三种拟除虫菊酯对毛蚶的急性毒性效应及其物种敏感度分布研究

为探究拟除虫菊酯类农药对埋栖贝类的毒性作用,本文研究了甲氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯对毛蚶(Scapharca subcrenata)幼贝和成贝的急性毒性效应及其物种敏感度分布。研究表明,甲氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯对毛蚶幼贝的96 h半致死浓度(LC_(50))值分别为286.5、23.4和17.9 ng·mL~(-1),对成贝的96 h LC_(50)值分别为3 931.9、709.5和737.7 ng·mL~(-1),说明相较成贝毛蚶幼贝对3种拟除虫菊酯类农药更敏感。多物种毒性数据比对发现,贝类对3种菊酯的敏感性低于已报道的鱼类和甲壳类,物种敏感度分布模型分析表明,基于保护95%水生生物种类的甲氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯毒性阈值分别为0.20、0.01和0.02 ng·mL~(-1)。研究结果可为我国近海环境中3种拟除虫菊酯类农药使用中的生态风险评估提供理论依据。     

磺胺甲恶唑降解菌Planococcus kocuriiO516的分离及其降解特性研究

为更好地去除海水循环养殖废水中的抗生素磺胺甲恶唑(SMX),以降低养殖废水排放造成的生态风险,从胶州湾近岸海水养殖池塘底泥中分离到一株SMX降解菌株O516,对其开展了SMX降解条件的优化,并考察了菌株附着生长特性及应用于废水处理系统的可行性。结果表明,通过16S rRNA基因序列分析,该菌被鉴定为库克动性球菌(Planococcuskocurii)O516;适宜培养温度为20～35℃,适宜pH为7.4;菌株在淡水中72 h可降解2.0 mg·L~(-1)的SMX,当盐度为35 g·L~(-1)时,72 h内可去除6.0 mg·L~(-1)的SMX。另外,菌株7 d内可在光滑的脱脂玻璃表面稳定生长出超过4个细胞厚度的生物膜,附着生长能力良好;将固定化菌株投加海水养殖废水处理反应器后,反应器对进水中1.0 mg·L~(-1)的SMX降解率自28.7%～40.0%提高至60.9%～68.1%。本研究表明,自海洋环境中分离的菌株库克动性球菌(P.kocurii)O516具有高效的SMX降解能力和耐盐特性,在海水养殖废水SMX治理中展现出很好的应用潜力。     

海水中农药的光化学降解研究

农药的光化学降解是海水中农药残留污染物去除的重要途径,其降解过程和降解产物对海水环境的影响很大。文中研究了有机污染物农药在海水环境中光化学降解的反应类型,反应机理,影响因素(光照条件、溶液介质、pH、重金属离子、光敏剂),光降解产物及其分析方法。指出了当前农药光化学降解研究中存在的一些问题并提出了今后的研究方向。     

4种拟除虫菊酯类农药对海带生长及叶绿素a含量的影响

为研究不同拟除虫菊酯类农药对海带（Laminaria japonica）生长和叶绿素a（Chl a）含量的影响,选取溴氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、氰戊菊酯、醚菊酯等4种拟除虫菊酯类农药,设置1、5、10、50、100、500 μg/dm3 6个梯度对海带进行半静置染毒。结果表明：低浓度(1 μg/dm3)组4种拟除虫菊酯类农药对海带生长均具有促进作用（P<0.05）,高浓度（100、500 μg/dm3）对海带生长具有显著抑制作用（P<0.01）。溴氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、氰戊菊酯、醚菊酯对海带的24 d半抑制效应浓度（EC50 ）分别为82.4、53.0、10.7、14.6 μg/dm3,抑制作用大小为氰戊菊酯≈醚菊酯>联苯菊酯>溴氰菊酯。低浓度（1、5 μg/dm3）组海带体内Chl a含量均出现升高,具有一定促进作用（P<0.05）;高浓度（100、500 μg/dm3 ）组海带体内Chl a含量均出现明显下降,具有显著抑制作用（P<0.01）,抑制作用大小为醚菊酯>氰戊菊酯>联苯菊酯>溴氰菊酯。4种拟除虫菊酯类农药对海带生长和Chl a含量的影响均表现为低浓度促进、高浓度抑制作用,且随着浓度升高和暴露时间延长,呈促进作用减弱,抑制作用增强之势。     

两株海水氮降解菌的分离鉴定及其无机氮去除特性初步研究

为解决海水养殖环境中的无机氮污染问题,从河鲀(Takifugu rubripes)养殖池塘的水体和底泥中筛选出2株可有效去除氨态氮、亚硝态氮和硝态氮的菌株——盐单胞菌(Halomonas sp.DN3)和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis HC),并初步探讨了2株菌在不同无机氮源中的氮去除特性。研究表明,2株细菌均具有较好的无机氮去除效果。在初始无机氮浓度为42 mg·L~(-1)的单一氮源基础降解液中,菌株DN3对氨态氮、亚硝态氮和硝态氮的去除率分别为84.1%、62.1%和98.8%;菌株HC对三者的去除率分别为81.2%、49.0%和90.3%。在氨态氮去除过程中,虽未检测到硝态氮和亚硝态氮的积累,但从系统的氮收支分析,总氮浓度均显著下降,推测可能存在硝化过程;在硝态氮和亚硝态氮去除过程中,菌株DN3还原硝态氮时具有亚硝态氮的积累,菌株HC氧化亚硝态氮时具有硝态氮的积累。而从总氮浓度均有下降推测,可能存在好氧反硝化过程。在初始无机氮浓度为42 mg·L~(-1)的混合氮源基础降解液中,2株菌均具有良好的同步去除无机氮能力。以氨态氮和亚硝态氮为氮源时,菌株DN3和HC的总无机氮去除率分别为75.4%和66.6%;以氨态氮和硝态氮为氮源时,菌株DN3和HC的总无机氮去除率为69.5%和75.6%,2株菌在2种混合氮源中的氨态氮去除率均在90.0%以上。综合分析,菌株DN3和HC对无机氮去除机制主要以菌体的同化作用为主,同时推测具有一定的硝化和反硝化作用。研究结果表明,菌株DN3和HC均可高效去除无机氮,其在海水养殖水环境调控中具有潜在的应用价值。     

