing season. These predictions must however be considered as uncertain, since most studies featuring enhanced summer dryness in mid-latitudes use very simple representations of the land-surface processes ("bucket" models), despite their key importance for the issue considered. The current study uses a regional climate model including a land-surface scheme of intermediate complexity to investigate the sensitivity of the summer climate to enhanced greenhouse warming over the American Midwest. A surrogate climate change scenario is used for the simulation of a warmer climate. The control runs are driven at the lateral boundaries and the sea surface by reanalysis data and observations, respectively. The warmer climate experiments are forced by a modified set of initial and lateral boundary conditions. The modifications consist of a uniform 3 K temperature increase and an attendant increase of specific humidity (unchanged relative humidity). This strategy maintains a similar dynamical forcing in the warmer climate experiments, thus allowing to investigate thermodynamical impacts of climate change in comparative isolation. The atmospheric CO ₂ concentration of the sensitivity experiments is set to four times its pre-industrial value. The simulations are conducted from March 15 to October 1st, for 4 years corresponding to drought (1988), normal (1986, 1990) and flood (1993) conditions. The numerical experiments do not present any great enhancement of summer drying under warmer climatic conditions. First, the overall changes in the hydrological cycle (especially evapotranspiration) are of small magnitude despite the strong forcing applied. Second, precipitation increases in spring lead to higher soil water recharge during this season, compensating for the enhanced soil moisture depletion occurring later in the year. Additional simulations replacing the plant control on transpiration with a bucket-type formulation presented increased soil drying in 1988, the drought year. This suggests that vegetation control on transpiration might play an important part in counteracting an enhancement of summer drying when soil water gets limited. Though further aspects of this issue would need investigating, our results underline the importance of land-surface processes in climate integrations and suggest that the risk of enhanced summer dryness in the region studied might be less acute than previously assumed, provided the North American general circulation does not change markedly with global warming.     

Effects of a Fence on Pollutant Dispersion in a Boundary Layer Exposed to a Rural-to-Urban Transition

Simultaneous particle-image velocimetry and laser-induced fluorescence combined with large-eddy simulations are used to investigate the flow and pollutant dispersion behaviour in a rural-to-urban roughness transition. The urban roughness is characterized by an array of cubical obstacles in an aligned arrangement. A plane fence is added one obstacle height h upstream of the urban roughness elements, with three different fence heights considered. A smooth-wall turbulent boundary layer with a depth of 10h is used as the approaching flow, and a passive tracer is released from a uniform line source 1h upstream of the fence. A shear layer is formed at the top of the fence, which increases in strength for the higher fence cases, resulting in a deeper internal boundary layer (IBL). It is found that the mean flow for the rural-to-urban transition can be described by means of a mixing-length model provided that the transitional effects are accounted for. The mixing-length formulation for sparse urban canopies, as found in the literature, is extended to take into account the blockage effect in dense canopies. Additionally, the average mean concentration field is found to scale with the IBL depth and the bulk velocity in the IBL.     

A cold air lake formation in a basin — a simulation with a mesoscale numerical model

Summary A formation of a cold air lake in a basin is studied with a mesometeorological model.A dynamic Boussinesq hydrostatic mesoscale numerical model is developed in a staggered orthogonal grid with a horizontal resolution of 1 km and with a varying vertical grid. The topography is presented in a block shape so that computation levels are horizontal.The mesometeorological model is tested in three idealized topography cases (a valley, a single mountain, a basin) and test results are discussed.In an alpine basin surrounded by mountains and plateaus the air is supposed to be stagnant at the beginning of the night. Due to differences in radiation cooling an inversion layer is formed in the basin and local wind circulation is studied by model simulations.With 14 Figures     

一次台风前部龙卷的多普勒天气雷达分析

通过分析2004年8月25日发生在浙江省宁波市的一次台风前部龙卷发生发展的环境特征, 发现该龙卷发生在台风前部风切变区里, 尽管当时涡度、散度等物理量对于深对流发展不是非常有利, 但下湿中干、强的垂直风切变及地形条件等还是有利于局地弱龙卷的产生; 在宁波新一代天气雷达产品上表现为强的钩状回波, 速度场上有相邻的正负速度中心及强的组合切变值等。通过多个反射率产品、剖面产品等综合分析了该风暴的三维结构, 初步了解此类弱龙卷的发生机理, 为以后的预报提供一些经验。     

Evaporation from a blanket bog in a foggy coastal environment

Frequent fog severely restricts evaporation from blanket bogs in Newfoundland because it more than halves the radiant energy input, and it eliminates the vapor pressure deficit, resulting in evaporation at the equilibrium rate (average = 0.99 during fog). During these periods, there is no surface resistance to evaporation because the bog has been wetted by fog drip, and although the latent heat flux dominates over sensible heat (average = 0.8), both are small. In contrast, the surface dries during clear periods, increasing the surface resistance to evaporation so that sensible heat becomes more important ( = 1.05). When the mosses are dry, evaporation is below the equilibrium rate ( = 0.87), although the higher available energy ensures that actual evaporation is higher. During clear periods, daily evaporation averaged 2.5 mm, compared to 1.1 and 0.7 mm for fog and rain, respectively. The suppressed evaporation at this site is important in maintaining appropriate hydrological conditions for blanket bog development.     

Parameterization of a momentum source in a tropical cumulus ensemble

Summary An eddy effect of tropical deep convection on the large-scale momentum, resp vorticity budget is investigated. The process is specified by a simple parameterization approach which is based on a concept of rotating clouds exerting a momentum on the large-scale flow. The cloud rotation is associated with the thermal properties of a cloud ensemble by the principle of conservation of potential vorticity. A decomposition of cloud classes is applied in consistency with the thermodynamical parameterization scheme of Arakawa and Schubert (1974).The parameterization is tested with observations of GATE74, Phase III. The data are processed on a B/C-scale grid (55km) in a region within 9N and 16N, and between 21W and 27W, and with a vertical resolution of 41 levels. The parameterization results correspond to the observed patterns, especially in situations with strong large-scale wind shear. The findings suggest that certain large-scalle flow regimes provoke convective scale momentum generation rather than redistributing large-scale momentum by convective circulations.With 10 Figures     

Spatial structure of a jet flow at a river mouth

The present work concentrates on the latest data measured in the Jordan river flow in lake Kinneret. Spectral characteristics of fluctuating velocity components have been obtained and processed. The three-dimensional structure of turbulence along the flow has been described. The main features of the jet flow turbulence in the river mouth are: a) The supply of turbulent energy changes due to different mechanisms along the flow. b) The structure of turbulence formed in the river decays rapidly along the flow, and c) In the sand area and beyond it, a significant generation of turbulent energy occurs. Quantitative estimations of the above effects were carried out.