海洋微生物对甲胺磷农药的降解作用

作者从沿岸海域分离了38株有机磷农药的耐药菌,用分批培养法进行富集培养,得到有机磷农药的降解菌,并着重研究了其中两株菌对甲胺磷农药的降解情况,其结果表明,在10d内,降解菌株1对甲胺磷的降解率为59．1％,降解菌株2的降解率为53．3％,在各自的安磷培养液中,降解菌株1的数量大于降解菌株2;在甲胺降解过程中,其毒性逐渐减弱,降解菌株1所引起的毒性下降幅度大于降解菌株2。     

一株低温降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性研究

从刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)养殖池塘环境中驯化分离筛选到1株低温有机物和氨氮降解菌株DB11。根据其形态特征、生理生化特性以及16S rDNA序列分析,将该菌株鉴定为马氏副球菌(Paracoccus marcusii)。经驯化,该菌株以刺参饵料为唯一营养源,低温(15℃)、低接种量(<5×10-3)条件下能同时高效降解饵料中的有机物和氨态氮,5 d时间内对富集培养基中COD和NH4+-N的降解率分别达50%和98%。进一步研究其降解特性表明,菌株生长适温15~30℃,生长适宜pH值为7~10,降解刺参饵料中COD和NH4+-N的最适温度条件为15~20℃、最适pH条件为8.0~8.5;在最适降解条件下、接种量为5×10-3时,对10~20 g/L高质量浓度的刺参饵料液中COD降解效果显著,3 d时间去除率达56.9%~65.7%,对1~20 g/L质量浓度的刺参饵料液中NH4+-N 3 d时间的去除率达91.7%~99.9%。     

一株降解刺参残饵的芽孢杆菌分离、鉴定及施用效果

从刺参养殖底泥、肠道、水体中共分离纯化得到36株菌落形态不同的芽孢杆菌,研究36株菌对刺参残饵的降解效果,从中筛选了一株降解效果较好的芽孢杆菌,将其命名为B12,经形态特征、生理生化特性和16SrDNA序列相似性分析,鉴定其为巨大芽孢杆菌,菌株接种浓度为10~(5 )cfu/mL时,在18℃培养2d后,对刺参饵料培养基中的COD的降解率为43.12%,氨氮的降解率为73.13%,将菌株B12于发酵罐发酵,得到菌液在养殖池塘施用,48h后氨氮降至0.0377mg/L,净化水质效果较好。     

中国南海Bukholderia sp.DA2菌株降解邻苯二甲酸二甲酯研究

以邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(dimethyl phthalate,DMP)为惟一碳源,从中国南海底泥中分离筛选到一株高效降解菌株,即伯克霍尔德氏菌Bukholderia.sp.DA2.该菌株降解DMP及其邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(Dimethyl phthalate,DMT)和间苯二甲酸二甲酯(Dimethyl dimethyl isophthalate,DMI)2种异构体的效果显著.B.sp.DA2菌株能够在8d内好氧降解矿化100mg·L-1的DMT,15d内好氧降解矿化400mg·L-1的DMP.但对于200mg·L-1的DMI,则不能彻底降解矿化,反应终止在生成间苯二甲酸一甲酯中间产物的阶段.研究表明,B.sp.DA2菌株降解DMT及DMP的途径相似,首先脱酯生成单酯和甲醇,继而水解酸化,直至彻底矿化.降解速率及其途径,与化学结构密切相关.     

北戴河滨海湿地根际石油降解菌的筛选及功能分析

以北戴河碱蓬-芦苇滨海湿地采集的5个根际土壤样品为研究材料,使用以原油为唯一碳源的选择培养基富集培养石油降解菌,采用重量法评价降解效率,通过GC-MS分析研究高效降解菌的降解特性,利用排油圈法测定降解菌的表面活性剂产生能力。研究结果表明,初筛获得22株石油降解菌,在25℃降解21d的条件下对石油的降解率为17%～38%,其中qhd2B降解率最高,为38%,其中8株具有较好的产表面活性剂的能力。16s测序结果经BLAST比对,所分离获得的22株菌中,8株菌属于放线菌门(Actinobacteria),13株菌属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria),有一株拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)丽水菌属(Yeosuana)。选取石油降解率在31%以上菌株进行GC-MS分析,结果显示其对大部分烷烃和多环芳香烃都有较好的降解效果。其中菌株qhd2B对烷烃和芳烃的总降解率分别为79.9%和76.7%,是一株优良的石油降解菌。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.